Self-Transcendence Scale Research Articles

Current Status of Self-transcendence among Lung Cancer Patients and Its Influencing Factors

Different degrees of self-transcendence exist in lung cancer patients, which can stimulate patients' self-awareness and promote them to face negative events in life positively, thus improving patients' quality of life and treatment outcomes. However, there are few reports on self-transcendence in lung cancer patients in China, and the related influencing factors have not yet been clarified. This study aims to investigate the current situation of self-transcendence in lung cancer patients and explore its risk factors, so as to provide a theoretical basis for clinical intervention decision-making. 243 lung cancer patients who were admitted to the Department of Lung Cancer Center of West China Hospital, Sichuan University from September 2023 to February 2024 were enrolled as the study subjects; general information questionnaire, self-transcendence scale, Herth hope scale and social support scale were used for the investigation. The influencing factors related to self-transcendence of lung cancer patients were analyzed. The total mean score of self-transcendence in lung cancer patients was (44.73±8.94); the total mean score of hope level was (37.60±4.98), and the total mean score of social support was (41.31±7.27). Self-transcendence was positively correlated with hope level and social support (P<0.001, P<0.001). Education, hope level and social support were influencing factors of self-transcendence in lung cancer patients (P<0.05, P<0.001, P<0.05). Self-transcendence in lung cancer patients was at a low level and was influenced by hope level and social support. Healthcare professionals should pay attention to improving the hope level of lung cancer patients, carrying out targeted psychological interventions, and at the same time guiding them to enhance the perception of social support, so as to promote the realization of self-transcendence in patients.

The effectiveness of reminiscence therapy on the symptom management, the life satisfaction, and the self-transcendence in palliative care patients: a randomized controlled trial

PurposeTo examine the effect of individualized reminiscence therapy on the management of global distress and physical and psychological symptoms, life satisfaction and self-transcendence levels of palliative care patients.MethodsIn a single-center palliative care service in western Turkey, 48 patients without cognitive impairment and able to communicate were included in the study. However, 44 patients completed the study. Patients who met the inclusion criteria were randomly assigned to the reminiscence therapy (intervention), unstructured social interviewing (placebo), and control groups (16 people for each group) before the start of the study. The sessions for the interview and placebo groups were conducted face-to-face in the patient's room (while the patient was sitting or lying down) for 15 days (2 weeks), every other day, for a total of eight sessions (each session was approximately 30 min). Data collection instruments—the Memorial Symptom Assessment Scale, the Contentment with Life Assessment Scale, and the Self-Transcendence Scale—were collected at baseline (first day) and after the intervention (day 15th). Statistical significance level was accepted as p < 0.05.ResultsThere was no decrease in physical and total symptom burden (p > 0.05). There were significant reductions in general distress and psychological symptoms in the intervention and placebo groups within the group (p < 0.05), but there were no significant differences between the control group and all groups when compared (p > 0.05). Group × time interactions were statistically significant for life satisfaction and self-transcendence (p < 0.001), and there was a substantial increase in the intervention group compared to the other groups.ConclusionIt may be recommended that reminiscence therapy intervention be included in routine nursing care as it may contribute positively to the psychological recovery of palliative care patients approaching the end of life.Trial registrationClinicalTrails.gov (Registration number: NCT05242016). Prospectively registered on 1 February 2022.

Development of a Self-Transcendence Scale for Primary and Secondary School Teachers: Application of Frankl's Logotherapy

Development of a Self-Transcendence Scale for Primary and Secondary School Teachers: Application of Frankl's Logotherapy

Innovative behavior and organizational innovation climate among the Chinese clinical first-line nurses during the Omicron pandemic: The mediating roles of self-transcendence.

