Self-reported Functional Capacity Research Articles

Association between self-reported functional capacity measures and postoperative myocardial injury in patients undergoing noncardiac surgeries.

Self-reported functional capacity measures have an uncertain role in the pre-operative cardiovascular risk stratification. This substudy aimed to evaluate whether self-reported metabolic equivalent (MET) could improve the prediction of postoperative myocardial injury (MI) over other well-established cardiovascular risk factors. This is a post hoc analysis of an international multicenter prospective cohort study. We recruited patients ≥45 years old who had elective elevated-risk noncardiac surgery in 45 centers across 17 countries between June 2017 and April 2020. The primary outcome was MI defined according to the Fourth Universal Definition of Myocardial Infarction. We measured the proportion of new prognostic information added by self-reported MET using multivariable logistic regression. In total, 860 (41.3%) patients suffered MI. In patients without systematic troponin surveillance, the odds ratio for MI with each 1-point increment in MET equaled 1.03 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.99-1.07). The new prognostic information, according to the likelihood ratio adequacy index, accounted for 1.5%. Sensitivity analysis, including centers with >90% of patients with routine high-sensitivity troponin T monitoring, showed that MET added 21.8% of new information to the baseline model, and each additional point was associated with a lower risk of MI (odds ratio, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.81-0.91). In elevated-risk noncardiac surgery, self-reported functional capacity measures do not significantly improve the prediction of MI; however, they add new prognostic information in centers with routine perioperative troponin monitoring.

NT-proBNP or Self-Reported Functional Capacity in Estimating Risk of Cardiovascular Events After Noncardiac Surgery

Nearly 16 million surgical procedures are conducted in North America yearly, and postoperative cardiovascular events are frequent. Guidelines suggest functional capacity or B-type natriuretic peptides (BNP) to guide perioperative management. Data comparing the performance of these approaches are scarce. To compare the addition of either N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) or self-reported functional capacity to clinical scores to estimate the risk of major adverse cardiac events (MACE). This cohort study included patients undergoing inpatient, elective, noncardiac surgery at 25 tertiary care hospitals in Europe between June 2017 and April 2020. Analysis was conducted in January 2023. Eligible patients were either aged 45 years or older with a Revised Cardiac Risk Index (RCRI) of 2 or higher or a National Surgical Quality Improvement Program, Risk Calculator for Myocardial Infarction and Cardiac (NSQIP MICA) above 1%, or they were aged 65 years or older and underwent intermediate or high-risk procedures. Preoperative NT-proBNP and the following self-reported measures of functional capacity were the exposures: (1) questionnaire-estimated metabolic equivalents (METs), (2) ability to climb 1 floor, and (3) level of regular physical activity. MACE was defined as a composite end point of in-hospital cardiovascular mortality, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, stroke, and congestive heart failure requiring transfer to a higher unit of care. A total of 3731 eligible patients undergoing noncardiac surgery were analyzed; 3597 patients had complete data (1258 women [35.0%]; 1463 (40.7%) aged 75 years or older; 86 [2.4%] experienced a MACE). Discrimination of NT-proBNP or functional capacity measures added to clinical scores did not significantly differ (Area under the receiver operating curve: RCRI, age, and 4MET, 0.704; 95% CI, 0.646-0.763; RCRI, age, and 4MET plus floor climbing, 0.702; 95% CI, 0.645-0.760; RCRI, age, and 4MET plus physical activity, 0.724; 95% CI, 0.672-0.775; RCRI, age, and 4MET plus NT-proBNP, 0.736; 95% CI, 0.682-0.790). Benefit analysis favored NT-proBNP at a threshold of 5% or below, ie, if true positives were valued 20 times or more compared with false positives. The findings were similar for NSQIP MICA as baseline clinical scores. In this cohort study of nearly 3600 patients with elevated cardiovascular risk undergoing noncardiac surgery, there was no conclusive evidence of a difference between a NT-proBNP-based and a self-reported functional capacity-based estimate of MACE risk. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03016936.

