Self-system Model Of Motivational Development Research Articles

How peer relationships affect academic achievement among junior high school students: The chain mediating roles of learning motivation and learning engagement.

Despite the recognition of the impact of peer relationships, learning motivation, and learning engagement on academic achievement, there is still a gap in understanding the specific mechanisms through which peer relationships impact academic achievement via learning motivation and learning engagement. This study aims to investigate how peer relationships affect junior high school students' academic achievement through the chain mediating roles of learning motivation and learning engagement, employing the self-system model of motivational development as the theoretical framework. In January 2024, 717 participants were selected from two middle schools in eastern China (mean age = 13.49 years, SD = 0.5). The data analysis in this study was performed using the structural equation model (SEM) in AMOS 24.0 and SPSS 24.0. The results showed that peer relationships were directly and significantly related to junior high school students' academic achievement, and that peer relationships were indirectly and positively related to junior high school students' academic achievement via learning motivation and learning engagement respectively. The results also revealed a significant indirect and positive relationship between peer relationships and junior high school students' academic achievement, mediated by the sequential mediating roles of learning motivation and learning engagement. Moreover, the path "peer relationship→learning motivation→academic achievement" has the strongest indirect effect. For junior high school students to achieve academic success, the appropriate interventions should be implemented to improve peer relationships, learning motivation, and learning engagement.

Exploring the effect of teacher autonomy support on Chinese EFL undergraduates' academic English speaking performance through the mediation of basic psychological needs and classroom engagement.

The capacity to speak English for academic purposes is a pivotal facet of language education and assessment. Despite the substantial research approving the significant role of teachers in L2 learning, it remains unclear how exactly teachers' support for students' learning autonomy influences EFL learners' academic English speaking performance. To address this primary concern, this study drew ground from the Self-System Model of Motivational Development (SSMMD) and adopted a mixed-method approach to examine teacher autonomy support's direct and indirect effects on Chinese EFL undergraduates' academic English speaking performance through the mediation of basic psychological needs and classroom engagement. 247 first-year university students participating in academic English speaking courses were recruited in this study. The quantitative results of the questionnaire indicated that students' perceived teacher support for autonomy directly predicted English speaking performance, and it also indirectly influenced students' speaking performance via the mediation of classroom engagement and basic psychological needs. Students' responses in the semi-structured interview further verified the positive effect of teacher autonomy support on academic English speaking development in the classroom. Pedagogical implications were also discussed based on the findings.

Exploring the effect of use contexts on user engagement toward tourism short video platforms.

With tourism short video platforms' increasingly fierce competition, retaining existing users and improving engagement has taken on greater theoretical and practical significance. Based on the self-system model of motivational development, this study, involving an empirical analysis of 252 user data samples, establishes a research model to determine how the use contexts affect users' psychological process and finally lead to behavioral engagement. In particular, four use contexts of tourism short video platforms are proposed-namely, information acquisition, leisure and entertainment, attention obtainment, and social interaction. Different use contexts differ in the degree to which they satisfy users' three psychological needs, thus influence their attitudinal engagement and behavioral engagement. The research results can provide theoretical and practical references on how to improve user engagement toward tourism short video platforms.

The effect of student self-efficacy on learning outcomes in a business simulation mobile game: a quasi-experimental study

PurposeThis study has two objectives: to explore the factors that influence student self-efficacy regarding engagement and learning outcomes in a business simulation game course and to compare the difference between hierarchical and general teaching methods.Design/methodology/approachFrom September 2021 to May 2022, a questionnaire was administered to 126 students in a business simulation game course at the Zhongshan Institute, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China. Data were analyzed using nonparametric paired samples tests and linear regression.FindingsThe results showed that student self-efficacy, engagement and learning outcomes were significantly higher with the hierarchical teaching method than with the general teaching method. There were also differences in the factors that influenced self-efficacy regarding learning outcomes between the two teaching methods. With the general teaching method, student self-efficacy did not directly affect learning outcomes, but did so indirectly by mediating the effect of engagement. However, with the hierarchical teaching method, self-efficacy directly and significantly affected learning outcomes, in addition to indirectly affecting learning outcomes through student engagement.Research limitations/implicationsCompared with the control group experimental research method, the quasi-experimental research method can eliminate the influence of sample heterogeneity itself, but the state of the same sample may change at different times, which is not necessarily caused by the hierarchical teaching design.Practical implicationsBased on the results of this study, teachers can apply hierarchical teaching according to student ability levels when integrating business simulation games. The results of this study can inspire teachers to protect student self-confidence and make teaching objectives and specific requirements clear in the beginning of the course, and also provide an important practical suggestion for students on how to improve their course performance.Social implicationsThe research results can be extended to other courses. Teachers can improve students' self-efficacy through hierarchical teaching design, thus improving students' learning performance and also provide reference value for students to improve their learning performance.Originality/valueThis study built a model based on self-system model of motivational development (SSMMD) theory, comparing factors that affect student self-efficacy regarding learning outcomes under different teaching methods. The model enriches the literature on SSMMD theory as applied to business simulation game courses and adds to our understanding of hierarchical teaching methods in this field. The results provide a valuable reference for teachers that can improve teaching methods and learning outcomes.