During the Omicron pandemic, clinical first-line nurses played a crucial role in healthcare. Their innovative behavior enhanced the quality of nursing and served as a vital factor in driving the sustainable development of the nursing discipline and healthcare industry. Many previous studies have confirmed the significance of nurses' innovative behavior worldwide. However, the correlations among innovative behaviors, organizational innovation climate, self-transcendence, and their mediating roles in Chinese clinical first-line nurses need further research. A cross-sectional study was conducted, and the quality reporting conformed to the STROBE Checklist. From March 2022 to February 2023, a convenience sample of 1,058 Chinese clinical first-line nurses was recruited from seven tertiary grade-A hospitals of Tianjin city in Northern China. The Demographic Characteristics Questionnaire, Nurse Innovative Behavior Scale (NIBS), Nurse Organizational Innovation Climate Scale, and the Self-Transcendence Scale were used. The data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and process plug-in mediation effect analyses. The total scores of innovative behavior, organizational innovation climate, and self-transcendence were 33.19 ± 6.71, 68.88 ± 12.76, and 41.25 ± 7.83, respectively. Innovative behavior was positively correlated with the organizational innovation climate (r = 0.583, p < 0.01) and self-transcendence (r = 0.635, p < 0.01). Self-transcendence partially mediated mediating role between innovative behavior and organizational innovation climate, accounting for 41.7%. The innovative behavior, organizational innovation climate, and self-transcendence among the first-line nurses during the Omicron pandemic were relatively moderate, which needs improving. Organizational innovation climate can directly affect the innovative behavior among Chinese clinical first-line nurses and indirectly through the mediating role of self-transcendence. It is recommended that nursing managers adjust their management strategies and techniques based on the unique characteristics of nurses during the pandemic. This includes fostering a positive and inclusive environment for organizational innovation, nurturing nurses' motivation and awareness for innovation, enhancing their ability to gather information effectively, overcoming negative emotions resulting from the pandemic, and promoting personal growth. These efforts will ultimately enhance nursing quality and satisfaction during the Omicron pandemic.

The prosocial and pro-environmental aspects of authenticity and the mediating role of self-transcendence

ABSTRACT A considerable body of relevant literature has grown up around the theme of authenticity, showing the critical role it has in relation to a variety of indicators of individual well-being. The personal benefits of authenticity are now well documented. However, in this paper we hypothesize that authenticity is not only beneficial to the person themselves, but that it also promotes prosociality and ecological sensitivity. This study used cross-sectional data from one hundred and twenty-nine Turkish participants, who completed Turkish version of the Authenticity Scale, The Environmental Behavior Scale, The Helping Attitudes Scale and The Self-Transcendence Scale. The findings reported here show that greater authenticity was associated with more favorable attitudes to helping others and engagement in pro-environmental behaviors. Furthermore, the present research explored, for the first time, the effects of self-transcendence. The results showed that the associations between authenticity and helping attitudes of altruism as well as receiving and giving were mediated by self-transcendence. Implications, limitations, and future directions are discussed in terms of humanistic perspectives on authenticity.

Self-Transcendence: Association with Spirituality in an Italian Sample of Terminal Cancer Patients.

Terminally ill cancer patients often experience demoralization and loss of dignity, which undermines their spiritual wellbeing, which could, however, be supported by the presence of other factors such as self-transcendence and religious coping strategies. To assess self-transcendence and religious coping strategies and how they influence spirituality, we studied 141 end-stage cancer patients (64.3% male; mean age 68.6 ± 14.6) with a Karnofsky Performance Status ≤ 50 and a life expectancy ≤ 4 months using the Self-Transcendence Scale, the Demoralization Scale, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Wellbeing (FACIT-Sp-12), the Brief Religious COPE, and the Patient Dignity Inventory. To understand the effects of these variables on spirituality, hierarchical multiple regression was performed on FACIT-Sp-12. The final model predicted 67% of the variance in spiritual wellbeing. Demoralization was the strongest influencing factor (β = -0.727, p < 0.001), followed by self-transcendence (β = 0.256, p < 0.001), and positive religious coping (β = 0.148, p < 0.05). This study suggests that self-transcendence and positive religious coping may be protective factors for spirituality in terminal cancer patients. These factors should be considered in treatment to promote spiritual wellbeing and improve patients' quality of life at the end of life.

