Seljuk Period Research Articles

COMPARISON OF SPATIAL RELATIONS IN MENZIL COMPLEXES ON THE HISTORIC ROUTES OF ANATOLIA

Özet 1: Menzil Complexes had started to be constructed at the crossroads of significant trade routes since the Anatolian Seljuk period. These social structures promoted the growth of cities, facilitated commerce, and ensured safety in the Ottoman period. It is essential to examine the relationships between commercial, accommodation, religious, and educational spaces analytically in the design of the Menzil complexes. The study aims to determine the relationship between the functions in the Menzil complex by Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA) connectivity (connection between spaces) and through vision (movement path) analysis. In this way, the location and importance of the functions in the design of the range complexes established to promote urban development and trade will be determined. Özet 2: The method of the study consists of two steps. In the first step, the space functions and the transitions between spaces were identified. In the second phase, the relation between the spaces that have different functions is investigated with the Visibility Graph Analysis (VGA) connectivity and through vision analysis by DepthMapX 0.8.0. It is seen that there is no clear distinction between plan organizations in terms of region or route, but the primary targets are preserved in terms of spatial organization. Ensuring spatial relationships while protecting the main objectives in different plan organizations shows the development of the architectural planning approach of that period.

Analysis of The Architecture and Decoration of Isfahan Masjid-E Jameh in Syntactic Dimension

In this research, the general architectural features and decorations of the Friday Mosque of İsfahan, Iran, which belongs to the 11th century Great Seljuk State period, one of the most important works of Islamic architecture, are examined. This mosque, which is also called Atiq Mosque, Masjid-e Jameh and Great Mosque today, is among the most important structures that have witnessed hundreds of years of history. This study on the expressibility of the semantic dimension of the structure in the syntactic dimension is important in terms of its contribution to the literature. For this purpose, information about the Great Seljuk mosque architecture and the historical development process of Friday Mosque in terms of architecture is given and the subject and purpose of the researches on this mosque are stated. Then, the method to be used in expressing the architectural structure and decorations in the syntactic dimension is explained. In order to obtain the data about the mosque, on-site visual-observation and examination technique and photography technique were used. Basic design principles were used in the analysis of the data. As a result, the architectural features and ornamental motifs used in this mosque, which is an important mosque of the Great Seljuk period, have been revealed with this method. The findings obtained about the structure and ornaments can be used in religious buildings as well as other architectural structures, ornaments, clothing, furniture and decoration

Characterization of İscehisar Andesite (Afyonkarahisar-Turkey), Used as a Building Stone Source of Historical Heritages from Ancient Times to the Present

Most historical structures that have survived to the present day are constructed from natural stones. One such natural stone is andesite. This study conducted a series of characterization studies on andesites used as building stones in Afyonkarahisar (Turkey). The building stones in question were determined by the petrographic-mineralogical (polarizing microscope, XRD, SEM), chemical, pore diameter distribution, and physico-mechanical properties. Although the İscehisar andesite is not as well-known as the İscehisar marble, it is a volcanic rock widely used in cultural heritage sites such as mosques, fountains, and bridges that have survived from the Seljuk and Ottoman periods to the present day in Afyonkarahisar. Despite the presence of pink, brown, and gray-black colors in the İscehisar andesite, it is evident that the preference in historical buildings is mainly for gray-black variants. Andesite, marble, and limestone, such as İscehisar Bridge from the Hellenistic period, Kırkgöz Bridge from the Byzantine era, Altıgöz Bridge from the Seljuk period, and Kanlı Göl Bridge from the Ottoman period, were used together in various combinations. Mosques are another group of structures in which andesite and other volcanic rocks are heavily used, such as bridges. While tuff is commonly used in examples of Seljuk and Ottoman architecture that have survived to the present day, andesite and other volcanic rocks along with bricks have also been used to construct dozens of mosques. Andesites found in the İscehisar region continue to be widely extracted, cut, and shaped using different surface processing techniques and are used today.