MEDIATION OF STUDENT INTRINSIC MOTIVATION BETWEEN ONLINE LEARNING ENVIRONMENT AND STUDENT ENGAGEMENT

The shift to a full online learning environment (OLE) introduces new challenges which affect the motivation and engagement of students. This study investigates the relationship between the online learning environment and online student engagement as mediated by intrinsic motivation. The self-system model of motivational development (SSMMD) was used as the framework of the study. The researchers hypothesized that intrinsic motivation will partially mediate the relationship between the online learning environment (OLE) and online student engagement (OSE). 255 college students completed the survey. GLM mediation analysis was conducted using JAMOVI. Our analysis shows that the online learning environment significantly predicts online student engagement (β = 0.553, p001). A decrease in regression weight with the direct effect was observed with the inclusion of intrinsic motivation as a mediator (β = .430, p.001). Even with the inclusion of intrinsic motivation, the direct effect of OLE on OSE remained significant. The indirect effect was also significant using the Corrected bias bootstrap percentile with 1000 repetitions (β = 0.127, p = 0.002, 95% CI [0.0245, 0.103]). Findings support the hypothesized partial mediation of intrinsic motivation between OLE and OSE.

Domain-specific motivation and self-assessment practice as mechanisms linking perceived need-supportive teaching to student achievement

The self-system model of motivational development was used in this study to examine whether and how student motivation and self-assessment practices—as psychological and behavioural mechanisms, respectively—link need-supportive teaching to students’ objective achievement scores in English language learning. We applied a multilevel mediation analysis on Rasch-calibrated data from 796 students (53% females; mean age = 14.12, SD = 1.51) nested within 30 classes (mean class size = 26.53) in a secondary school in the Philippines. We collected all predictor variables (i.e. need-supportive teaching, motivation, self-assessment practice) in time 1, while achievement scores were collected eight weeks later (time 2). Lower-level mediation results show that students’ perceptions of involved teaching and structured teaching are associated with higher controlled motivation and autonomous motivation. Furthermore, only autonomous motivation was associated with higher achievement in time 2. Self-assessment practice significantly mediated the link between both controlled and autonomous motivation to achievement. These results held while controlling for age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Hence, involved teaching and structured teaching correlated with higher motivation and increased self-assessment practice, which, in turn, leads to higher achievement in English language learning. The findings highlight that motivation and self-assessment practices are psychological and behavioural pathways that can theoretically and empirically explain how need-supportive teaching practices impact student achievement in a specific subject. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Correction to: The role of work-based learning for student engagement in vocational education and training: an application of the self-system model of motivational development

Correction to: The role of work-based learning for student engagement in vocational education and training: an application of the self-system model of motivational development

Autonomy-Supportive Faculty, Students' Self-System Processes, Positive Academic Emotions, and Agentic Engagement: Adding Emotions to Self-System Model of Motivational Development.

The aim of this study was to investigate mediating roles of students' self-system processes and positive academic emotions in a relationship between supporting autonomy and agentic engagement. In This research structural equation modeling was used to analyze a conceptual model. The sample consisted of 452 undergraduate students of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. The research instruments included the autonomy-supportive environment inventory, the self-system processes questionnaire, three questionnaires of academic emotions, and the agentic engagement scale. The findings showed that supporting autonomy had an indirect effect on students' achievement emotions, via self-system processes. Self-system processes had direct and indirect effects on agentic engagement, via positive academic emotions. Supporting autonomy had an indirect effect on agentic engagement by mediating role of self-system processes and positive academic emotions. Accordingly, emotions are proximal determinants of agentic engagement. Supporting autonomy and self-system processes affect agentic engagement from the pathway of academic emotions. Therefore, in addition to environmental factors and self-appraisals, it is necessary to consider students' emotional experiences to promote agentic engagement in learning settings.