Status of Self-Transcendence and Quality of Life in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis Treatment

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the status of self-transcendence and quality of life in patients receiving hemodialysis therapy. Materials and Methods: It is a descriptive and cross-sectional study. The universe of the study has consisted of all patients (n = 380) who received hemodialysis treatment in dialysis centers located in the city center of Zonguldak. Personal Information Form, Reed's self-transcendence scale, and European Health Impact Scale were used in data collection. Results: There was a highly positive relationship between the self-transcendence scale and the European Health Impact Scale (p, 0.000, r = 0.605). Also, it was found in this study that age and level of income of hemodialysis patients affected the quality of life and the self-transcendence. Conclusion: As a result, it was determined that the patients aged 60-74 years and those with low-income levels in hemodialysis patients had a poor self-transcendence status, while patients aged 75 and over, with low income and unemployed had poor quality of life.

Comparing self-report and performance measurement of wisdom in Turkish sample: Relations with self-transcendence and cognitive flexibility

ABSTRACT The aims of this study are twofold: the first is to examine the relationship between performance measurement (PM) and self-report measurement for wisdom, and the second aim is to reveal the relationship between self-reported wisdom, cognitive flexibility, and self-transcendence. Also, the Berlin Wisdom Paradigm is adapted to Turkish to assess wisdom as a PM. One hundred and fifty-one university students were included in the study. Five criteria of BWP were used for wisdom PM. As self-report measurements, San-Diego Wisdom Scale, Self-Transcendence Scale, and Cognitive Flexibility Inventory (CFI) were used. The correlations between the total and subdimensions of the measurements were examined. Accordingly, only self-transcendence is positively correlated with PM. Total words used in the PM correlated with all three self-report measurements. There is only gender difference in CFI scores. According to the classification model revealed by factor analysis, the negative components of personal wisdom, which indicate coping with difficult situations, can be separated from the positive components of personal wisdom.

Relationship between family functioning and self-transcendence in patients with breast cancer: A network analysis.

For patients with breast cancer, family functioning is an important factor affecting self-transcendence, which is a key source of happiness. However, network analysis studies of family functioning and self-transcendence are lacking, particularly among patients with breast cancer. The present study investigated the network structure of family functioning and self-transcendence in patients with breast cancer and aimed to identify bridge items to provide some theoretical support for the improvement and intervention of self-transcendence in patients with breast cancer. A total of 294 patients with breast cancer were enrolled in our study. Self-transcendence was evaluated with the Self-Transcendence Scale. Family functioning was evaluated with the Family Adaptation, Participation, Growth, Affection, Resolution (APGAR) Scale. Network analyses were used for the statistical analysis. In the network of family functioning and self-transcendence in patients with breast cancer, there were 22 edges across communities, of which the 5 strongest edges connected to the 5 dimensions of family functioning are "Adaptation" with "Enjoyment of hobbies", "Participation" with "Life enjoyment", "Growth" with "Acceptance of bodily changes", "Affection" with "Life enjoyment", "Resolution" with "Help acceptance". "Adaptation" had the highest bridge expected influence value (0.30) in the family functioning community, while "Life enjoyment" had the highest bridge expected influence value (0.27) in the self-transcendence community. Complex patterns of associations existed in the fine-grained relationship between family functioning and self-transcendence in patients with breast cancer. From the perspective of network analysis, the "Adaptation" aspect of family functioning and the "Life enjoyment" aspect of self-transcendence may be the best targets for improving self-transcendence. These results have important implications to clinical practice, which provided potential targets for interventions to improve self-transcendence from the perspective of family functioning.