A Study on the ‘Philosophy of Decoration’ in the Seljuk Period (5th to 6th Centuries CE) Emphasizing the Dome of ‘Taj Al- Molk’ of the Isfahan Grand Mosque

The Seljuk period (5th–6th Centuries CE) is one of the most important historical periods of Islamic Iran in various arts formed and developed in accordance with Islamic beliefs. Bricklaying decoration is one of the most valuable types of Persian Architectural decorations, and The Seljuk period is the era of extraordinary development and progress of this art and the ‘Taj Al-Molk’ Dome of the Isfahan Grand Mosque is known as its masterpiece. In fact, the flourishing of bricklaying decoration and its relationship to Seljuk’s cultural and religious beliefs in the sphere of aesthetics is the subject of this article. Historical, descriptive-analytical methods have been used to investigate historical documents and field observation. The result shows the cultural aspects that affect the artists’ extraordinary use of decorating elements in Seljuk architecture. A confirmation of a ‘Philosophy of Decoration’ based on a common language in the aesthetic perception of pure Islamic-Iranian art as could see in ‘Taj Al-Molk’ Dome with the usage of highly evolved decorative elements such as Bricklaying tiles, Geometric patterns, and Kufic scripts. Muslim artists used decoration as a decisive role in connecting the material world (physical world) to the world of ideas in order to express their thoughts and mystical and religious ideals. With the help of elements such as rhythm, coordination, harmony, balance, etc., they realize their philosophical principles in action and create a new philosophy that transforms the material into a visualization of unity in multiplicity, as a major ideal of the “Philosophy of decoration”. A manifestation of the attributes of the Only God, who shaped the world being, as the Source of beauty.

Diplomatic Actors During the Seljuk Period: Envoys

Although many researches have been done on the Seljuk history, there has not been enough study on the Seljuk diplomacy, which is of such importance, until today. Although many studies have been conducted on the Seljuk history, it is thought that not enough studies have been done on the Seljuk diplomacy, which is of such importance, until today. As a result of the examinations made on the main sources, it was understood that the biggest actors in diplomacy, which are carried out as the art of negotiation, is the envoys. In this study, it was discussed whether there was an institution where envoys of great importance were trained. In this article, which aims to understand the characteristics of the envoys appointed during the Seljuk period, it is discussed who the envoys were chosen from, what kind of qualifications they had, and what their duties and powers were. In addition, due to the interest shown in gift-giving in diplomacy, what kind of gifts the envoys presented were discussed. In the last part of this study, what kind of welcoming ceremony was held for the envoys and the points that were considered in this process were given.

Damage Types and Repair Techniques in Seljuk Period Stone Architectural Monuments: Konya Alaaddin Mosque

In order to determine the correct conservation and repair techniques for stone architectural monuments, it is necessary to determine the types of damage that occur in the stone. The determination of damage types is directly related to the factors that cause damage. In this study, the factors that cause deterioration in natural stones and the types of weathering were classified through literature research. Through the literature review, different repair techniques depending on the type of deterioration were examined. A field study was carried out based on the data obtained from the research conducted within the scope of the study. Alaaddin Mosque, one of the Seljuk period stone architectural monumental buildings located in Konya city centre and whose restoration works have been completed in recent years, was selected to be examined. In order to obtain information about the conservation and repair activities applied in the building, the archive of Konya Regional Directorate of Foundations, which carried out the restoration works, was utilized. The repairs applied to the building were documented by on-site inspection, observation and photography techniques. The observations made during the fieldwork draw attention to the deterioration of the stone materials after the repair activities. In this direction, the deterioration was photographed and classified using the data obtained from the literature. The factors causing the deterioration were analysed and discussed in the results section.

Ceramic Heel Rasps as a Bath Ritual Material from the Seljuk Period

Bu çalışmada Selçuklu Dönemi el sanatları arasında önemli bir yer tutan seramik sanatı eserlerinden ilgi çekici bir grup olan seramik topuk törpüleri ele alınmıştır. Seramik topuk törpüleri çok tanınmayan bir eser grubu olup Büyük Selçuklu dönemi sanat eserleri arasında yurt dışı müze ve özel koleksiyonlarda bulunan çok sayıda örneğiyle önemli bir türü teşkil etmektedir. Bu eserler yalnızca topuk törpülemek amacıyla kullanılan ponza taşlarının sanat eseri haline getirilmiş biçimidir. Bu topuk törpülerine sanat eseri özelliği kazandıran unsur üst yüzeylerinde bulunan süslemeleridir. Çalışma kapsamında incelenen 34 adet seramik topuk törpüsü, form ve süslemeleri bakımından çeşitlilik göstermektedir. Eserler, formlarına göre Çokgen Formlular, Damla Formlular, Çokgen Formlu Olup Tutamaca Sahip Olanlar ve Figürin Biçiminde Olanlar şeklinde dört gruba ayrılarak incelenmiştir. Eserlerin süslemeleri de yine süsleme türüne göre kategorize edilerek tek tek anlatılmış ve değerlendirilmiştir. Ayrıca eserlerin üzerindeki bazı motiflerin anlamlarına yönelik ikonografik yorumlamalar yapılmış ve bir takım yeni fikirler de öne sürülmüştür. Bu çalışmayla az tanınan bir eser grubu bütüncül olarak ele alınarak incelenmiş ve bu eserlerin tanıtılmasına katkı sağlanmıştır.