Functional capacity and quality of life in advanced heart failure patients assessment

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Heart failure (HF) is characterized by functional limitation and consequent loss of quality of life. These parameters can be measured through self-evaluated instruments, namely Duke activity status index (DASI) and Minnesota living with heart failure questionnaire (MLHFQ). In parallel, HF is also characterized by objective parameters measured by complementary diagnostic tests, namely NT-proBNP and left ventricular ejection fraction by echocardiogram. Patients with higher NT-proBNP value and worse ejection fraction may present with more symptoms and consequently functional impairment and worse quality of life. Aim To analyze if self-reported parameters present significant correlation with objective measured parameters and to understand if there are differences between gender in out-patients followed in advanced heart failure assessment. Methods During the year of 2022, a cohort of out-patients was analyzed. Data was collected regarding DASI, MLHFQ and disease stratification based on NT-proBNP and left ventricular ejection fraction by echocardiogram. Pearson's correlation was made between these parameters, trying to understand whether they were related to them and whether this relationship is in line with the patient's clinical presentation. An independent sample T-test was performed in order to understand any differences regarding the gender. Results A sample of 122 patients were evaluated; 97 (80%) were male, with a mean age of 63 years. New York Heart association functional class was between II and III and all patients had reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, with an average of 35% (min: 10% and max: 48%). NT-proBNP scores are quite high, presenting an average score of 1349.7±1482.5. Average score of MLHFQ was 13±15, meaning that patients present a good quality of life and DASI average score was 33.9±16.1, meaning a very acceptable functional capacity level. The DASI score correlates negatively with MLHFQ (r = -0.566, p = 0.003) and with NT-proBNP value (r = -0.783, p = 0.000); MLHFQ score is positively correlated with NT-proBNP value (r = 0.018, p = 0.000). A high DASI score corresponds to good functional capacity and, as such, better quality of life and lower physiological impact of the disease. Surprisingly, despite the lower MLHFQ and high DASI, patients present a quite increase level of NT-proBNP. There were no gender differences in relation to the DASI score (p = 0.077) and MLHFQ (p = 0.422). Conclusion The self-evaluated parameters correlate with the physiological parameters objectively measured. The perception of patients regarding their quality of life and functional capacity may not allow to infer about their physiological parameters, since a high NT-proBNP a low left ventricular ejection fraction normally indicates a worse functional level, which is not observed in this cohort of patients. Gender seems to have no impact on the level of quality of life or self-reported functional capacity.

Psychological Distress After Inpatient Noncardiac Surgery: A Secondary Analysis of the Measurement of Exercise Tolerance Before Surgery Prospective Cohort Study.

To describe the incidence and natural progression of psychological distress after major surgery. The recovery process after surgery imposes physical and mental burdens that put patients at risk of psychological distress. Understanding the natural course of psychological distress after surgery is critical to supporting the timely and tailored management of high-risk individuals. We conducted a secondary analysis of the "Measurement of Exercise Tolerance before Surgery" multicentre cohort study (Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and the UK). Measurement of Exercise Tolerance before Surgery recruited adult participants (≥40 years) undergoing elective inpatient noncardiac surgery and followed them for 1 year. The primary outcome was the severity of psychological distress measured using the anxiety-depression item of EQ-5D-3L. We used cumulative link mixed models to characterize the time trajectory of psychological distress among relevant patient subgroups. We also explored potential predictors of severe and/or worsened psychological distress at 1 year using multivariable logistic regression models. Of 1546 participants, moderate-to-severe psychological distress was reported by 32.6% of participants before surgery, 27.3% at 30 days after surgery, and 26.2% at 1 year after surgery. Psychological distress appeared to improve over time among females [odds ratio (OR): 0.80, 95% CI: 0.65-0.95] and patients undergoing orthopedic procedures (OR: 0.73, 95% CI: 0.55-0.91), but not among males (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.87-1.07) or patients undergoing nonorthopedic procedures (OR: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.87-1.04). Among the average middle-aged adult, there were no time-related changes (OR: 0.94, 97% CI: 0.75-1.13), whereas the young-old (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.79-0.99) and middle-old (OR: 0.87, 95% CI: 0.73-1.01) had small improvements. Predictors of severe and/or worsened psychological distress at 1 year were younger age, poor self-reported functional capacity, smoking history, and undergoing open surgery. One-third of adults experience moderate to severe psychological distress before major elective noncardiac surgery. This distress tends to persist or worsen over time among select patient subgroups.

