Self-reliant Development Research Articles

Community Development Guidelines with a Focus on Sustainable Tourism: A Case Study of the Hua Takae Old Market Community

The main objective of this study is to analyze development potentials for the Hua Takae Market Community in order to develop guidelines for strong and self-reliant development. The development concept allowed local residents to participate in and be a part of the guideline development. Research methods included a study of the community’s existing physical, geographical social, and economic aspects, analysis, and setting up community goals and finally development of community tourism guidelines. The results indicate that there are two main development ideas, these being the community development concept and tourism guidelines. The community development concept covers suggestions for facility development that address the needs of both local residents and tourists. The tourism guidelines cover proposed tourist routes and a year-round activity schedule. The proposed method and development is expected to generate higher income for local residents, and give tourists the opportunity to visit and understand traditional lifestyle and culture.

Exploring ‘Country Ownership’: An Analysis of Development Cooperation Practices of Selected European Partners in Bangladesh

Recognizing that the political environment that once fostered a global culture of top down, conditionality-driven aid delivery is no longer in place, this theoretically informed study provides insight into the emerging ‘aid and/or development effectiveness’ narrative. By exploring a case study of Bangladesh, it offers a nuanced analytical perspective on the role of donor agencies in managing development partnership at the country level. It interweaves a critical review of the concept of country ownership, the historical role of three major European donors, namely FCDO, DANIDA, and GIZ, and the conversation with select stakeholders to illuminate the ineptness of the ‘development effectiveness’ narrative in guiding our efforts aimed at creating a new aid architecture. In particular, our research findings call into question the assumption that donors are committed to the principles of country ownership. Contrary to the claims of the Global Partnership for Effective Development Cooperation (GPEDC), our study observes that the new language of development effectiveness and/or country ownership did not create a positive space for Bangladesh to manage its own development agenda. Instead of demonstrating their desire to promote self-reliant development, donor agencies and countries appear to have leveraged the development effectiveness rhetoric for advancing their own sociopolitical interests.

Exploring donor-driven skills development as a channel of continued aid dependency

This article examines donor-driven skills training programmes and projects at the technical and vocational level in post-war Sierra Leone, using dependency theory as an analytical framework. Based on qualitative data collected from fieldwork in 2017, it emerges that such programmes and projects are driven by donor strategies and largely detached from local market demands, are oftentimes based on convenience and historical relationships in regions/sectors rather than evolving needs of the country, promise employment but instead deliver informal self-employment and focus heavily on outputs rather than outcomes. From these empirical observations, it can be argued that donor-driven skills development, as it has manifested in Sierra Leone, is unlikely to create skills that can meaningfully contribute to national growth and development. Instead, these interventions may drive outcomes that lead to continued aid dependency. The article thus presents a renewed argument for skills for self-reliant development.

Asta-Ja Framework: A Peaceful Approach to Food, Water, Climate, and Environmental Security Coupled with Sustainable Economic Development and Social Inclusion in Nepal

Sustainable conservation, development, and utilization of natural and humanresources is necessary for accelerated economic growth and fast-pacedsocio-economic transformation of Nepal. Asta-Ja Framework, which is atheoretically grounded grassroots based peaceful and self-reliant planningand development approach, offers practical strategies for sustainable con-servation and development of natural and human resources enhancing food,water, climate, and environmental security, accelerated economic growth, andsocio-economic transformation of Nepal. Asta-Ja includes interconnectedeight resources in Nepali letter, Ja, – Jal (water), Jamin (land), Jungle(forest), Jadibuti (medicinal and aromatic plants), Janashakti (manpower),Janawar (animal), Jarajuri (crop plants) and Jalabayu (climate). Asta-JaFramework is a unifying framework for planning and resources develop-ment and has a strong footing on science, business, and eastern philosophy.While providing practical guidelines for achieving food, water, climate and environmental security, this article presents Nepal Vision 2040, which isdeveloped considering challenges that Nepal is currently facing and itsavailable Asta-Ja resources, envisioning that Nepal’s economic developmentreaching at the par of developed nations by 2040. Key strategic sectorsidentified in Nepal Vision 2040 include smallholder mixed-farming system,agro-jadibuti industrialization, protection of drinking water sources, climatechange adaptation, environmental pollution control, conservation of naturalresources, infrastructure, tourism, renewable energy, alleviation of inequali-ties, and good governance. This article demonstrates strategies for addressingsocial discrimination and inequalities through the process of Asta-Ja com-munity capacity-building and self-reliant development. Ecological balanceof Asta-Ja resources is necessary for sustainable natural resources, economicdevelopment, and community resiliency. The Government of Nepal is sug-gested to adopt Asta-Ja Framework as its national planning and developmentframework for sustainable economic growth and fast-paced socio-economictransformation of the country.