Travelling in Turks from the Beginning to the Present/Dervishes who came to Anatolia during the Seljuk Period and their Travels-Those Who Came After the Manzikert Victory-I

Anadolu, Malazgirt Zaferi sonrasında Türk-İslam fetihleriyle Türk-İslam yurdu hâline gelmiştir. Büyük Selçuklu Devleti hanedanına mensup kişilerin kurduğu Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti zamanında ise Türk-İslam dünyası için Anadolu şehirleri birer ilim, kültür ve medeniyet merkezi olmuştur. Özellikle Türkiye Selçuklu Devleti hükümdarlarının âlimleri, dervişleri, sanatkârları koruyup kollamaları ve onlara çeşitli imkânlar tanımaları dönemin önemli simalarının Anadolu’ya gelip yerleşmelerinde etkili olmuştur. Bu yazıda adı geçen dönemde Anadolu’ya gelen bazı dervişlerin ve mutasavvıfların seyahatleri üzerinde durulacak; bulundukları, uğradıkları ve konakladıkları şehirler, beldeler ve coğrafyalar verilmeye çalışılacaktır. Seyahatleri esnasında temas ettikleri önemli kişiler ve bunlarla olan münasebetlerinin bazı kesitleri üzerinde durulacaktır.

Burgâzî Fütüvvetmâmesi’ne Göre Hikâyelerle Ahlâkî Eğitim

Futuwwa means generosity, heroism, and youth. Futuwwat-nāma is the common name of the works that provide information about the rules and etiquette of futuwwa. Futuwwa, which had a mystical meaning at the beginning, has transformed into an economic, political, and social structure since the 13th century. This situation has increased the value of the futuwwat-nāmas, which are accepted as the constitution of the futuwwa. Futuwwat-nāmas are important in presenting a moral method that can be a source for today's education and society structure. In futuwwat-nāmas, the value of morality is emphasized in various stories. It is known that stories provide easy and permanent learning by concretizing abstract concepts. This paper, it is aimed to reveal one of the methods followed by the futuwwat-nāmas regarding moral education, based on the copy of the futuwwat-nāma of Burgāzī numbered 5481 registered in the Beyazıt Library. It is displayed that the book, whose subject focused on moral education through stories, claimed that the stories in the work have a decisive effect on moral education. Although there are studies on moral education with stories in the literature, it is thought that the futuwwat-nāmas, which are accepted as a reference source for the regulation of the Akhism and raising virtuous people, do not receive enough attention. In this respect, the Futuwwat-nāma of Burgāzī one of the first Turkish futuwwat-nāmas, which was written in the 13th century during the Anatolian Seljuk period, has been chosen. This study is important in presenting a moral model that can contribute to today's society and education system. In this study, qualitative and descriptive research methods were employed. Furthermore, chosen materials related to the subject investigated and were handled through the document analysis technique. During the study, the stories in futuwwat-nāma of Burgāzī were disclosed. The stories discussed in regard to the elements of the moral education model, along with the findings about its method, principles, target audience, purpose, and content, were provided. The study concluded that the teachings in futuwwat-nāma of Burgāzī offered a useful moral education method and were used as an effective method in raising people with virtuous qualities. In the stories in the futuwwat-nāma, it has been seen that the principle of educational values which were adopted hereby are suitable for everyone. The stories about the effects of good and bad morals on society and people are like a road map of how to achieve peace and trust through moral development. In the futuwwat-nāma, which is discussed, stories about moral values are given under the name of parable-story, especially the tale of the Qur'an based on Ashab al-Kahf and Yusuf's tale. In the work, short explanations about the stories are made, but the final interpretation is left to the reader to take a share of the story. It is thought that the model of raising virtuous people through the stories, which is considered an important element in the futuwwat-nāma of Burgāzī, can be applied effectively today. Re-interpreting this method from today's point of view and bringing it to life will benefit humanity. This paper is expected to contribute to the literature, and it is recommended that more comprehensive studies be carried out on the subject.