Stair-Climbing Tests or Self-Reported Functional Capacity for Preoperative Pulmonary Risk Assessment in Patients with Known or Suspected COPD-A Prospective Observational Study.

This prospective study aims to determine whether preoperative stair-climbing tests (SCT) predict postoperative pulmonary complications (PPC) better than self-reported poor functional capacity (SRPFC) in patients with known or suspected COPD. A total of 320 patients undergoing scheduled for major non-cardiac surgery, 240 with verified COPD and 80 with GOLD key indicators but disproved COPD, underwent preoperative SRPFC and SCT and were analyzed. Least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression was used for variable selection. Two multivariable regression models were fitted, the SRPFC model (baseline variables such as sociodemographic, surgical and procedural characteristics, medical preconditions, and GOLD key indicators plus SRPFC) and the SCT model (baseline variables plus SCTPFC). Within all stair-climbing variables, LASSO exclusively selected self-reported poor functional capacity. The cross-validated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve with bias-corrected bootstrapping 95% confidence interval (95% CI) did not differ between the SRPFC and SCT models (0.71; 0.65-0.77 for both models). SRPFC was an independent risk factor (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 5.45; 95% CI 1.04-28.60; p = 0.045 in the SRPFC model) but SCTPFC was not (adjusted OR 3.78; 95% CI 0.87-16.34; p = 0.075 in the SCT model). Our findings indicate that preoperative SRPFC adequately predicts PPC while additional preoperative SCTs are dispensable in patients with known or suspected COPD.

Change over time in functional capacity and self-perceived health status for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain: a registry-based longitudinal study

Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a major public health problem worldwide. Both self-reported functional capacity and self-perceived health status are reduced in patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain. Previous studies mostly assessed functional capacity through self-reported questionnaires instead of objective measurements. The aim of this study, therefore, is to assess the amount of change over time and its clinical meaningfulness in functional capacity and self-perceived health status of patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain undergoing Bern Ambulatory Interprofessional Rehabilitation (BAI-Reha). The registry-based longitudinal cohort study with prospectively collected data from a rehabilitation programme took place in a real-life setting. Patients (n = 81) with chronic musculoskeletal pain took part in the BAI-Reha. The main outcomes were the six-minute-walk test (6MWT), the safe maximum floor-to-waist lift (SML) and the European Quality of Life and Health measure visual analogue scale (EQ VAS). Timepoints of measurement were at baseline and post-BAI-Reha (i.e., at 4 months). The quantity of interest was the adjusted time effect (point estimate, 95% confidence interval, and p-value for testing the null hypothesis of no change over time). Statistical significance (α= 0.05) and clinical meaningfulness of the mean value change over time were assessed using predefined thresholds (six-minute-walk test 50 m, SML 7 kg, and EQ VAS 10 points). The linear mixed model analysis showed a statistically significant change over time for the six-minute-walk test (mean value change 56.08 m, 95% CI [36.13, 76.03]; p <0.001), SML (mean value change 3.92 kg, 95% CI [2.66, 5.19]; p <0.001), and EQ VAS (mean value change 9.58 points, 95% CI [4.87, 14.28]; p <0.001). Moreover, the improvement in the six-minute-walk test is clinically meaningful (mean value change 56.08 m) and almost clinically meaningful (mean value change 9.58 points) in the EQ VAS. Patients walk further, lift more weight, and feel healthier after interprofessional rehabilitation when compared to baseline measurement. These findings confirm and add to previous results. We encourage other providers of rehabilitation for patients with chronic musculoskeletal pain to measure functional capacity with objective outcome variables and to use self-reported outcome measures in addition to self-perceived health status. The well-established assessments used in this study are suitable for this purpose.

