Self-regulation Of Food Intake Research Articles

Calorie Compensation Patterns Observed in App-Based Food Diaries.

Self-regulation of food intake is necessary for maintaining a healthy body weight. One of the characteristics of self-regulation is calorie compensation. Calorie compensation refers to adjusting the current meal's energy content based on the energy content of the previous meal(s). Preload test studies measure a single instance of compensation in a controlled setting. The measurement of calorie compensation in free-living conditions has largely remained unexplored. This paper proposes a methodology that leverages extensive app-based observational food diary data to measure an individual's calorie compensation profile in free-living conditions. Instead of a single compensation index followed in preload-test studies, we present the compensation profile as a distribution of days a user exhibits under-compensation, overcompensation, non-compensation, and precise compensation. We applied our methodology to the public food diary data of 1622 MyFitnessPal users. We empirically established that four weeks of food diaries were sufficient to characterize a user's compensation profile accurately. We observed that meal compensation was more likely than day compensation. Dinner compensation had a higher likelihood than lunch compensation. Precise compensation was the least likely. Users were more likely to overcompensate for missing calories than for additional calories. The consequences of poor compensatory behavior were reflected in their adherence to their daily calorie goal. Our methodology could be applied to food diaries to discover behavioral phenotypes of poor compensatory behavior toward forming an early behavioral marker for weight gain.

Development and Psychometric Characteristics of an Instrument to Assess Parental Feeding Practices to Promote Young Children's Eating Self-Regulation: Results with a Portuguese Sample.

A parental child-centered feeding approach is likely to keep children’s biological mechanisms activated while eating, protecting them in an obesogenic context. However, few feeding practice measures assess parents’ behaviors to guide and prompt children to identify and respond appropriately to their signs of hunger and satiety. We aimed to develop and study the reliability, validity, and measurement invariance of a new scale to assess parental feeding practices to promote children’s self-regulation of food intake. To pursue this aim, we conducted two descriptive, cross-sectional, online studies in Portugal in an online format; a total of 536 parents of 2- to 6-year-old children completed the evaluation protocol. Factorial analysis findings support the theoretical organization proposed for the scale. The confirmatory factorial analysis supported a first-order factor structure with two subscales, Prompting for eating self-regulation and Teaching about eating consequences, with eight items in total. Both scales presented good internal consistency and adequate temporal stability, with a significant, positive, and moderate relationship. The results showed metric invariance for the child’s sex. Both types of practices were positively correlated with the child’s enjoyment of food. Prompting for eating self-regulation showed negative associations with parents’ emotional lack of control, children’s satiety responsiveness, slowness in eating, and fussiness. Preliminary studies confirmed both the validity and reliability of the instrument and the adequacy of adopting a self-regulatory approach when assessing child-centered feeding practices. Combining this instrument with others that assess coercive practices can be beneficial to capture ineffective parents’ behaviors on children’s eating self-regulation.

The Effect of Mood Change and Intuitive Eating Skills on Self-Regulation of Food Intake among Undergraduate College Students

ABSTRACT Background Mood change, lack of self-regulation, and eating in the absence of hunger cues are exacerbating determinants in college weight gain; however, the association between these factors is not known. Purpose This study aimed to examine the correlation between mood change, intuitive eating, and self-regulation of food intake among college students. Methods This cross-over study included 60 undergraduate college students 19.8 ± 1.43 years old (62.1% females, 74.2% Latinx). Students had two visits, one week apart. Participants completed intuitive eating and mood questionnaires. Participants watched an emotional movie, then participated in a buffet style lunch calorie compensation trial. Food intake was measured using plate waste. Self-regulation was measured objectively using compensation indices (COMPX). Results Self-regulation was significantly affected by both mood change and intuitive eating. Gender was found to significantly impact this model; however, Body Mass Index did not seem to have a significant effect. Discussion College students who rely on physiological cues of hunger and satiety and are less affected by environmental elements, seem to be able to regulate their intake better, and maintain healthier weight. Translation to Health Education Practice Teaching students to rely on bodily signals of hunger and satiety may be an effective approach to maintaining healthy weight. A AJHE Self-Study quiz is online for this article via the SHAPE America Online Institute (SAOI) http://portal.shapeamerica.org/trn-Webinars

A Review of the Relationship Between the Appetite-Regulating Hormone Leptin Present in Human Milk and Infant Growth.