The role of work-based learning for student engagement in vocational education and training: an application of the self-system model of motivational development

Educational policy strategies give work-based learning (WBL) and dual learning pathways a prominent role in strengthening student engagement. Given this mounting policy attention, the current study aims to fill a knowledge gap with regard to the relation between WBL and student engagement, particularly within the context of dual pathways combining school- and work-based learning. To this end, we situated student engagement in the wider motivational framework of the self-system model of motivational development (SSMMD) to help theorize its antecedents in students’ learning contexts and psychological self-system processes. The main purpose of this study was to test the hypotheses based on the SSMMD within a WBL context and to relate student engagement in WBL to engagement in school-based learning. As most measurements of the elements making up the SSMMD were validated within a school-based learning context, we used confirmatory factor analyses to test the measurement transferability to a WBL context. Our findings show the relevance of applying the SSMMD to the context of WBL, hereby confirming the facilitating or inhibiting role of a WBL context in fulfilling the basic psychological needs of needs of autonomy, relatedness and competence, which in turn supports engagement in WBL. Our findings also show the potential to study work- and school-based learning as two interrelated learning contexts, stimulating researchers, policy makers and practitioners to further study and invest in dual learning pathways that purposefully combine learning in school- and work-based contexts.

Enhancing user engagement: The role of gamification in mobile apps

Organizations are increasingly making use of gamification to enhance users’ engagement with their mobile apps. However, more research into the mechanisms that facilitate user engagement and its consequences is needed. Drawing on the self-system model of motivational development, this study investigates how gamification might foster user engagement and positive marketing outcomes. Data from 276 users of a mobile gamified app were analyzed using partial least squares regression. The results showed that gamification increases user engagement through satisfaction of the needs for competence, autonomy and relatedness. User engagement, in turn, leads to greater intention to use, disseminate WOM about, and to positively rate, the app. Finally, this study provides a number of theoretical and practical implications that can help developers design more effective gamified mobile apps.

Assessing the added value of the self-system model of motivational development in explaining school engagement among students at risk of early leaving from education and training

Tackling early leaving from education and training (ELET) is one of the headline targets for education policy in the European Union. Although ELET rates have been decreasing in most member states, male, socially disadvantaged and immigrant students remain overrepresented in ELET figures. Moreover, students in vocational tracks and students who experienced grade retention are steadily more at risk of ELET. These risk factors are, however, considered mostly beyond the reach of individual schools and educators. This study therefore targets to pinpoint more alterable factors that can support at-risk students’ educational resilience. As there is broad scientific consensus to consider ELET as a potential endpoint of a gradual process of disengagement from school, this study explores the added value of the self-system model of motivational development (SSMMD) in explaining behavioural school (dis-)engagement among students considered at risk of ELET based on their sociodemographic and educational background characteristics. We make use of survey data purposefully collecting data from 483 students across 25 inner-city vocational secondary schools in Flanders. The structural equation modelling (SEM) testing the hypothesised structural relations of the SSMMD, overall showed empirical support for the model being an interesting theoretical framework for explaining student (dis)engagement through perceived social support and self-processes. The SEM, however, also showed few relations contradicting the theoretical hypotheses. We discuss how the hierarchically tracked and segregated educational context in Flemish urban vocational schools could provide explanations for these findings.