Inclusion of self-transcendence as a novel and complementary approach into global citizenship

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between global citizenship and self-transcendence in pre-service social studies teachers. Some psychological factors such as personality and self may be effective in the formation of the perception of universal citizenship. Therefore, the concept of self-transcendence, which is thought to affect the perception of global citizenship, was discussed in this study. The study group consisted of 175 pre-service teachers studying in the Department of Social Studies at a state university in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. As one of the general survey models in quantitative research methods, the relational survey model was used in this study. Global Citizenship Scale and Self-Transcendence Scale were used as data collection tools. Through the analysis, the global citizenship and self-transcendence levels of the teacher candidates were found to be moderate. Based on the findings of the research, it was concluded that self-transcendence could be an important predictor of global citizenship. In other words, pre-service teachers may be more prone to global citizenship as the level of self-transcendence increases.

SERIAL MULTIPLE MEDIATION OF SELF-TRANSCENDENCE AND PSYCHOLOGICAL RESILIENCE IN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN FEAR OF COVID-19 AND SUBJECTIVE HAPPINESS IN UNIVERSITY STUDENTS

During COVID-19 period, positive psychology and positive aspects of human nature become important. The aim of this study is to examine the mediating role of self-transcendence and psychological resilience in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and subjective happiness in university students during the COVID-19 period. The Fear of COVID-19 Scale, Brief Resilience Scale, Self-transcendence Scale and Subjective Happiness Scale were completed online by 437 university students. According to the results of correlation analysis, positive significant correlations were found between psychological resilience, self-transcendence and subjective happiness and fear of COVID-19 was negatively related to these variables. The mediating roles were examined by using the bootstrap method with Hayes’ PROCESS template. As a result of this analysis, the serial multiple mediation of self-transcendence and psychological resilience in the relationship between fear of COVID-19 and subjective happiness was statistically significant. Obtained findings were discussed in line with the literature and suggestions were made to the researchers.&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt; Article visualizations:&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;img src="/-counters-/edu_01/0555/a.php" alt="Hit counter" /&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Needs for nurses to provide spiritual care and their associated influencing factors among elderly inpatients with stroke in China: A cross-sectional quantitative study.

To investigate the spiritual care needs and associated influencing factors among elderly inpatients with stroke, and to examine the correlations among spiritual care needs, spiritual well-being, self-perceived burden, self-transcendence, and social support. A cross-sectional quantitative design was implemented, and the STROBE Checklist was used as the foundation of the study. A convenience sample of 458 elderly inpatients with stroke was selected from three hospitals in China. The sociodemographic characteristics questionnaire, the Nurse Spiritual Therapeutics Scale, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Spiritual Well-being, the Self-Perceived Burden Scale, the Chinese Self-Transcendence Scale, and the Perceived Social Support Scale were used. Descriptive statistics, correlation, Student's t-test, ANOVA, non-parametric, and multiple linear regression analyses were used to analyze the data. The total score of spiritual care needs was 29.82 ± 7.65. Spiritual care needs were positively correlated with spiritual well-being (r = 0.709, p < 0.01), self-transcendence (r = 0.710, p < 0.01), and social support (r = 0.691, p < 0.01), whereas being negatively correlated with self-perceived burden (r = -0.587, p < 0.01). Religious beliefs, educational level, residence place, disease course, spiritual well-being, self-perceived burden, self-transcendence, and social support were found to be the main influencing factors. The spiritual care needs were prevalent and moderate. It is suggested that nurses should enhance spiritual care knowledge and competence, take targeted spiritual care measures according to inpatients' individual personality traits or characteristics and differences of patients, reduce their self-perceived burden and improve their spiritual well-being, self-transcendence and social support in multiple ways and levels, so as to meet their spiritual care needs to the greatest extent and enhance their spiritual comfort.

Effects of ADOPT-Based Breathing Training Combined with Continuous Nursing on Quality of Life, Mental Health, and Self-Efficacy in Lung Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: Based on a Retrospective Cohort Study.