Risk assessment for major adverse cardiovascular events after noncardiac surgery using self-reported functional capacity: international prospective cohort study

BackgroundGuidelines endorse self-reported functional capacity for preoperative cardiovascular assessment, although evidence for its predictive value is inconsistent. We hypothesised that self-reported effort tolerance improves prediction of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) after noncardiac surgery. MethodsThis is an international prospective cohort study (June 2017 to April 2020) in patients undergoing elective noncardiac surgery at elevated cardiovascular risk. Exposures were (i) questionnaire-estimated effort tolerance in metabolic equivalents (METs), (ii) number of floors climbed without resting, (iii) self-perceived cardiopulmonary fitness compared with peers, and (iv) level of regularly performed physical activity. The primary endpoint was in-hospital MACE consisting of cardiovascular mortality, non-fatal cardiac arrest, acute myocardial infarction, stroke, and congestive heart failure requiring transfer to a higher unit of care or resulting in a prolongation of stay on ICU/intermediate care (≥24 h). Mixed-effects logistic regression models were calculated. ResultsIn this study, 274 (1.8%) of 15 406 patients experienced MACE. Loss of follow-up was 2%. All self-reported functional capacity measures were independently associated with MACE but did not improve discrimination (area under the curve of receiver operating characteristic [ROC AUC]) over an internal clinical risk model (ROC AUCbaseline 0.74 [0.71–0.77], ROC AUCbaseline+4METs 0.74 [0.71–0.77], ROC AUCbaseline+floors climbed 0.75 [0.71–0.78], AUCbaseline+fitnessvspeers 0.74 [0.71–0.77], and AUCbaseline+physical activity 0.75 [0.72–0.78]). ConclusionsAssessment of self-reported functional capacity expressed in METs or using the other measures assessed here did not improve prognostic accuracy compared with clinical risk factors. Caution is needed in the use of self-reported functional capacity to guide clinical decisions resulting from risk assessment in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery. Clinical trial registrationNCT03016936.

Habitual walking speed and fatigue explain self-reported functional capacity after stroke.

Individuals after stroke present several motor impairments, which reduced the functional capacity. The understanding of modifiable factors which are related to functional capacity in individuals with chronic stroke could better direct clinical practice. However, the mechanisms that could influence functional capacity in individuals with chronic stroke are not fully understood. This study aimed to determine which modifiable variables would best predict self-reported functional capacity after stroke. Cross-sectional. Research laboratory setting. Ninety two individuals with chronic stroke, who had a mean age of 60 (SD 13) years and a time since the onset of the stroke of 52 (67) months. Regression analysis of cross-sectional data was used to investigate whether body mass index, habitual walking speed, physical activity levels, fatigue, motor recovery, walking distance, and residual strength deficits of the lower limb muscles would predict self-reported functional capacity. Habitual walking speed alone explained 48% of the variance in functional capacity. When fatigue was included in the model, the explained variance increased to 55%. Habitual walking speed and fatigue were significant predictors of self-reported functional capacity in individuals with chronic stroke. These individuals may increase their functional capacity with interventions aimed at increasing walking speed and reducing fatigue.

Relationship Between Self-reported Hearing Difficulty and Functional Capacity of Elderly People Requiring Support

Relationship Between Self-reported Hearing Difficulty and Functional Capacity of Elderly People Requiring Support

Prognostic value of the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) in patients undergoing colorectal surgery.

Complications are common after colorectal surgery and remain a target for quality improvement. Lower preoperative physical functioning is associated with poor postoperative outcomes, but assessment often relies on subjective judgment or resource-intensive tests. Recent literature suggests that self-reported functional capacity, measured using the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI), is a strong predictor of postoperative outcomes. This study aimed to estimate the extent to which DASI predicts 30-day complications after colorectal surgery. In this observational study, 100 patients undergoing colorectal resection [median age 63, 57% men, 81% laparoscopic, 37% rectal surgery] responded to DASI two weeks preoperatively. Complications were classified according to Clavien-Dindo and quantified using the comprehensive complication index (CCI). Our primary analysis targeted the relationship between preoperative DASI and odds of complications. Secondary analyses focused on 30-day severe complications, CCI, readmissions, and length of stay (LOS). We also explored the predictive ability of DASI with scores dichotomized based on a previously validated threshold (≤ 34). Mean preoperative DASI was 48 ± 12. Forty-six patients (46%) experienced 30-day complications (8% severe, CCI 9.6 ± 15). Lower DASI scores were associated with higher odds of complications (OR 1.08, 95%CI 1.03-1.14; p = 0.001). Preoperative DASI was also an independent predictor of severe complications, CCI, and readmissions. The predictive ability was supported when scores were dichotomized at ≤ 34. DASI is a significant predictor of postoperative complications after colorectal surgery. This questionnaire can be easily implemented in clinical practice to identify patients with low preoperative functional capacity and target interventions to those at higher risk.