Sünnîlik ve Şiîlik Temelinde Emir Timur’un Mezhep Siyaseti

Amīr Tīmūr won the struggle for dominance of the Chagatai society, one of the four parts that emerged after the Mongol Empire was disintegrated. He established his rule-based in Samarkand in the second half of the 14th century. Amīr Tīmūr's struggle with the dynasties formed with the dissolution of Ilkhanid domination in the Khorasan lands, where he expanded his sovereignty after 1370 when he came to power and occupied an important part of his political life. Since Khorasan is an area where Islamic sects spread and settled, it is known as a geography where sectarian conflicts are not lacking and the states establishing administration in the region face problems. While Tīmūr wanted to seize Khorasan to rebuild the Ilkhanid throne, he abolished Shiite dynasties such as Serbedarīs and Marashis and Sunni dynasties such as Kerts and Muzaffarīs. However, he gave an image of supporting Sunnism in his struggle with the Shiites. Similarly, with its harsh attitude towards Hurufis, who originated from Shiism, it did not recognize any movement that it thought was harmful to Sunnism. After capturing the lands of Chaghatay and Īlkhānate, he made expeditions to another Mongolian nation, Altınorda. His campaigns in Anatolia, Syria, and Iraq regions outside the Mongolian zone caused him to come face to face with the states in the area. Based on the practices of Tīmūr, who lost his life in 1405 when he launched his last expedition on China, during his military and political activities, many opinions have been put forward about his understanding of religion and sect. The fact that different interpretations were made due to Tīmūr's personality and religious life and that no study on this subject in the history of sects prompted us to investigate this issue. In this study, we aimed to reveal Amīr Tīmūr's approach to sects and his effects on the political activities he continued throughout his rule. In our study, we benefited from the Zafarnamas of Nizamaddin Shami and Ali Yazdī, who are historians of the Tīmūrid period, and the works of Aja’ib al-Maqdur by İbni Arabshah and the an-Nujum al-Zahirah of the Mamluk Historian Ibn Taghribirdi. We also examined the studies on Feridun Bey Munshaat, in which his correspondence with Sultan Bayezid was recorded. In addition, studies and copyrighted works with the History of Tīmūr were also used. As a result of our examination, it has been seen that Amīr Tīmūr's activities, beyond the religious and sectarian concerns, benefited from all kinds of situations to realize the aim of absolute domination with the influence of the understanding of Turkish and Mongolian sovereignty. While he was seen as the protector of Sunnism against the Shiites in the Khorasan region, he also eliminated the Sunni dynasties in the region. He organized expeditions to the lands of Altınorda, which was also Sunni. Therefore, it is seen that he built the aforementioned regions to unite the Mongol lands directly, not because of the problem arising from any religion and sect. The reason why he abolished the Shiite dynasties in Khorasan and Mazandaran is that they caused problems against the sovereignty of the Shiites. It is understood that he put his political goals on a religious basis by introducing himself as ulū al-amr in his struggle against Sunni dynasties in the Near East, where he launched a campaign for different reasons, such as the Ottoman and Mamluks. Therefore, it is seen that Amīr Tīmūr's military activities were due to political reasons rather than the influence of the Sunni Islam belief. In addition, his support of Sunni scholars and clergy, as well as the Seljuks during his rule, establishing religious offices and bringing Sunnis to these positions, and bringing the Sunni creed to the forefront through the opened madrasas paved the way for the development of Sunnism. In terms of the history of the sects, it has been seen that Ash'arism, which gained strength with the influence of the Nizamiya Madrasahs opened in the Seljuk period, left its place to the Transoxiana-centered Maturidism during the reign of Tīmūr and his successors. * This study was prepared based on the Master's thesis titled “Amīr Tīmūr’s Sectarian Politics based on Sunnism and Shiism”, which was continued under the supervision of Associate Professor Hasan Gümüşoğlu (Yalova: Yalova University, Institute of Graduate Studies, Master Thesis, 2023).