Conservation-compatible livelihoods: An approach to rural development in protected areas of developing countries

Effective protected area (PA) management should deliver better conservation results and improved welfare for local people, especially for many developing countries (DCs) with mega-biodiversity, where pressing conservation demands for global value and urgent economic growth requirements for local development co-exist. Here, we proposed a conservation-compatible livelihoods approach that forms a closed loop of rural livelihoods and biodiversity conservation to support the policy design of effective protected area (PA) management in the DCs. By reviewing the transition of conservation discourse from “fortress conservation” to “community conservation”, the conservation-compatible livelihoods approach returns to the principle of human-land reciprocity, and aims to regulate the local resource utilisation through recognition of biodiversity values of global meaning. We define conservation-compatible livelihoods (CCLs) by deepening the meaning of sustainable livelihoods and strengthening cultural inclusiveness. Building on literature and practices, we provided a typology of various CCLs and a triple-judgement procedure strengthening the different needs as a mutual decision-making process and facilitating realistic livelihood alternatives not exclusive of traditional wisdom for developing CCLs. We presented the mechanism model of CCLs to illustrate how to achieve a fair and sustainable livelihood through value generation based on the resource endowments, and through the cooperation of stakeholders. Finally, we discussed the trends for the CCLs approach to take effect and why this systematic approach can apply to DCs for their self-reliant development.

The Role of Adult Literacy in Community Development in Ghana: Perceptions and Experiences of Two Rural Communities

This article reports the findings of a research that explored the role of adult literacy in community development. The research sought to contribute to literacy scholarship by providing empirical evidence on the age-long debate on the role of adult literacy in community development. The research was framed by two theories—literacy as social practice and people-centred development—that provided the lens with which the data was collected, analysed and interpreted. The qualitative case study design was used to enable the collection of data in a natural setting and understand the focus of the research from the perspectives of the research participants. The findings suggest that adult literacy may not necessarily lead to community development. The article concludes that no matter how effectively adult literacy classes are organised, without community-based, people-led, self-reliant development, some people will insist that the government takes responsibility for development even with the small things they can do themselves.

Land and the US Agrarian South

This review essay summarizes and synthesizes three books on Black and Indigenous agrarian struggles in the modern-day territories of the USA. It discusses how they recount the centrality of land, national liberation, self-reliant development, food sovereignty and sustainable forms of agriculture and land management to Black and Indigenous radical struggle. It then suggests parallels and divergences between those struggles and those in the Third World’s agrarian south. It focusses on the anti-systemic dimensions of national liberation struggles in the core, especially those carried out historically by Black and Indigenous movements, and details how those movements historically looked out beyond the US landmass for solidarity and to build internationalist fronts. Finally, it reflects on their role in destabilizing settler-capitalism in the USA.

Himalayan BRI: an infrastructural conjuncture and shifting development in Nepal

ABSTRACT In Nepal, the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) contributed to the articulation of a post-2015 conjuncture involving a new constitution, earthquake reconstruction, an Indian blockade and disenchantment with Western non-governmental organization developmentalism. This conjuncture permitted the emergence of new domestic possibilities, regional configurations of power, Himalayan geopolitical and geoeconomic dynamics, and developmental trajectories involving an infrastructural turn. Considered a frontier zone since the Sugauli Treaty, Nepal has mobilized its own historical, geographical and political conditions, and articulated the BRI as a historical opportunity to liberate itself from India’s market monopoly and domestic political and economic influence by generating a new national discourse in favour of a sovereign, autonomous and self-reliant development path that is already shaping national policymaking, state restructuring, political mobilizations, regional negotiations and Nepal Himalaya landscapes. As such it challenges the conventional opposition between globalized capitalist and imperialist exploitation and national sovereignty.