Improvement in depressive symptoms after antiretroviral therapy initiation in people with HIV in Rakai, Uganda.

Depression is common following HIV infection and often improves after ART initiation. We aimed to identify distinct dimensions of depression that change following ART initiation in persons with HIV (PWH) with minimal comorbidities (e.g., illicit substance use) and no psychiatric medication use. We expected that dimensional changes in improvements in depression would differ across PWH. In an observational cohort in Rakai, Uganda, 312 PWH (51% male; mean age=35.6years) completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies-Depression (CES-D) scale before and up to 2years after ART initiation. Twenty-two percent were depressed (CES-D scores≥16) pre-ART that decreased to 8% after ART. All CES-D items were used in a latent class analysis to identify subgroups with similar change phenotypes. Two improvement phenotypes were identified: affective-symptom improvement (n=58, 19%) and mixed-symptom improvement (effort, appetite, irritability; n=41, 13%). The affect-improvement subgroup improved on the greatest proportion of symptoms (76%). A third subgroup was classified as no-symptom changes (n=213, 68%) as they showed no difference is symptom manifestation from baseline (93% did not meet depression criteria) to post-ART. Factors associated with subgroup membership in the adjusted regression analysis included pre-ART self-reported functional capacity, CD4 count, underweight BMI, hypertension, female sex(P's<0.05). In a subset of PWH with CSF, subgroup differences were seen on Aβ-42, IL-13, and IL-12. Findings support that depression generally improves following ART initiation; however, when improvement is seen the patterns of symptom improvement differ across PWH. Further exploration of this heterogeneity and its biological underpinning is needed to evaluate potential therapeutic implications of these differences.

Association between self-reported functional capacity and major adverse cardiac events in patients at elevated risk undergoing noncardiac surgery: a prospective diagnostic cohort study

BackgroundPerioperative cardiovascular guidelines endorse functional capacity estimation, based on ‘cut-off’ daily activities for risk assessment and climbing two flights of stairs to approximate 4 metabolic equivalents. We assessed the association between self-reported functional capacity and postoperative cardiac events. MethodsConsecutive patients at elevated cardiovascular risk undergoing in-patient noncardiac surgery were included in this predefined secondary analysis. Self-reported ability to walk up two flights of stairs was extracted from electronic charts. The primary endpoint was a composite of cardiac death and cardiac events at 30 days. Secondary endpoints included the same composite at 1 yr, all-cause mortality, and myocardial injury. ResultsAmong the 4560 patients, mean (standard deviation) age 73 (SD 8 yr) yr, classified as American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status ≥3 in 61% (n=2786/4560), the 30-day and 1-yr incidences of major adverse cardiac events were 5.7% (258/4560) and 11.2% (509/4560), respectively. Functional capacity less than two flights of stairs was associated with the 30-day composite endpoint (adjusted hazard ratio 1.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.23–2.15) and all other endpoints. The addition of functional capacity information to the revised cardiac risk index (RCRI) significantly improved risk classification (functional capacity plus RCRI vs RCRI: net reclassification improvement [NRI]Events 6.2 [95% CI 3.6–9.9], NRINonevents19.2 [95% CI 18.1–20.0]). ConclusionsIn patients at high cardiovascular risk undergoing noncardiac surgery, self-reported functional capacity less than two flights of stairs was independently associated with major adverse cardiac events and all-cause mortality at 30 days and 1 yr. The addition of self-reported functional capacity to surgical and clinical risk improved risk classification. Clinical trial registrationINCT 02573532.

Randomized controlled trial of community-based, post-rehabilitation exercise in COPD