Objective: The relationship between leptin in human milk (HM) and infant growth is quite controversial. The aim of the present study was to review the epidemiological literature currently available on the relation between the appetite-regulating hormone leptin in HM with growth and infant weight gain. Also, to know if it influences on the center of satiety of the infant, and if this hormone has an effect in the self-regulation of food intake. Methods: A review of review and original research articles published from January 1, 2015 up to December 31, 2019 measuring leptin in HM and infant weight gain was performed in the PubMed and Embase databases. The literature showed a total of 237 articles, where the title and abstract were evaluated to eliminate duplicate citations and later exclusion criteria were established to discard articles. Eighteen articles met the inclusion criteria. Results: Six articles showed a relationship between leptin present in HM and infant weight. Five articles reported on leptin in HM and the effect on satiety and self-regulation of infant intake. Studies of leptin in infant serum blood were quite controversial. There is an inverse relationship between the leptin in HM and infant weight gain. Also, breastfed infants better self-regulate their intake and have a better relationship with food. The duration of breastfeeding directly influences on the growth of the infant due to the hormones present in the milk. However, these mechanisms are unclear, and the results are controversial. Conclusion: The evidence from the studies allowed us to establish that there is an association between leptin in HM and infant weight gain. However, there is still a lack of longitudinal studies, with a larger number of participants and well-established inclusion criteria about the relationship between leptin in HM exposure and the development of infant weight gain.

Intergenerational transmission of appetite self-regulation

Parents and other primary caregivers affect the development of children's self-regulation in myriad ways, including via the parent's own self-regulation abilities. Ample evidence supports the association between mother and child self-regulation, yet this has never been experimentally assessed with regard to appetite self-regulation, the self-regulation of food intake. This study sought to explicitly test the associations between mother and child self-regulation across 3 domains: (1) appetite, (2) attentional control, and (3) inhibitory control. A community sample of 88 mother-preschooler dyads (ages 3–5) participated in this cross-sectional, experimental study. Results demonstrated that maternal self-regulation was significantly positively associated with child self-regulation in the appetite domain, b = 0.52, t(63.54) = 2.39, p = .020, but not for attentional or inhibitory control. These results add to the literature on parental influences on self-regulation development in early childhood and suggest that patterns of mother-child associations may vary across domains of self-regulation.

P34 The Correlation Between Internal Bodily Signals, Eating Behaviors, and Self-Regulation of Food Intake in College Students

BackgroundCollege years are known to be pivotal in adapting to unhealthy eating behaviors. The lack of the ability to recognize physiological needs and insufficient self-regulation in food intake have been reported to be significant determinants in college weight gain. However, the relationship between self-regulation, understanding internal bodily signals, and students eating behaviors are not clear.ObjectiveTo examine the correlation between self-regulation of food intake, interoception, and eating behaviors in college students living in South Florida.Study Design, Setting, ParticipantsParticipants were 60 undergraduate college students (Mage = 19.8, SDage = 1.43, 37.9% males, 62.1% females, 66.6% Underweight/Normal weight, 33.4% Overweight/Obese). Interoception and eating behavior data were gathered using questionnaires. Self-regulation was measure using Compensation Indices (COMPX). Students had 2 visits where they were offered a preload drink (either low or high calorie) followed by an ad-libitum buffet lunch to measure the effect of the preloads on students’ food intake. Intake was estimated using pictures verified by plate weights.Measurable Outcome/AnalysisMultiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between interoception, eating behaviors, and COMPX.ResultsWhen controlled for gender, there were significant correlations between interoception and COMPX (F = 5.56, P = 0.002, R2 = 0.247), emotional eating (F = 3.89, P = 0.013, R2 = 0.158), and uncontrolled eating (F = 3.95, P = 0.012, R2 = 0.163). Additionally, COMPX was associated with cognitive restraint eating (F = 8.67, P = 0.001, R2 = 0.250). When controlled for Body Mass Index (BMI), interoception only had a significant correlation with emotional eating (F = 3.10, P = 0.033, R2 = 0.131), uncontrolled eating (F = 3.06, P = 0.035, R2 = 0.131), and restraint eating (F = 5.35, P = 0.002, R2 = 0.206). There was no correlation between COMPX, eating behaviors, and interoception (P > 0.05). No significant mediation effect was observed.ConclusionCollege students who showed higher levels of awareness of internal bodily signals seem to have better self-regulation of food intake. Moreover, self-regulation appears to be negatively affected by the students' emotions and restraint where students show better regulation in food intake when there is less emotional influence and eating restrictions. College years are known to be pivotal in adapting to unhealthy eating behaviors. The lack of the ability to recognize physiological needs and insufficient self-regulation in food intake have been reported to be significant determinants in college weight gain. However, the relationship between self-regulation, understanding internal bodily signals, and students eating behaviors are not clear. To examine the correlation between self-regulation of food intake, interoception, and eating behaviors in college students living in South Florida. Participants were 60 undergraduate college students (Mage = 19.8, SDage = 1.43, 37.9% males, 62.1% females, 66.6% Underweight/Normal weight, 33.4% Overweight/Obese). Interoception and eating behavior data were gathered using questionnaires. Self-regulation was measure using Compensation Indices (COMPX). Students had 2 visits where they were offered a preload drink (either low or high calorie) followed by an ad-libitum buffet lunch to measure the effect of the preloads on students’ food intake. Intake was estimated using pictures verified by plate weights. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to determine the correlation between interoception, eating behaviors, and COMPX. When controlled for gender, there were significant correlations between interoception and COMPX (F = 5.56, P = 0.002, R2 = 0.247), emotional eating (F = 3.89, P = 0.013, R2 = 0.158), and uncontrolled eating (F = 3.95, P = 0.012, R2 = 0.163). Additionally, COMPX was associated with cognitive restraint eating (F = 8.67, P = 0.001, R2 = 0.250). When controlled for Body Mass Index (BMI), interoception only had a significant correlation with emotional eating (F = 3.10, P = 0.033, R2 = 0.131), uncontrolled eating (F = 3.06, P = 0.035, R2 = 0.131), and restraint eating (F = 5.35, P = 0.002, R2 = 0.206). There was no correlation between COMPX, eating behaviors, and interoception (P > 0.05). No significant mediation effect was observed. College students who showed higher levels of awareness of internal bodily signals seem to have better self-regulation of food intake. Moreover, self-regulation appears to be negatively affected by the students' emotions and restraint where students show better regulation in food intake when there is less emotional influence and eating restrictions.