Mao’s Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China by Covell F. Meyskens

Reviewed by: Mao’s Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China by Covell F. Meyskens Taomo Zhou Covell F. Meyskens. Mao’s Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2020. 281 pp. $28.99 (cloth). Most historians of the twentieth century world are familiar with Magnitogorsk, the Soviet steel complex on the freezing steppe of the Urals featured in Stephen Kotkin’s Magnetic Mountain.1 But its Chinese counterpart is relatively little known and understudied. In Mao’s Third Front: The Militarization of Cold War China, Covell F. Meyskens skillfully fills this gap by presenting an impressively researched history of Maoist industrial projects hidden in China’s remote interior. The book succeeds in combining accounts of elite-level decision-making with bottom-up stories about the 16 million workers and their family members who migrated to inland China between 1964 and 1972. What is the “Third Front”? In Mao’s tripartite division of China’s geography, the First Front referred to the coastal areas; the Third Front included landlocked regions such as Guizhou, Sichuan, Gansu, and Ningxia provinces; the Second Front covered the regions in between (5). Launched by Mao in the aftermath of the great famine of 1958–1961 at home and contentious relations with both the United States and the Soviet Union abroad, the Third Front campaign served multiple purposes: to industrialize the interior, to defend national security, to resurrect Mao’s self-reliant development strategy, and to continuously create Maoist subjects who internalized the socialist ethos of collective good, hard work, and frugal living (23–24). Chapter 1 of this book delineates how the Gulf of Tonkin incident of 1964 allowed Mao to overcome resistance within the top Chinese leadership and forge ahead with China’s construction of “a strategic industrial rear to defend itself against its Cold War enemies” (41). Meyskens urges readers not to see Mao’s perception of imminent danger triggered by American military involvement in Indochina as “irrational,” because “oversized responses to security threats were a global norm” in the Cold War context (210). Meyskens further proposes that, “on a semiotic level, the Cold War never happened in Mao’s China because the Chinese Communist Party never viewed the conflict between capitalism and socialism as cold from the late 1940s into the 1970s” (21). However, as the rest of the book brilliantly shows, although “cold war” (lengzhan 冷战) had never been part of the everyday vocabulary of the Third Front participants, their career trajectories, their family lives, and the changing ways in which they found meaning in life and self-worth in work were all part and parcel of the human story of the Cold War and should not be studied in isolation from the expanding field of global Cold War history. Chapter 2 traces the processes through which factories, individual workers, and their families reckoned with the life-changing call to relocate to the interior. What motivated one to become a “Third Fronter,” to travel far from home and spend the most productive time of one’s life in mountainous areas? Meyskens reminds us that the answer was much more complex than the simple lack of choices under an authoritarian regime. In contrast to two other mass-migration projects in Mao’s China—the punitive labor camps and the sent-down youth movement, the Third Front was well funded and was allocated “good people and good horses”—the politically reliable workers who passed background checks and the most advanced equipment available (80). Many Third Front participants [End Page E-14] made the conscious decision to prioritize revolutionary work over material comforts and family stability. Many saw themselves as honorable constructors rather than as reluctant conscripts and derived a strong sense of accomplishment from promoting the development of inland China through their strenuous labor (31–32). Zooming into the everyday life on the ground on Third Front construction sites, chapters 3 and 4 depict how these self-sacrificing socialist subjects endured long working hours, slept in mud huts or canvas tents, drank from “mountain streams,” ate cold buns (mantou 馒头) together with fish and shrimp scoured from the rivers, and used their muscle power to make up...

Self-Reliant Development of Traditional Market Festival A Case of Sinwon Market’s Moonlight Festival