PurposeAlthough pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) improves function in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), a community-based exercise program may be necessary to maintain functional capacity. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of a post-rehabilitation, community-based maintenance program on exercise tolerance, functional capacity and quality of life. MethodsPatients with COPD who completed PR were randomized to receive a community-based maintenance program (intervention) or usual care (control). The primary outcome was 6-min walk distance (6MWD), measured immediately post-PR, 6 months and 12 months later. Secondary outcomes included self-reported functional capacity, health-related quality of life, self-efficacy, program cost, and lower extremity muscle strength. ResultsNinety-seven patients (69 ± 9 years) were enrolled. There was a non-significant trend of an intervention effect on 6MWD over time (β = 42, 95% CI: 0.06 to 83.93, p = 0.053). There was no significant impact of group on any of the secondary outcomes. Restricting the analysis to those who attended ≥50% of the exercise sessions showed a significant intervention effect for 6MWD (β = 69.19, 95% CI = 10.16 to 128.22, p = 0.03). The cost of participating in the community maintenance program for the intervention group was $374.77 (SD 142.12) and membership renewal was highest at community centres offering twice weekly, supervised exercise classes. ConclusionsA post rehabilitation, community-based exercise program, will maintain exercise capacity in people with COPD who attend at least 50% of available sessions over one year. An increased focus on factors that determine adherence would help inform improvements in maintenance program design.

REM Sleep Behavior Disorder in Parkinson's Disease: Effects on Cognitive, Psychiatric, and Functional outcomes.

Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) affects 33-46% of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) and may be a risk factor for neuropsychological and functional deficits. However, the role of RBD on neuropsychological functioning in PD has yet to be fully determined. We, therefore, examined differences in neurocognitive performance, functional capacity, and psychiatric symptoms among nondemented PD patients with probable RBD (PD/pRBD+) and without (PD/pRBD-), and healthy comparison participants (HC). Totally, 172 participants (58 PD/pRBD+; 65 PD/pRBD-; 49 HC) completed an RBD sleep questionnaire, psychiatric/clinical questionnaires, performance-based and self-reported functional capacity measures, and underwent a comprehensive neuropsychological battery assessing attention/working memory, language, visuospatial function, verbal and visual learning and memory, and executive function. Controlling for psychiatric symptom severity, the PD/pRBD+ group had poorer executive functioning and learning performance than the PD/pRBD- group and poorer neuropsychological functioning across all individual cognitive domains than the HCs. In contrast, PD/pRBD- patients had significantly lower scores than HCs only in the language domain. Moreover, PD/pRBD+ patients demonstrated significantly poorer medication management skills compared to HCs. Both PD groups reported greater depressive and anxiety severity compared to HCs; PD/pRBD+ group also endorsed greater severity of apathy compared to HCs. The presence of pRBD is associated with poorer neuropsychological functioning in PD such that PD patients with pRBD have poorer cognitive, functional, and emotional outcomes compared to HC participants and/or PD patients without pRBD. Our findings underscore the importance of RBD assessment for improved detection and treatment of neuropsychological deficits (e.g., targeted cognitive interventions).

Multiple physical symptoms and individual characteristics – A cross-sectional study of the general population

ObjectiveMultiple physical symptoms not attributable to known organic disease are common in all medical fields and associated with major personal and social consequences. This study investigated multiple physical symptoms according to the construct of bodily distress syndrome (BDS) and associated individual characteristics in the general adult population. MethodsA nationwide, population-based study of 100,000 randomly selected individuals aged 20 years and older, conducted in 2012. A web-based questionnaire formed the basis of the study and was combined with Danish national registry data on socioeconomic factors and medication and healthcare use. Results49,706 individuals completed the questionnaire. After exclusion of women indicating pregnancy, respondents reporting chronic disease and respondents over 65 years of age, 23,331 remained for analysis. Of these 23,331 individuals, 15.5% fulfilled the criteria for BDS. BDS positives were more often younger (20–40 years) and female. Self-rated health and self-reported functional capacity were impaired among these individuals. Fulfilling the BDS criteria was significantly associated with current or former smoking, overweight and obesity, low educational level and income, and unemployment. Moreover, individuals with BDS were more often from ethnic minorities and had higher use of healthcare and medication. ConclusionMultiple physical symptoms, as captured by the concept of BDS, are common in the general adult population, especially among younger women. Fulfilling the BDS criteria is associated with substantial negative impact on self-perceived health and socioeconomic parameters. Fulfilling BDS criteria is positively associated with health risk behaviors (smoking, overweight and obesity) and higher use of healthcare and medication.