Self-perceptions and Engagement in Low-Socioeconomic Elementary School Students: The Moderating Effects of Immigration Status and Anxiety

According to Connell and Wellborn’s Self-System Model of Motivational Development (SSMMD; Self processes and development, Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Hillsdale, pp 43–77, 1991), school engagement is fostered by students’ perception that their needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness are fulfilled. The universal claim of this model has rarely been tested across groups of students with diverse immigration backgrounds, socioeconomic status, or emotional problems such as anxiety. To fill this gap, we conducted a longitudinal study to examine the associations between, on the one hand, student self-perceptions of competence in mathematics, of autonomy and of relatedness, and on the other hand, their behavioral, affective, and cognitive engagement. We further tested whether immigration status and anxiety moderated these associations. The study involved 170 elementary school students from disadvantaged multiethnic schools. Results demonstrated that high relatedness was associated with affective engagement in all students. Furthermore, the links between students’ engagement and their self-perceptions of autonomy and competence in mathematics varied according to their immigration status and anxiety level. For instance, most of the results showed that immigrant students presenting a high level of anxiety reported being more engaged than other students when they felt autonomous. Finally, the results showed that self-perceptions were not associated with all dimensions of school engagement in all students. These findings challenge the universality of the SSMMD and provide new evidence supporting the necessity of adapting interventions to fulfill psychological needs and promote engagement among vulnerable students.

Understanding the engagement of elementary school students in one-to-one iPad programs using an adaptation of self-system model of motivational development

The number of one-to-one mobile programs in elementary schools as a resource that substitutes the textbook has become popular in worldwide. However, studies that seek to understand how the daily use of these mobile devices is associated with teaching/learning practices and student's engagement in the classroom are lacking. The authors utilized and adapted a self-system model of motivational development in order to better understand the mechanisms behind the promotion of academic engagement through the use of iPads. For this, an analysis using structural equations was conducted on the data collected from a network of 20 elementary schools and 1977 K-5/6 students in Spain, who used iPads daily in their Language, Mathematics, Science and Second Language subjects. The data showed that the pedagogic method acted as a mediator between iPad use in the classroom and academic engagement, as it satisfied the psychological needs of the students. The study contributes with a comprehensive approach that results in an increase of knowledge on the reasons behind the success of failure of these types of programs on learner engagement.

The role of social support in fostering school engagement in urban schools characterised by high risk of early leaving from education and training

Tackling early leaving from education and training (ELET) is one of the main education policy targets of the European Union and many of its member states. This paper offers new insights on this issue by studying how so-called at-risk students develop their educational trajectory by embedding their attitudes towards and engagement in schooling within the various support networks they navigate. We argue that the concept of school engagement, operationalized within the broader theoretical framework of the self-system model of motivational development, is crucial for better understanding ELET. The structural equation modelling is based upon survey data from 1401 students in grade 10 and 12 of vocational tracks across 26 different urban school locations in Flanders, Belgium. The results show that parental, peer and in particular teacher support directly and indirectly strengthen students’ academic and behavioural engagement. We argue that universal and targeted support by educators can positively impact pro-school attitudes and school engagement of so-called at-risk students and may be one of the most important strategies in addressing ELET.

Study of a sequence to stimulate the engagement in one-to-one iPad programs at elementary schools

The number of one-to-one mobile programs in elementary schools as a resource to substitute the textbook has become popular worldwide. However, findings of studies that seek to enable understanding of how the daily use of these mobile devices affects student’s engagement in the classroom are heterogeneous. The authors utilized and adapted a self-system model of motivational development in order to better understand the mechanisms behind the promotion of academic engagement in one-to-one iPad programs. For this, an analysis using structural equations was conducted on data collected from a network of 20 elementary schools and 1,011 5th and 6th grade students in Spain, who used iPads daily in their Language and Mathematics courses. The results showed that certain activities –according to the course- with the iPad influenced the students’ engagement, while promoting authentic learning and satisfying their needs. The study contributes with a comprehensive approach and knowledge about the reasons behind the success or failure of these types of programs on learner engagement.

Mastery goal orientations and subjective well-being in school among elementary school students: The mediating role of school engagement

Based on the self-system model of motivational development, we examined the mediating role of school engagement, including cognitive engagement and behavioral engagement, in accounting for the relation between mastery goal orientations and subjective well-being in school among elementary school students. A total of 974 Chinese children (440 females, 534 males; Mage = 9.52, SD = 0.95) completed multiple self-report questionnaires at four time points, 6 months apart, across a 2-year period. Structural equation modeling was used to examine the hypotheses, controlling for the initial levels of mediating and dependent variables, and demographic variables (i.e., gender, age, and parental education levels). Results indicated that (a) mastery goal orientations at Time 1 positively related to subjective well-being in school at Time 4; (b) cognitive engagement at Time 2 mediated the relation between mastery goal orientations at Time 1 and subjective well-being in school at Time 4; and (c) mastery goal orientations at Time 1 displayed indirect effects on subjective well-being in school at Time 4 successively via the chain mediation of cognitive engagement at Time 2 and behavioral engagement at Time 3. These findings suggested that, in order to promote positive subjective well-being in elementary school students, school professionals and parents should simultaneously encourage students to cultivate mastery goal orientations and high levels of cognitive and behavioral school engagement.