본 연구는 문화적 전통시장 활성화 전략 일환으로 추진된 전통시장 축제가 사업기간 종료 이후에도 지속되고 있는 신원시장 달빛축제의 자생요인을 분석하였다. 전통시장 축제의 자생요인을 축제 운영과 공동체 역량으로 구분하여 축제 운영은 축제 재원, 축제 콘텐츠, 축제 참여로 세분하였고, 공동체 역량은 사회적 자본, 공동체 리더, 매개자로 세분하였다. 문헌분석과 심층면접을 바탕으로 신원시장 달빛축제의 자생요인을 분석한 결과, 신원시장 신시장 모델 육성사업의 클럽활동과 공동브랜드 개발 사업 등을 통해 상인간 관계형성이 강화되어 축제의 자생적 운영을 가능하게 한 것으로 나타났다. 공동체 리더는 상인들 사이의 신뢰관계 형성에 중요한 역할을 수행함으로써 기존 축제와는 다른 가족친화축제의 규범을 상인들이 수용하고 차별적인 축제를 구현하는데 기여하였다. 또한, 매개자는 클럽활동 구성에서의 역할 뿐아니라 사업종료 후에도 축제를 비공식적으로 지원하여 축제의 자생에 긍정적 역할을 수행하였다. 이와 같은 결과는 다년도 전통시장 활성화 정책 설계시 사업초기 사회적 자본 축적에 의한 공동체 내부역량 강화에 집중할 필요가 있음을 시사한다. 구체적인 실행방법으로 상인주도 과정실습형 프로그램 도입과 지역의 다양한 소규모 마을축제를 통합적으로 조정, 지원하는 지역축제거버넌스 모형을 제안하였다.This study explores how Moonlight Festival of the Sinwon market in Seoul continues to be held every year even after the end of public supporting program. Self-reliant development of traditional market festival is discussed with respect to festival management and community capacity. Festival management is analysed in three dimensions including funding, contents and participation, while community capacity is regarded as complex in the sense of it being composed of social capital, community leader and intermediaries. Based on literature review and in-depth interviews the analysis finds that social capital helped merchants to organize market’s festival on their own. In addition, a community leader plays an important role in forming trust relationship, while an intermediary maintains connection with merchants after being over the project to support the festival informally. In conclusion, this study makes policy suggestions such as an education program for merchants to give an opportunity to expand social network in the early stage of public support program and a cooperative governance model for mutual aid supported by a local agency.

Toward self-reliant development

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to present an extensive household survey amongst four rural communities on Mt. Elgon Kenya. The area is the chosen area for the author’s overall PhD research. In order to offer the inhabitants of Mt. Elgon suitable housing support, the purpose of this paper is to assess the gap between existing housing capacities and compare those to desired housing capacities.Design/methodology/approachThe research combined a survey method with an interview setting. The survey helps the interviewer to structure and register given answers. The interview allows the inhabitant to ask questions or make suggestions.FindingsThe research finds that the two communities with financial restraints are unable to articulate improved housing (within their existing capacities) without external help. For the two communities with less financial restraints, the research finds that they struggle to maintain, extend or replicate housing solutions without external help.Originality/valueThe size (200 households), type (purpose, design and approach) and locality of the research are uncommon frameworks to understand inhabitants’ needs toward their built environment. The value, therefore, not only lies in the design of the evaluation framework, but also in the findings that indicate that this is a successful way to conduct this type of research in a vulnerable context. Hopefully providing other researchers in the built environment with an applicable framework.

Delinking, food sovereignty, and populist agronomy: notes on an intellectual history of the peasant path in the global South

ABSTRACTThe article examines the weakness of discourses around food sovereignty in Southwest Asia and North Africa, and examines some older currents resembling the food sovereignty discourse. The author first historically situates the emergence of food sovereignty. He discusses agro-ecology – the ‘technics’ (or social embeddedness of technology) of food sovereignty – and its national-popular content, before then developing elements of the delinking paradigm. He goes on to discuss Tunisian national-popular and Third Worldist agronomists’ and economists’ efforts to develop technics and frameworks for food sovereignty in the 1970s and 1980s. The article compares the food sovereignty paradigm with auto-centred, self-reliant development proposals, and the proposals of the Tunisian economists and agronomists.

The African Union Continental Free Trade Area: Challenges and Prospects

One of the bitter legacies of colonialism in Africa is the creation of small unit states which reduced the singular and collective competitiveness of the states and the continent respectively in global economic and political affairs. It has therefore been the resolve of African leaders to pursue some forms regional integration in order to overcome the challenges. Consequently, from the pre-independence pan-Africanist philosophy, to the Organization of African Unity, OAU and today the African Union, this fundamental goal of building integration mechanisms has remained prevalent at the regional and sub-regional levels, leading to the desire to establish integration schemes for customs’ union, economic community, common currency, central bank and one parliament, and most currently that of the Free Trade Area in the Continent. This article sought to unpack some of the challenges of regional integration in general and those facing the AU’s continent-wide Free Trade Area and found that, though efforts towards regional integration in Africa have recorded some achievements including positive economic growth, they still fall short of achieving most of its laudable objectives especially in the face of such challenges ranging from over-ambitious targets, to the heterogeneity of the economies of members, among others. For effective regional integration in Africa, AU should basically resolve the identified knotty challenges that have frustrated a possible beneficial intra-regional trade which could subsequently lead to regional integration in Africa without which the drive for collective self-reliant development for Africa will always turn into a mirage, deepening the region’s dependence on the western powers.