Objective Considering the poor effect of routine nursing program on patients with lung cancer after chemotherapy, a retrospective cohort study was conducted to elucidate the effects of respiratory training based on ADOPT mode combined with continuous nursing on quality of life, mental health, and self-efficacy in patients undergoing lung cancer chemotherapy. Methods Sixty patients with lung cancer admitted in our hospital from January 2019 to April 2021 were selected. Patients in both groups received ADOPT breathing training. Patients who underwent routine nursing were assigned into control group (n = 30) and patients with continuous nursing were set as study group (n = 30). The differences in nursing satisfaction, self-management efficacy, quality of life score, mental health, family care index, and self-transcendence scale scores of patients with lung cancer were determined. Results First of all, we compared the baseline data of the two groups, and there was no statistical difference. In the comparison of nursing satisfaction between the two groups, 24 cases in the study group were very satisfied, 5 cases were satisfied, 1 case was general, and the satisfaction rate was 100%, whereas in the control, 14 cases were very satisfied, 8 cases were satisfied, 4 cases were not satisfied, and the satisfaction rate was 86.67%. Compared to the control, the nursing satisfaction was higher in the study group (P < 0.05). There exhibited no significant difference in the sense of self-management efficacy between the two on the day of admission (P > 0.05). After nursing, the scores of self-management efficacy were higher in the study group, compared to the control (P < 0.05). In contrast to control, the scores of self-management efficacy at discharge and 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge were higher in the study group (P < 0.05). In terms of the scores of quality of life of patients with lung cancer, on the day of admission, no significant difference exited (P > 0.05). The scores of quality of life at discharge and 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge of the study group were higher compared to the control (P < 0.05). In the comparison of mental health, there was no significant difference between the two groups on the day of admission (P > 0.05), but the scores of anxiety and depression in the two groups decreased after nursing, and the scores of anxiety and depression in the study group at discharge and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after discharge were lower than those in the control group (P < 0.05). In terms of the family care index, there was no significant difference between the two groups at admission (P > 0.05), but after nursing, the family care index of the two groups increased, and the family care index at discharge and 1, 3, and 6 months after discharge was greater in the study group (P < 0.05). In terms of the score of self-transcendence scale, there exhibited no significant difference on the day of admission (P > 0.05), but the score of self-transcendence scale of the two groups increased after nursing. Furthermore, compared to the control, the score of self-transcendence scale at discharge and 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after discharge in the study group was higher (P < 0.05). Conclusion Patients undergoing lung cancer chemotherapy using ADOPT-based breathing training combined with continuous nursing can effectively facilitate the overall quality of life of lung cancer chemotherapy patients, promote the mental health and self-efficacy of patients with lung cancer chemotherapy, and then reduce the medical burden of patients. The nursing model based on ADOPT breathing training combined with continuous nursing is worthy to be applied in the rehabilitation of patients with lung cancer.

Self-Transcendence and Spiritual Well-Being among Stroke Patients

Objective: This paper aimed to identify self-transcendence and spiritual well-being among stroke patients and to determine the association between self-transcendence and spiritual well-being among stroke patients. Background: WHO estimated 86% mortality related to stroke world widely occurred in developing countries including, Pakistan. Living a meaningful life after the manifestations of stroke literally demands self-transcendence, which means the reconstruction of life or getting up again with more full potential.&#x0D; Materials and Methods: Analytical cross-sectional study of 210 stroke patients (three months and above inclusion eligibility criteria) were taken from the four rehabilitation centers of SGTH Swat, ATH Abbottabad, LRH and HMC, Peshawar, and responses recorded with validated and reliable questionnaires.&#x0D; Results: The participants’ mean score on the self-transcendence scale was 43.22, and on the spiritual index of well-being mean score were 40.83, respectively. Self-transcendence and spiritual well-being with other demographical variables found statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05) on ANOVA and Post hoc test (Games-Howell). The positive strong correlations between the self-transcendence and spiritual well-being on Pearson correlation (r) were also found statistically significant (r = 0.619, p &lt; 0.000).&#x0D; Conclusion: The results of this study support the theoretical assumptions of Reed’s theory in which during the vulnerability (stroke patients in this study) self-transcendence as an independent variable and protective factor have positive correlations with the outcome and dependant variable, called spiritual well-being. The findings also suggest implications for health care professionals to develop and deliver strategies to enhance vulnerable population self-transcendence for the outcome of spiritual well-being. &#x0D; Keywords: Self-transcendence, Spiritual well-being, Stroke, Care.