Integration of the Duke Activity Status Index into preoperative risk evaluation: a multicentre prospective cohort study

BackgroundThe Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) questionnaire might help incorporate self-reported functional capacity into preoperative risk assessment. Nonetheless, prognostically important thresholds in DASI scores remain unclear. We conducted a nested cohort analysis of the Measurement of Exercise Tolerance before Surgery (METS) study to characterise the association of preoperative DASI scores with postoperative death or complications. MethodsThe analysis included 1546 participants (≥40 yr of age) at an elevated cardiac risk who had inpatient noncardiac surgery. The primary outcome was 30-day death or myocardial injury. The secondary outcomes were 30-day death or myocardial infarction, in-hospital moderate-to-severe complications, and 1 yr death or new disability. Multivariable logistic regression modelling was used to characterise the adjusted association of preoperative DASI scores with outcomes. ResultsThe DASI score had non-linear associations with outcomes. Self-reported functional capacity better than a DASI score of 34 was associated with reduced odds of 30-day death or myocardial injury (odds ratio: 0.97 per 1 point increase above 34; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.96–0.99) and 1 yr death or new disability (odds ratio: 0.96 per 1 point increase above 34; 95% CI: 0.92–0.99). Self-reported functional capacity worse than a DASI score of 34 was associated with increased odds of 30-day death or myocardial infarction (odds ratio: 1.05 per 1 point decrease below 34; 95% CI: 1.00–1.09), and moderate-to-severe complications (odds ratio: 1.03 per 1 point decrease below 34; 95% CI: 1.01–1.05). ConclusionsA DASI score of 34 represents a threshold for identifying patients at risk for myocardial injury, myocardial infarction, moderate-to-severe complications, and new disability.

P4165Influence of restrictive right ventricular physiology in outcomes after transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation in adult patients

Abstract Background A restrictive right ventricular (RV) physiology (r-RVP) is present in almost half of the patients with repaired tetralogy of Fallot (ToF), but its effect on later patients' clinical status is controversial. Purpose Evaluate the outcomes after transcatheter pulmonary valve implantation (TPVI) in patients with restrictive versus non-restrictive RV. Methods Single-center retrospective study of patients who underwent TPVI for pulmonary regurgitation between 2008 and 2017. Electrocardiogram, transthoracic echocardiogram, cardiac magnetic resonance and cardio-pulmonary exercise test were performed previous to TPVI and repeated 12 months after. For statistical analysis restrictive physiology was defined as the presence of end-diastolic forward flow (EDFF) and RVEDVi &lt;150ml/m2. Results Fifty-nine patients, 55 with tetralogy of Fallot, were included. R-RVP was present in 23 patients (39.0%). At the baseline, the majority of the patients were symptomatic, in NYHA functional class II–III (n=48, 81.4%) and with reduced cardiopulmonary performance (VO2max = 20.5mL/min/kg), both worse among patients with r-RVP (p=0.018 and p=0.018). During a mean follow-up of 446.4±226.1 days after TPVI one patient died. BNP levels were not significantly different from baseline. Despite self-reported functional capacity and exercise capacity improvement after TPVI (p&lt;0.001), all parameters remained lower in r-RVP group. One year after TPVI, pulmonary and tricuspid regurgitation decrease significantly, as well as RVEDV, in both groups. However, RV systolic function remained unchanged in both groups. Regarding to the dysrhythmic profile, all patients with need for an implantable cardiac defibrillator and seven of the eight patients requiring radiofrequency ablation for sustained supraventricular arrhythmias during follow-up were in the group without r-RVP (p=0.038). Kaplan-Meier survival curve Conclusion TPVI had a positive impact in clinical status in a cohort of patients with predominant PR regardless the presence of restrictive physiology. Moreover, besides higher VO2max and anaerobic threshold in the non-restrictive group, the magnitude of the improvement was not statistically different between the two groups. Nevertheless, in patients without r-RVP, a peculiar caution has to be focused regarding rhythmic issue during follow-up, despite the TPVI.