The role of maternal BMI on brain food cue reactivity in children: a preliminary study.

Children of overweight and obese parents have an increased risk of obesity. Little is known the neural mechanisms underlying this relationship, specifically the brain systems implicated in self-regulation of food intake. The primary goal here is to examine relationships between maternal body mass index (BMI) and brain responses to food cues in children. Seventy-six children (8.62 ± 1.02years; 28M,48F) were included in this study. Height and weight were assessed for children and their biological parents. Maternal height and weight before pregnancy were extracted from the Electronic Medical Records (EMR). BMI (kg/m2) or BMIz (age- and sex-specific BMI) were calculated. Children underwent a magnetic resonance imaging session where they viewed food and non-food images before and after glucose ingestion. The dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) food cue reactivity was the measurement of interest for region-of-interest (ROI) analyses. Whole-brain exploratory analysis was performed as well. Non-parametric methods were used for data analysis. ROI and whole brain analyses showed that maternal current BMI was inversely associated with child's ACC and dlPFC food cue reactivity after glucose ingestion, adjusting for age and sex. No significant relationships were found between paternal BMI and child's food cue reactivity. Child BMIz was negatively associated with the ACC food cue reactivity after glucose ingestion. Our results supported the role of maternal adiposity on child's responses to appetitive food cues in brain self-regulation circuitry, which may influence eating behavior and obesity risk in children.

P108 Mood and Eating Behaviors in College Students

Background Self-regulation seems to be an important factor in weight maintenance in college students. After college enrollment, some students experience impactful circumstances causing mood change, which may lead to weight gain. Not much is known about the relationship between mood and self-regulation of food in college students. Objective To examine the correlation between mood and self-regulation of food intake in college students using an objective methodology. Study Design, Setting, Participants Sixty undergraduate students (male and female with the mean age of 19.8 [SD = 1.43]) completed the study (2 visits with lunch buffets). Participants were offered a preload drink (with different calorie content each visit) 30 minutes prior to lunch. Students were asked to watch an emotional (sad) movie before lunch to change their emotional status. Measurable Outcome/Analysis Participants completed baseline questionnaires, and anthropometric measures. Compensation index (COMPX) was used to measure self-regulation. Regression analysis and ANOVA were used to examine the relationship between self-regulation and mood in different genders and Body Mass Index (BMI) categories. Results Female students had significantly better COMPX scores (72.34 ± 60.75) compared to male students (130.87 ± 83.59) (F = 9.223, P = .004). The average mood change was −2.021 (SD = 2.75) and −3.057 (SD = 3.53) in males and females respectively. The data indicated a significant correlation between COMPX scores and general mood change (F = 5.486, P = .026, R2 = 0.159) in female college students. No correlation was found among males. There was no correlation between COMPX scores, self-regulation questionnaires, and BMI (P > .05). Data showed no significant association between mood change and COMPX scores when comparing different BMI categories (P > .05). Conclusions There was no relationship between self-reported and objective data regarding self-regulation. In general, there seems to be better self-regulatory skills in females compared to males. However, when exposed to a mood stimulus, female students appear to be more affected with a higher influence on their eating behaviors, whereas male students’ eating behaviors were not altered by the mood changes.