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Affect, Fear, and Personality of Primary School Children Measured During the Second Wave of Infections in 2020.

In relation to the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak, a large body of research has identified a negative impact on individuals' affectivity, frequently documented by increased prevalence of anxiety and depression symptoms. For children, this research was less extensive, was mainly based on caregivers' reports and neglected personality assessment. In order to measure the impact of the pandemic, and the fears it caused, on primary school children's affect and personality, 323 (180 boys and 143 girls) Italian third, fourth and fifth graders were assessed between October and November 2020, namely during the second wave of COVID-19 infections in Italy, with validated self-reports of affect (Positive and Negative Affect Scale for Children, PANAS-C), fear of COVID-19 (Fear of COVID-19 Scale, FCV-19S) and personality (junior Temperament and Character Inventory, jTCI). In comparison with PANAS-C and jTCI normative scores collected prior to the pandemic, data obtained from children in 2020 showed unchanged affect scores in the overall sample, a decrease of Positive Affect in girls, and a decrease in the Harm Avoidance and an increase in the Self-Transcendence scales of personality. Fear of COVID-19 scores were positively correlated with Negative Affect scores and negatively predicted by children's personality profile of resilience (calculated using scores on the Harm Avoidance and the Self-Directedness scales of personality). These results suggested that Italian primary school children, especially boys, maintained their pre-pandemic levels of affect (or restored them after the first COVID-19 wave) and partially diverged from the typical development of personality in an apparently positive sense, namely toward more courageous/optimistic and spiritual profiles. This sort of children's post-traumatic growth might also be attributed to children's family and education systems, which should continue to be supported to promote and maintain community mental health.

Effect of Self-Transcendence Theory Combined with Comprehensive Nursing Intervention under Tumor Nutrition Education on Symptom Improvement, Nutritional Status, and Positive Psychology of Elderly Patients with Gastric Cancer.

Objective To explore the value of self-transcendence theory combined with comprehensive nursing intervention under oncological nutritional education on improvement in symptoms, nutritional status, and positive psychology of elderly patients with gastric cancer (GC). Methods A total of 98 elderly patients with GC in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University from January 2021 to December 2021 were enrolled. All these patients were arbitrarily assigned into the observation group (n = 49) and control group (n = 49). The controlled patients accepted the regular oncological nutritional education. The cases of the observation group were given comprehensive nursing care based on the self-transcendence theory and oncological nutrition education. The symptom remission rate, subjective global assessment (PG-SGA) score, self-transcendence scale score, incidence of malnutrition, Hamilton Anxiety (HAMA) scale score, Hamilton Depression (HAMD) scale score, and Newcastle satisfaction with nursing scale (NSNS) score were observed. Results The remission rate of symptoms in the observation group was higher than that of the control group after the nursing care. Following nursing, the PG-SGA score of the observation group was lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). The score of the self-transcendence scale in the observation group was higher than that of the control group after nursing (p < 0.05). The incidence of malnutrition in the observation group was significantly lower than that of the control group. After nursing, the scores of the HAMA scale and HAMD scale in the observation group were lower than that of the control group (p < 0.05). The NSNS score of the observation group was statistically higher than that of the control group following nursing. Conclusion The application value of self-transcendence theory combined with comprehensive nursing care under oncological nutritional education is more significant in elderly patients with GC, which is more helpful to enhance symptoms and nutritional status and control the incidence of malnutrition. Thus, it is able to reduce anxiety and depression and the rate of adverse reactions related to surgery-assisted chemotherapy as well.