Positive Treatment Expectancies Reduce Clinical Pain and Perceived Limitations in Movement Ability Despite Increased Experimental Pain: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Sham Opioid Infusion in Patients with Chronic Back Pain

Background: Increasing evidence for the efficacy of analgesic placebo effects in laboratory studies with healthy persons raises the question whether placebos could be used to improve the treatment of pain patients. Expectancies play a central role in shaping analgesic placebo but also nocebo effects. Objectives: We investigated to what extent a sham opioid infusion (saline solution) produces sustained clinically relevant placebo and nocebo effects in chronic back pain patients. Methods: Fifty-nine patients received the sham opioid infusion applied via a large drain dressing and were compared to 14 control patients without intervention (natural history, NH) while experimental pain stimuli were applied. All subjects were told that the infusion would decrease pain although in rare cases pain increase would be possible (induction of expectancy). In addition, conditioning was introduced where the participants either experienced a decrease in experimental pain (n = 17; placebo conditioning), an increase (n = 21; nocebo conditioning), or no change (n = 21, no conditioning). Results: Compared to the NH group, all infusion groups showed positive treatment expectancies and significantly (p < 0.001) reduced clinical back pain (primary outcome) and pain-related disability (secondary outcome, assessed by self-reported functional capacity and perceived impairment of mobility). Even the nocebo conditioned group experiencing increased experimental pain developed positive treatment expectancies followed by reduced pain experience. Positive treatment expectancies and relief in clinical back pain were significantly positively correlated (r = 0.72, p < 0.01). Conclusions: These findings suggest that it may be beneficial to explicitly shape and integrate treatment expectancies into clinical pain management.

Relation between functional and cognitive impairments in remitted patients with bipolar disorder and suggestions for trials targeting cognition: An exploratory study

BackgroundTrials targeting cognition in bipolar disorder (BD) are advised to include a measure of functional capacity as key secondary or co-primary outcome to assess whether treatment efficacy on cognition translates into enhanced functional capacity. However, it is unclear which measure of functional capacity shows the strongest association with objectively-measured cognition and may thus be best suited for inclusion in cognition trials. MethodsParticipants (N = 58) with BD in partial or full remission with objective cognitive impairment and healthy controls (N = 37) were assessed with mood ratings and were given a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests and a questionnaire assessing subjective cognitive function, respectively. They were also assessed with performance-based, interview-based and self-reported measures of functional capacity. Associations between objective and subjective cognition and measures of functional capacity were assessed with correlation analyses. For significant correlations, multiple regression analyses were conducted to assess if the associations remained significant after adjustment for clinical and demographic variables. ResultsObjectively-measured cognition was directly associated with performance-based functional capacity (β = 0.37, p < 0.01) also after adjustment for clinical and demographic variables, but not with self-reported or interview-based functional capacity (ps ≥0 .20). In contrast, subjective cognitive complaints were associated with self-reported (β = 0.59, p < 0.01) and interview-based functional capacity (β = 0.47, p < 0.01), but not performance-based functional capacity (ps ≥ 0.28). LimitationsThe cross-sectional design and modest sample size. ConclusionsA performance-based measure of functional capacity seems most feasible for inclusion as a secondary outcome in cognition trials to capture improved functional capacity following treatment-related improvements in cognition.

A randomized controlled trial of training of affect recognition (TAR) in schizophrenia shows lasting effects for theory of mind.

Schizophrenia is characterized by social cognitive impairments that predict functioning. Social cognitive training aims to target these impairments. Although it can improve the targeted social cognitive domain, it is unclear if the training generalizes to non-targeted domains and to functioning, with lasting effects. This randomized controlled trial examined the effect of a targeted facial affect recognition training program, Training of Affect Recognition (TAR), in persons with schizophrenia. Individuals with schizophrenia were randomized to receive treatment as usual and TAR (n = 24) or treatment as usual (n = 24) after assessments with a comprehensive protocol at baseline (T1). Participants were reassessed immediately after the intervention period (T2: after 8weeks) and at 3-month follow-up (T3). The protocol included tests of social cognition (facial or body affect recognition, theory of mind), nonsocial cognition (Matrics Consensus Cognitive Battery), clinical symptoms (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia), functioning (self-reported, social or nonsocial functional capacity), self-esteem, self-efficacy and insight. Linear mixed models yielded a significant group × time interaction effect for a non-targeted social cognitive domain (theory of mind) and a trend-level effect for social functional capacity with the intervention group performing better over time. No beneficial effects on nonsocial cognition, other measures of functioning, clinical symptoms, or self-esteem/self-efficacy appeared for the TAR program. This study provides evidence for transfer and durability effects of facial affect recognition training to theory of mind, but also highlights the need for additional treatments to achieve functional benefits.