Preschool Education in Türkiye from Past to Present

The pre-school period is an important period in which significant progress is made in the development of the child and the construction of the future is made. Pre-school education has always been important in Türkiye and different studies have been carried out in each period. These studies have focused on the value and importance given to the child. As a matter of fact, before Turkey become a republic country in 1923, the child was seen as an important person who would shape the future and the importance of the family was emphasized in the education of the child. Before the Republic, different educational institutions were opened for the education of children. These developments continued in the Seljuk period and the early periods of the Ottoman Empire. After the proclamation of the Republic, primary education was given more importance due to the conditions of the country. Initiatives for the education of children were discussed in development plans and National Education Councils. At the same time, importance was given to the family education. During these developments, programs were created in parallel with the development of the period and priority was given to the training of teachers. Considering these topics, in this study, pre-school education in Türkiye, the development of the pre-school education program and pre-school teacher training are to be discussed.

Conservation of Hand-Woven Carpets which are Cultural Heritage, and Their Sustainability as a Touristic Product: Case of Taşpınar, Aksaray

Araştırmanın amacı, araştırma sahasındaki el dokuma halı kültürünün geçmişini ve günümüzdeki durumunu anlamak ve bu kültürel mirasın korunması ve sürdürülebilirlik durumunu değerlendirmektir. Çalışma nitel araştırma yöntemi ile yapılmış olup, görüşme ve gözlem tekniği uygulanmıştır. Nitel bulgular, alıntılama tekniğine göre kelime, cümle ve paragraflar şeklinde betimlenerek yorumlanmıştır. Araştırmanın bulgularına göre, el dokuma halıcılığının araştırma sahasında Selçuklu döneminden günümüze kadar yapılageldiği tespit edilmiştir. Önceden her evde halı dokunmakta iken, yaklaşık 25 yıldır Taşpınar Belediyesi’nin halı dokuma evinde halılar dokunmaktadır. Kasabada kadınların sosyal güvencesiz ve düzenli bir ücret almadan halı dokudukları, dokudukları halı miktarına göre düşük bir ücret aldıkları belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak, geleneksel el dokuma halılarının turizmde pazarlanabilme durumunda, kadınların ücretlerinde artış ve devamlılık olacaktır. Bu durumda yörenin geleneksel halı kültürünün korunması ve sürdürülebilirliği sağlanacaktır.

Kubadabad Sarayı’nın Dört Kollu Yıldız Çinilerinde Süsleme Alan Tasarımları Ve Bazı Parçalar İçin Restitüsyon Önerileri

The patterned plaque tiles covering the walls of the Kubadabad Palace have the in underglaze and lustre techniques. Squares and hexagons are also found, but the most common forms are eight-pointed and cross tiles. Cross tiles from these forms, which are parts of the same composition, constitute our study subject. Our aim is to dwell on the ornamental area designs in the cross tiles we mentioned and to make restitution proposals for some pieces, without going too much into the technical and ornamental features. The examples, most of which have the underglaze technique, have the ornamental understanding of the Seljuk period, consisting of vegetative and geometric designs, figures, and inscriptions. There are diameters ranging from 17 cm to 27 cm in tiles, the most common of which is 23 cm. Although the eight-pointed stars are the first to draw attention in the stance of the geometrical arrangement on the wall, the cross tiles are also noteworthy with their unique space designs and, of course, their ornaments. According to the tiles found so far, ornamental area designs are divided into three groups. This grouping, which is determined according to the elongated arms of the cross tile and the division in the centre, shows that there is a certain design standard and provides us with important data for the restitution of the broken parts.

A Machine Learning-based Model to Predict the Cap Geometry of Anatolian Seljuk Kümbets

The funerary structures known as kümbets emerged as a unique typology during the Anatolian Seljuk period (1077–1307). The term "kümbet" refers to a monumental tomb that has a tetrahedral, polyhedral, or conical cap. Although the majority of Anatolian Seljuk kümbets underwent renovation work in the 20th century, a lack of guidance and insufficient documentation has resulted in very few of them retaining their original characteristics. To support the decision-making processes of experts in future renovation work, this study introduces a machine learning (ML)-based model that predicts the cap geometry of kümbets through the use of section drawings. The model development process begins with the determination of the methods to be employed (Pix2Pix and SSIM). This is followed by data collection, data preparation and refinement, and the training of the machine learning model. Finally, there is testing and validation of the model. The results of both a two-step validation process and objective evaluations show that the ML-based model presented in this study has the potential to use section data to provide predictions of the cap geometries of kümbets.