Exploring Personal Development Workshops' Effect on Well-Being and Interconnectedness.

Introduction: Personal development workshops are increasingly popular. This study evaluated the relationships between the measures of well-being, interconnectedness, and extended perception in various workshops and explored which kinds of workshops and individual characteristics predicted changes in these outcomes. Materials and Methods: In a prospective, uncontrolled, within-participant design study, adult participants completed questionnaires and online tasks before and after personal development workshops. Three analyses were conducted: (1) examining the relationships between measures by using only pre-workshop measures using Spearman correlations; (2) exploring change scores pre- to post-workshop and workshop using Wilcoxon signed-rank test; (3) assessing workshop format and content, and individual characteristics as predictors of those change scores multivariate nonparametric regression. The following outcomes were collected: Well-being-Arizona Integrative Outcomes Scale, positive and negative affect, Dispositional Positive Emotions Scale-Compassion subscale, Sleep Quality Scale, Numeric Pain Rating Scale; Interconnectedness-Cloninger Self-Transcendence Scale, Inclusion of Nature in Self and Inclusion of the Other in Self; and Extended perception tasks-Intuition Jar, Quick Remote Viewing, Psychokinesis Bubble, and Time Estimation. The following potential predictor variables were collected: demographic, mental health, psychiatric and meditation history, Single General Self-Rated Health Question, Brief Five-Factor Inventory-10, and the Noetic Experience and Belief Scale. Workshop leaders also selected which format and content characteristics applied to their workshop. Results: Interconnectedness measures were significantly and positively correlated with well-being (ρ: 0.27 to 0.33), positive affect (ρ: 0.20 to 0.27), and compassion (ρ: 0.21 to 0.32), and they were negatively correlated with sleep disturbance (ρ: -0.13 to -0.16) and pain (ρ: -0.11 to -0.16). Extended perception task performance was not correlated with interconnectedness or well-being. General personal development workshops improved subjective interconnectedness, well-being, positive emotion, and compassion, and they reduced sleep disturbances, negative emotion, and pain (all p's < 0.00005). The lecture (p = 0.03), small groups (p = 0.001), pairs (p = 0.01), and discussion (p = 0.03) workshop formats were significant predictors of well-being outcomes. The workshop content categories of meditation (p = 0.0002) and technology tools (p = 0.01) were also predictive of well-being outcomes, with meditation being the most consistent predictor of positive well-being changes. Conscientiousness was the only significant individual characteristic predictor (p = 0.002), although it was associated with increases in some well-being measures and decreases in others. Conclusions: This study provides preliminary evidence for the positive relationship between the subjective sense of interconnectedness and multiple well-being measures and the beneficial effects of some personal development workshops.

The effect of spiritual intelligence training on the hope and self-transcendence in mothers of premature neonates

Background and aim: Spiritual intelligence training, as one dimension of comprehensive care and a means of communicating with a higher power (God), can increase mothers' and self-transcendence.Method: This randomized clinical trial study included 80 mothers with premature infants hospitalized in the NICU in Iran in 2019. The permutation blocks method was used to randomly divide the participants, who were selected based on the inclusion criteria, into intervention and control groups. Weekly training sessions were held in a hybrid of virtual and face-to-face formats over the course of eight sessions (90 minutes per session) for intervention group and the control group did not received any education. The maternal demographic and neonatal clinical characteristics questionnaire, the hope scale of mothers with premature neonates”, and the “Self-Transcendence Scale” were used for data gathering.Results: The mean ages of the participants in the intervention and control groups were 30.18±3.76 and 29.38±1.52 years, respectively and about 45.2 percent of neonates were first child. The results of repeated-measures ANOVA showed that after spiritual intelligence training, the mean scores of self-transcendence (51.42±1.81) and (160.10±7.75) significantly increased in the intervention group (P-value<0.001).Implications for practice: By using mechanisms that can increase the mother’s and self- transcendence, it is possible to ensure that they provide quality and comprehensive care, infect allowing them to better perform the parent role.