PARADIGMA DEPENDENCIA DALAM MEMAHAMI REALITAS KEMERDEKAAN BANGSA DAN NEGARA REPUBLIK INDONESIA PASCA REFORMASI 1998

Indonesia’s political reform starting in 1998 has been a crucial path that poses problematic especially in terms of economic ideology and its road to development. This paper is an account that seeks to critically look into the negative move to ultra-liberal inclination of the reform with close collaboration with powerfully financial forces. The theories used are dependency theory and Feith & Castles’s concepts of five interwoven ideologies in Indonesia’s politics. It is the writer’s solution to the problem to endorse President Joko Widodo’s adoption of Sukarno’s Nawacita that calls for the path of self-reliant development and guarantees the re-invention of political philosophy of Pancasila.

Business Action Learning Tasmania (BALT) – an account of practice

ABSTRACTBusiness Action Learning Tasmania’s (BALT) mission is self-reliant industry development, with diverse companies co-operating to improve their profitability, develop their people and grow the local economy. This is achieved through collaborative action learning, with companies working together on projects of vital importance and sharing the learnings. The Tasmanian economy has been in decline for several years due to relative isolation, rising costs of freight, labour, energy and capital, skills shortages, and a high Australian dollar. BALT demonstrates the potential for self-directed action learning between organisations in a regional area to grow the local economy. BALT evolved from an initial Lean Action Learning program conducted in Tasmania in 2010. Since then 5 programs involving 13 companies have been completed, with a further 2 programs and 7 projects underway at time of writing. Representatives from participating companies have played a leading role, with support from the Tasmanian Government. This Account of Practice describes outcomes achieved, evaluation methods, lessons learnt and future aspirations for BALT.

Enhancing Community Participation for Rural Development in Central Ejagham of Cameroon: Challenges and Prospects

Community participation in rural development is no longer a new terminology in the development lexicon of developing countries. In most developing nations, there exist a great disparity between the rural and the urban centres in terms of socio-economic development. Central Ejagham, an enclaved community in Manyu Division of southwestern Cameroon has, over the years, been faced with a number of development challenges. In response to this, and inline with the government of Cameroon’s policy of supporting self-reliant development, the community engaged in a series of self-defined community development activities in a multiplicity of sectors, on the bases of locally identified abilities and resources. This paper adopts qualitative methods such as interviews, focus group discussions, detailed field observations which were complemented by secondary data sources and content analysis to examine the barriers and indigenous efforts towards enhancing community participation in Central Ejagham. We observe that the level of participation in a majority of the projects falls either within the “tokenism” or the “citizen control” rungs of Sherry Arnstein’s Ladder of Citizen Participation. In addition, although “tokenism” rung projects in Central Ejagham receive much financial and technical support, although they are saddled with commitment-related challenges. Conversely, projects at the “citizen control” rung are characterized by significant commitment but are hampered by limited (financial and technical)resources. To further enhance community participation, we recommend that projects at the “tokenism” rung which are generally viable in terms of financial and technical capacity be stepped up to the “citizen control” level, inorder to guarantee maximum participation for better results. In addition, we suggest that the legislative arm of the government should introduce a bill on the need to effectively support community developmental efforts. This. We believe, will make “citizen control” rung projects to become more effective. Finally, a platform to guarantee the sustainability of projects and to ensure the adequate dissemination of information on sourcing for external funding to support projects should be introduced.

Women's Self-determination in Cooperative Tourism Microenterprises

The purpose of this study is to better understand how cooperative forms of microentrepreneurship influence women's self-determination. Utilizing the framework of self-determination theory, this study employed a multiple case study approach that involved in-depth interviews, content analysis, field notes, and direct observations. Findings indicate that livelihood opportunities afforded under cooperative tourism microentrepreneurship offer women increased levels of self-determination, but that economic improvements alone are not sufficient in enhancing overall well-being. This study provides a detailed account of the strategies indigenous women employ to enhance their self-determination under cooperative tourism microentrepreneurship models. The results of this study suggest that programs by governments and NGOs should consider non-individual benefits when they engage with communities in tourism planning initiatives. Additionally, interventions aimed at women must also engage men or women may suffer from tensions at home. Finally, this study indicates that simply offering access to credit does not foster self-reliant development. The structures of cooperative models determine outcomes. Therefore, whenever possible, microentrepreneurship models should be designed to enhance strong cooperative social structures.