THREE FUTUWWATNĀMES WRITTEN IN PERSIAN ON THE BUTCHER'S CRAFTSMAN

Among the Persian futuwwatnāmes, which started with the Ṣafavid period and are described as Persian Cevânmerd, there are also epistles belonging to butchers. The writing of these works began in the Great Khorasan basin during the Seljuk period. These works are considered as the main sources of the 13th century Anatolian Akhism. In Persian futuwwatnāmes, this profession is attributed to Prophet Ibrahim. The master of the profession Hazrat (Excellency) Ali were counted, and as the hero of the profession, Reyli Cevânmerd-i Kassâb, based on Hazrat Ali and considered one of the close men of Muhammed Hanafiyya (d.81), was accepted. The first of the Futuwwatnāme written in Persian belongs to Molla Hüseyin Vaizi Kâşifi Sabzevari (d.1504), who is the owner of the famous work called Ravzatü'şŞüheda. and in the section titled " Fasl der Beyân-i Gabze-i Kârd, Sâtur, Kârdmâl ve Tir ". The other treatise, named Futuwwatnāme-i Kassâb, is in the manuscript magazine numbered 8898 in the Iranian Parliament Library. It is stated that it belongs to Molla Muhammed Bagir Majlis (d.1699) and was written during the Ṣafavid period. The third and last treatise is among the manuscripts of the Iranian Sipahsalar Madrasa Library, with the name of Der Beyan-i Kar-i Kassâban ve Sellahân. Its author is unknown. The inscription record is 1879. In these three works, similar issues related to butchery were discussed and the basic principles of the profession were determined. Detailed information is given about the butchers' chefs. The secret of the sacrifice of Prophet Ibrahim's son Ismail has been emphasized, the masters of the profession have been introduced, and the verses and hadiths of the profession have been mentioned. The decency and manners of the butcher shopkeepers were listed, and the moral rules of butchers were dictated in the form of questions and answers. This article draws attention to the similarities between the introduction and translation of the Persian Futuwwatnāmes on the butchery profession and the futuwwatnāmes in two languages. He emphasizes that these works are the continuation of each other and that they should be read and known together. Keywords: Persian Futuwwatnāmes, Butcher Craftsman, History of Akhi Order, Muhammed Baghir, Molla Huseyin Kashifî, Safavids.

DETERMINATIONS ON THE STATUS OF THE WATER SELLERS’ MONOPOLY OF TRADE RIGHTS IN ISTANBUL AFTER THE ABOLITION OF THE CRAFTSMAN MONOPOLY OF TRADE RIGHTS (1913-1950)

The origin of the Ottoman craftsman organization organized under the name of Akhī or craft guild dates back to the Seljuk period and even to the "Turkish-Islamic guild” organization (fütüvvet in Turkish) in the first years of Islam. The dawn of the craftsman's monopoly of trade rights, which is one of the most significant development stages of the Ottoman craftsmen organization, begins in the mid-17th century. The term monopoly of trade right, in the economic sense, means the authorization of the craftsmen to perform their art in the Ottoman Empire, it also refers to the limitation of each craft to a certain number of branches and the shop and the tools and equipment required for that craft therein. Towards the end of the 18th century, the system of the monopoly of trade rights began to conflict with the goals sought by the state due to the efforts of craftsman organizations to transform the monopoly of trade rights into a closed monopolization. For this reason, some regulations have been introduced in time. The monopoly of trade rights have been abolished by the "Ad-hoc Law on Abolition of Monopoly of Trade Rights" enacted on 1 March 1913. The water sellers' monopoly of trade rights, which serves in supplying the water, needs of Istanbul have continued their existence thereafter. Some issues regarding the situation of the water sellers' monopoly of trade rights were contained in official correspondences. Some of which include whether it is appropriate to abolish water sellers' monopoly of trade rights, if so, whether or not the monopoly of trade rights costs will be paid or by which institution. In conclusion, by an additional article enacted in 1916, it is resolved to abolish the water sellers' monopoly of trade rights. However, some sources imply that despite this additional article, water sellers' monopoly of trade rights continued to exist until the 1950s. In our opinion, the bill for the drafted additional article did not qualify as a law or if it did, it could not be implemented. The aim of our study is to provide information about the water sellers' monopoly of trade rights and then to determine the status of the water sellers' monopoly of trade rights after 1913. The principal source of our study is the documents we obtained from the Ottoman State Archives. In addition, we make use of research books related to our topic. Keywords: Akhī-order, Craftsman, Monopoly of Trade Rights, Water Seller, Istanbul.