Self-Determination and Classroom Engagement of EFL Learners: A Mixed-Methods Study of the Self-System Model of Motivational Development

This study examines the antecedents and outcomes of classroom engagement of 412 Turkish English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners. Grounded in self-determination theory and the self-system model...

Student Self-Efficacy, Classroom Engagement, and Academic Achievement: Comparing Three Theoretical Frameworks.

Student self-efficacy, behavioral engagement, and emotional engagement are key factors for academic achievement. Research has yet to identify the developmental cascades linking these four constructs. Three theoretical frameworks, i.e., Self-Efficacy Theory, the Self-System Model of Motivational Development, and Expectancy-Value Theory, suggest different nexus. Following 671 students (51.8% girls) from their 4th to 6th grade, this study aims to assess competing hypotheses from these three frameworks in math. Three cross-lag models were tested to test each theoretical framework. A fourth and final model was tested to include the significant paths from the previous models. Mediation paths were also tested. Results mainly support assumptions from Self-Efficacy Theory, that is student self-efficacy and academic achievement are mutually associated from 4th to 6th grades. Some of the propositions of Expectancy-Value Theory were also supported. Self-efficacy was associated with later emotional engagement and academic achievement. However, emotional engagement in 5th grade was negatively associated with achievement in 6th grade and was not associated with behavioral engagement. Assumptions from the Self-System Model were not supported by the data. Testing the fourth model revealed an unexpected developmental cascade: 5th-grade self-efficacy mediated the association between 4th-grade achievement and 6th-grade emotional engagement. This last finding may have great implications for young adolescents as emotional engagement is an indicator of student well-being and intrinsic value of learning. Implications for theory validation and intervention targets for adolescents are discussed.

Need-supportive teaching practices and student-perceived need fulfillment in low socioeconomic status elementary schools: The moderating effect of anxiety and academic achievement

Connell and Wellborn's Self-System Model of Motivational Development (SSMMD; 1991) posits that structure, autonomy support, and involvement from teachers influence their students' perceptions of competence, autonomy, and relatedness. However, this model has rarely been tested in low socioeconomic elementary school students presenting academic and psychological difficulties. To fill this gap, this study examined whether student anxiety and academic achievement can moderate the association between teaching practices and student self-perceptions. A sample of 424 students and 45 teachers from five elementary schools located in low socioeconomic neighborhoods participated in the study over two consecutive years. Multilevel path analysis revealed that while most students felt competent and related to their teacher in highly structured and warm classrooms, anxious and low-achieving students benefited even more from teachers' structuring practices compared to their non-anxious or higher-achieving peers. Globally, our results partially support the application of the SSMMD for more vulnerable students.

Social Context, Self-perceptions and Student Engagement: A SEM investigation of the self-system model of motivational development (SSMMD)

Introduction. The present study aimed to test a theoretically-based model (the self-system model of motivational development) including at the same time the extent to which the social context provides structure, warmth and autonomy support, the students’ perceived autonomy, relatedness and competence, and behavioral, cognitive and emotional student engagement.Method. Three hundred and thirty one participants attending the last year at the university completed a self-reported questionnaire tapping the targeted variables. SEM analyses were used to test our hypotheses.Results. Results revealed that each dimension of the social context was associated with the corresponding self-perception variables which, in turn, predicted greater behavioral, cognitive and emotional engagement. Cognitive engagement was directly predicted by the three self-perception variables, and indirectly by an autonomy supportive social context. Structured social context was indirectly associated, through perceived competence, with behavioral and emotional engagement.Discussion and Conclusion. Two underlying assumptions of the SSMMD (and more broadly of the SDT) were supported by the results of this study - the three dimensions of social context have specific effects on self-perception variables and these perceptions are mediators of the relationship between context and student engagement - one was not - the three self-perception variables do not have a direct impact on the dimensions of student engagement.