Transforming India's Manufacturing Sector

Industrialization has historically been one of the biggest drivers of Economic Growth ever since the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century. India followed a path of planned self-reliant development after her Independence in 1947 like most countries in the developing world. India’s post-independence development plans emphasized industrialization as a very important instrument for sustained growth. The manufacturing activity has been considered to be the main engine of economic growth. Industrial sector plays a vital role in the development of Indian economy because they can solve the problems of general poverty, unemployment, backwardness, low production, low productivity and low standard of living etc. Before 1980, based on the perception of Soviet Union success, it was thought that the key strategy for development was to focus on large and heavy industries under state control and central planning. The strategy also involved import substitution, rigid price controls and severe restrictions on private initiatives. For a variety of reasons, lack of industrial demand, especially for investment goods, was widely accepted to be the principal reason for the relative stagnation since the 1960s. Reportedly, controls led to widespread inefficiency in resource use, as reflected in poor total factor productivity growth, or rise in incremental capital output ratios in the 1970s. The Indian Government had undertaken policy reforms since 1980, but the most radical reforms have occurred since 1991, after the severe economic crisis in fiscal year 1990-91. The Indian growth story has been unique. Unlike the transformation stories of many of the other developed economies, India's growth story was dominated by the service sector. In contrast manufacturing has been less robust; Manufacturing production recovered rapidly from negative growth of -0.8% in the crisis year of 1991-92 to a peak of around 14.1% in 1995-96. It has since declined rapidly to 2.9% in 2001-02 and remained around that level for the next 25 years except for a sporadic increase in 2010-11. The share of the manufacturing sector in the country’s GDP has remained stagnant, for almost three decades. Services alone are not sufficient to create growth to drive mass prosperity for a country the size of India. India's reform programme has emphasized gradualism and evolutionary transition rather than rapid restructuring or shock therapy and its growth has not been based on using cheap labor for labor-intensive exports, the development path taken by other Asian tigers including China. China’s has grown at a CAGR of 10% over the last three decades reaching per capita GDP (US$7,000) while India’s, growing at half that pace, is currently at ($1,500) In spite of similar population sizes and low-cost profiles with a per capita GDP of US$300 in 1981. China’s industrial sector at US$4 trillion (and still growing), now dwarfs India’s which is estimated at US$300 billion. But China is now trying to re-balance the economy towards the services sector and consumption rather than manufacturing and investment; its competitive advantage has eroded and is likely to continue to do so. That gives manufacturing India the potential to create a cost advantage, with its far more favorable demographics, a huge untapped labor pool. This calls for rapid expansion of the manufacturing sector on a priority basis like creating local supply chains. Scaling the Domestic Supply of Human Capital by revamping the education, R&D and skills development, Attracting Foreign Intellectual Property, Picking the Right Industries, Making it easier to do business etc. It need to focus around (i) streamlining administration, (ii) creating rapid infrastructure development (roads, ports, power), and (iii) mobilizing significant domestic and foreign capital. The paper would discuss these things in detail.

Endogenous development going forward: learning and action

More than 50 years after independence Africa is yet to move from colonial to post-colonial identity – and to entitlement to determining its own destiny. Increasingly, however, African development thinkers and practitioners are questioning the dominance of externally driven, mostly Western models of development, which they believe have done little to date toward bringing about self-reliant sustainable development. We have observed successful patterns of endogenously led development in East Asia and Brazil. In Africa the papers included here suggest emerging new patterns of local leadership and of resurrecting and renewing cultural and traditional strengths to support modern development. Endogenous development, while a sometimes awkward term, is a concept increasingly informing practice.

Communication for Another Development

Ricardo Ramirez and Wendy Quarry ask if a changed approach to development could bring back the goals of endogenous and self-reliant development focused on well-being and a new social agenda. They explore whether changes in communication thinking can seed changes in organizational culture sharing experiences from their work in international development. Their central question is whether change in a communication strategy can work as a Trojan horse for wider institutional transformation?