Fractal Dimension of Islamic Architecture: The Structure of the "Patkaneh" in the dome of the Jame' Mosque of Ardestan, Iran

The Jame' Mosque of Ardestan is one of the famous buildings of the fifth century in Iran, which is known in the field of architectural studies of the Seljuk period, as a clear example of the architectural features of this period. However, this mosque has been neglected and no detailed studies have been conducted on it. What distinguishes this building as the subject of this research is the geometric shape of the transition area (ChapireSazi). This geometry presents a different structure compared to buildings of the same period. For this purpose, preliminary information was collected through direct field observations, interviews with masters of building restoration and library studies. Then, using a descriptive-analytical method, the construction of the dome structure of the Jame' Mosque of Ardestan has been investigated. The results show that in the ChapireSazi of this dome, a new method has been used to build a corner called "Patkaneh". This method is based on fractal geometry, which has similar and self-organized structures.

THE REMAINS OF PHARMACY FOUND IN SHAMKIR TOWN

Archaeological complex discovered in 2014, in medieval Shamkir town in the western part of the Republic of Azerbaijan was the remains of one of the town’s major buildings. A 47 m2 room in the south of the complex is likely to have been remains of pharmacy. On the eastern side of it were revealed the remains of a brick building with 6 furnaces. Archaeological exploration of the complex revealed the equipment typical for the pharmacy - various pottery, glassware items, stone tools and herbal remnants. One of the items used for the distillation process in the chemist’s was almost entirely intact. Sphere-cones, albarello type dishes, pottery containers with small holes for ventilation in the throat and the glazed pottery pan sample, divided into two parts by a partition wall, is also typical equipment for the pharmacy. Among the findings are many fragments of glass flask and drug containers used for the preparation and packaging of medicines. Carbonated plant fossils discovered during the exploration of the complex had healing properties and were used as raw materials in medieval medicine. Archaeological evidence suggests the archeological complex, which was discovered, to be a remnant of the pharmacy that operated in the Seljuk period.

An archaeometric assessment study of Seljuk period glazed tiles from Kılıçarslan Square (Konya, Turkey)

This study presents archaeometric analyses of glazed tiles produced with the cut-mosaic technique to reveal information about the Anatolian Seljuk period’s architecture and ceramic technology. The Persian Seljuk artists also used the same technique. For this purpose, physical, chemical, thermal, mineralogical, microstructural, and molecular analyses were carried out on the tiles from the Seljuk period unearthed in the Kılıçarslan Square excavation in Konya, the capital of the Anatolian Seljuk State from the twelfth-century to the beginning of the fourteenth-century. SEM, XRD, and Heat Microscopy analyses showed that the Seljuk period tiles were not fired at high temperatures like today’s tiles and were probably fired at temperatures below 1100 °C. WD-XRF analyses revealed that the glazes are classified into two categories, one being alkali varying the content of Na2O + K2O between 13 and 16 wt% (PbO between 0.5 and 2 wt%) and the other being lead-alkali type in which PbO content varies between 13 and 15 wt% and alkali content 10–14 wt%. The cobalt content in the blue color is around 0.2 wt%, and copper content in the turquoise-colored samples varies between 2.9 and 4.4 wt% depending on the lightness and darkness of the color (higher amount for tile 1 and tile 3, which are darker than the others). The brown color is obtained by the presence of MnO (3.3 wt%). Raman analysis showed that the difference in sintering temperature caused the color tone difference in Seljuk period tiles, and glazes were formed in the range of 800–1000 °C depending on the Ip values.

The effects of physical environment in Ottoman healthcare facilities: 2nd Beyazid Complex in Edirne

Healthcare facilities have an important place in Ottoman Architecture. Started to be built during the Anatolian Seljuk period and continued into the Ottoman in many cities, they manage to survive. However, it is not possible to use them with their original functions today. Most of them are used by serving as exhibition and museum buildings like Edirne Sultan 2nd Beyazid Health Complex. In the use of such historical buildings, the examination of their response to changing living conditions and needs is important. This study investigates how the physical environment affected the design of the complex, and the impacts of its planning and building envelope on today’s IEQ. The physical environmental data were discussed about thermal, daylight, ventilation, and acoustics performances by calculating and evaluating the existing energy consumption of the building. Methods like literature review, direct observation, on-site examination, simulation, and documenting with photographs were used. It was determined that five hundred years ago, the building was compatible with its physical environmental data in terms of its function, planning, and building envelope, and, as being a museum today, it provides all the necessary comfort conditions for its users, and that the energy consumption is at an acceptable level.