A New Strategy to Assess Self-Regulation of Food Intake among Elementary School Children

A New Strategy to Assess Self-Regulation of Food Intake among Elementary School Children

The weight management strategies inventory (WMSI). Development of a new measurement instrument, construct validation, and association with dieting success

In an obesogenic environment, people have to adopt effective weight management strategies to successfully gain or maintain normal body weight. Little is known about the strategies used by the general population in daily life. Due to the lack of a comprehensive measurement instrument to assess conceptually different strategies with various scales, we developed the weight management strategies inventory (WMSI). In study 1, we collected 19 weight management strategies from research on self-regulation of food intake and successful weight loss and maintenance, as well as from expert interviews. We classified them under the five main categories of health self-regulation strategies – goal setting and monitoring, prospection and planning, automating behavior, construal, and inhibition. We formulated 93 items. In study 2, we developed the WMSI in a random sample from the general population (N = 658), using reliability and exploratory factor analysis. This resulted in 19 factors with 63 items, representing the 19 strategies. In study 3, we tested the 19-factor structure in a quota (age, gender) sample from the general population (N = 616), using confirmatory factor analysis. A good model fit (CFI = .918; RMSEA = .043) was revealed. Reliabilities and construct validity were high. Positive correlations of most strategies with dieting success and negative correlations of some strategies with body mass index were found among dieters (N = 292). Study 4 (N = 162) revealed a good test–retest reliability. The WMSI assesses theoretically derived, evidence-based, and conceptually different weight management strategies with different scales that have good psychometric characteristics. The scales can also be used for pre- and post measures in intervention studies. The scales provide insights into the general population's weight management strategies and facilitate tailoring and evaluating health communication.

Sustained self-regulation of energy intake: initial hunger improves insulin sensitivity.

Background. Excessive energy intake has been implicated in diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, and obesity. Dietary restraint has been unsuccessful as a method for the self-regulation of eating. Recognition of initial hunger (IH) is easily learned, can be validated by associated blood glucose (BG) concentration, and may improve insulin sensitivity. Objective. To investigate whether the initial hunger meal pattern (IHMP) is associated with improved insulin sensitivity over a 5-month period. Methods. Subjects were trained to recognize and validate sensations of IH, then adjust food intake so that initial hunger was present pre-meal at each meal time (IHMP). The purpose was to provide meal-by-meal subjective feedback for self-regulation of food intake. In a randomised trial, we measured blood glucose and calculated insulin sensitivity in 89 trained adults and 31 not-trained controls, before training in the IHMP and 5 months after training. Results. In trained subjects, significant decreases were found in insulin sensitivity index, insulin and BG peaks, glycated haemoglobin, mean pre-meal BG, standard deviation of diary BG (BG as recorded by subjects' 7-day diary), energy intake, BMI, and body weight when compared to control subjects. Conclusion. The IHMP improved insulin sensitivity and other cardiovascular risk factors over a 5-month period.

Calorie compensation and sensory specific satiety: Evidence for self regulation of food intake by young children

Twenty-one two and half- to five-year-old children and 26 25- to 35-year-old adults participated in an experiment designed to provide evidence for two behavioral mechanisms involved in self regulation of food intake: caloric compensation and sensory specific satiety. All participants were seen in two lunch sessions that differed in the caloric density of the preload presented. To obtain evidence on sensory specific satiety, preference data were obtained immediately before and after, and 20 min after preload consumption. Subjects then ate an ad libitum lunch and consumption was recorded. Both children's and adults' preferences for the food eaten declined relative to foods not eaten, providing the first evidence of sensory specific satiety in children. The patterns of preference did not differ with the caloric density of the food eaten. Children showed much clearer evidence for caloric compensation than did the adults.