Cross-Sectional Associations Between Lifetime Use of Psychedelic Drugs and Psychometric Measures During the COVID-19 Confinement: A Transcultural Study.

Background: One of the main public health strategies adopted at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic consisted of implementing strict lockdowns to stop the transmission of the virus. Despite being an effective measure, the confinement and the associated social isolation create a stressful, potentially lengthy situations that has been proven to have several psychological consequences. Given the potential benefits that certain psychedelic drugs have shown for the treatment of psychological disorders, this study aimed to assess the impact of lifetime psychedelic drug use on mental health in relation to the first strict lockdown adopted by various countries (April-July 2020).Methods: Subjects completed an online survey that inquired about sociodemographic factors, activities, and lifestyle factors during confinement, as well as health and mental health related factors. Subjects were asked about their lifetime use of psychedelic drugs (MDMA, ayahuasca, psilocybin-containing mushrooms, LSD, peyote, San Pedro, Bufo alvarius or 5-MeO-DMT, and others), being classified as regular users (more than once per 6 months), occasional users, or non-users. The survey included psychometric tests used to assess psychological distress, peritraumatic stress, social support, psychopathological symptoms, and personality. Linear regressions were performed with psychedelic drug users as the independent variable and psychometric factors as the outcomes, while correcting for age, gender, language, religion, spirituality, and use of non-psychedelic drugs.Results: The study included 2,974 English, Portuguese, and Spanish speakers (497 regular users of psychedelic drugs, 606 occasional users, and 1,968 non-users). On average, respondents were 36 years old and 70% were female. Psychedelic drug users, especially regular ones, reported less psychological distress, less peritraumatic stress, and more social support. Regarding personality measures, psychedelic drug users scored higher on the novelty-seeking and self-transcendence scales, and lower on cooperativeness.Conclusion: Our findings showed that regular users of psychedelic drugs had less psychological stress and some personality differences when compared to occasional users and non-users. This suggests that either the use of psychedelics might be a protective factor itself or people with certain previous traits are more prone to frequently using psychedelic drugs. Future prospective longitudinal research should investigate the underlying processes observed in this study to develop consistent hypotheses.

EXPLORATION FACTOR ANALYSIS, VALIDITY AND RELIABILITY TESTS OF THE SELF-TRANSCENDENCE SCALE ON HIV/AIDS PATIENTS

Background: The impact of HIV/AIDS affects the patient's life, both psychologically and physiologically to lower the level of Self-transcendence. So far, the measure to determine the level of self-transcendence in HIV/AIDS patients has not been established in Indonesia&#x0D; Objectives: The purpose of this study is to conduct a test of the validity and reliability of self-transcendence questionnaires in HIV/AIDS patients&#x0D; Methods: This study was conducted cross-sectionally involving 100 respondents. Data is collected using the purposive sampling method in patients who meet inclusion criteria, namely patients who are undergoing ARV therapy and residing in the Semarang area, and willing to be respondents. Statistical test methods used to test the validity and reliability of questionnaires are person product movement and reliability analysis.&#x0D; Results: The validity and reliability test using SPSS 23 software shows the entire question item has a validity result of &gt;0.164 and the reliability test results show Cronbach's alpha 0.886 result means the entire question item in the Self-transcendence Scale questionnaire is valid and reliable.&#x0D; Conclusion: The results showed that the Self-transcendence scale can be used to measure levels of Self-transcendence in PEOPLE with HIV/AIDS&#x0D; Keywords:&#x0D; Self-transcendence scale, Exploration Factor Analysis validity and reliability test, HIV/AIDS