Self-monitoring Of Blood Sugar Research Articles

Effect of low-frequency blood glucose self-monitoring on glycosylated hemoglobin levels among older adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Reducing the frequency of self-monitoring of blood sugar, due to needle phobia, pain, stress, and costs associated with the procedure, can improve patient compliance and quality of life, provided that adequate blood sugar control is maintained. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of low-frequency blood glucose self-monitoring (LFBGSM) on glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) levels among older adults living with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), treated with or without insulin. Materials and Methods: This randomized controlled trial with a parallel design was conducted on 121 older adults with T2DM in Sabzevar, Iran, between 2018 and 2020. Initially, subjects were stratified based on the type of treatment (with or without insulin) and then randomly assigned to intervention (LFBGSM) and control (no blood glucose self-monitoring [no-BGSM]) groups. HbA1C levels were measured at the beginning of the study and 3 months later for all study groups. Results: The mean age of participants treated with and without insulin was 64.3 ± 9.60 and 64.7 ± 5.01 years, respectively. The ANCOVA test revealed a significant difference in the mean HbA1C levels among the four groups 3 months postintervention (P < 0.001). The HbA1C scores significantly decreased in the LFBGSM groups and increased in the no-BGSM groups at 3 months postintervention (insulin/LFBGSM, insulin/no-BGSM, noninsulin/LFBGSM, and noninsulin/no-BGSM: 7.74 ± 0.76, 8.34 ± 1.53, 7.70 ± 0.75, and 8.14 ± 1.11, respectively) compared to baseline (8.25 ± 0.67, 8.03 ± 0.64, 8.08 ± 0.69, and 7.83 ± 0.74, respectively). The least significant difference post hoc tests showed significant differences between specific groups, emphasizing subtle responses to interventions (P values ranging from 0.001 to 0.929). Conclusion: Findings suggest a significant reduction in HbA1C scores within the LFBGSM groups, while a discernible increase is observed in the no-BGSM groups over the 3 months. These findings underscore the efficacy of the interventions and emphasize the crucial role of personalized approaches in optimizing glycemic control for individuals with diabetes.

Assessment of Patients’ Information towards Diabetic Self-Management in Mosul City

Background: Diabetes self-management which includes a holistic lifestyle, medication adherence, and self-monitoring glucose levels, allows individuals with diabetes to maintain optimal, tailored glycemic control. The aims of the study to assess the patient’s information about diabetic self-management. Methodology: A study design that was descriptive was used in Al-Wafaa primary health care center for diabetes and endocrinology in Mosul city. Purposive sampling technique used to select (383) male and female patients with diabetic type II who aged 20 years or more. Data were collected through a face-to-face interview from period 20 November 2023 until February 15, 2024. The study used developed diabetic self-management scale to assess patients’ information. Results: the study found the patient’s information about diabetic self-management were good except the information about blood glucose monitoring was inadequate It appeared that most of the answers were mean rank (I don’t know), (9.25), followed by the correct answers (7.75) and finally the incorrect answers (2.5). Conclusion & recommendation: The researcher concluded that the patient’s information about diabetic self-management were good except the information about blood glucose monitoring was inadequate. Diabetic patients should be encouraged to understand diabetes self-management and adhere to all medical recommendations and guidelines from the doctor and health educator, especially adherence to treatment and self-monitoring of blood sugar.

Efektivitas mHealth untuk Meningkatkan Kontrol Glikemik dan Kepatuhan Diabetes Melitus Tipe 2 pada Pasien Dewasa

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of Mobile Health (mHealth) in improving glycemic control and adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. The method used is a systematic review. The results of this study are mHealth-based health interventions including blood sugar monitoring services with applications, short messages (SMS), voice calls via cell phones, video conferencing, and central call services conducted by health workers in 2-13 month intervals have benefits in increasing glycemic control and adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Services provided by health workers include health education, self-monitoring of blood sugar, diet counseling, healthy lifestyle tips, exercise, face-to-face counseling with health workers, stress management, and foot care. The conclusion of this study is that the mHealth program is effective in improving glycemic control and adherence in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in addition to diabetes care in general

The Relationship between Self-monitoring of Blood Sugar and Self-management Behaviors in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

The Relationship between Self-monitoring of Blood Sugar and Self-management Behaviors in Children with Type 1 Diabetes

Lipid Profile and Glycemic Control in Type 2 Diabetic Patients

Objective: To estimate the prevalence of dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus, to investigate the association between dyslipidemia and glycemic control, and to highlight potential determinants of poor glycemic control. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 450 patients with type 2 diabetes, attending the National Diabetes Center, Baghdad during 2019, were included. Each participant was interviewed using a data collection form to collect the needed demographic, medical, and social data. All participants were investigated for lipid profile assay comprising of TC, TG, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Data on the patients’ HbA1C levels were recorded. Results: The prevalence of dyslipidemia among patients with type 2 diabetes was 69.8%; poor glycemic control was associated with dyslipidemia. Smoking and lack of regular self-monitoring of blood sugar were associated with poor glycemic control. Increased weight and higher waist circumference were associated with higher HbA1c levels. Higher mean of HbA1c was found in female gender. The glycemic control affects not only the blood sugar levels of the patients but also their lipid profile. Good glycemic control has an important role in controlling dyslipidemia and preventing and reducing diabetic complications. Conclusions: Poor glycemic control is significantly associated with dyslipidemia in type 2 diabetic patients.

Self-care practice, lived experience of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients at Kemisse General Hospital, North Eastern Ethiopia: Phenomenological study.

Objectives:To explore self-care experience of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients at Kemisse General Hospital, North east Ethiopia.Methods:A phenomenological study was conducted to explore self-care experience of type 1 diabetes mellitus patients at Kemisse General Hospital from 28 February 2020 to 15 March 2020. Participants were selected using a heterogeneous type of purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using in-depth interviews and observation with the aid of an audio recorder and interview guide by the principal investigator. The thematic analysis approach was used to analyze the data. To facilitate the data analysis process, Atlas. ti software version 7 was used.Results:The six interconnected themes that were emerged from the analysis are: (1) physical exercise, (2) dietary practice, (3) medication adherence, (4) self-monitoring of blood sugar, (5) problem-solving skill during hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, and (6) diabetic foot care.Conclusion:The study described that type 1 diabetic patients at Kemisse general hospital faced difficulty in self-care practice, which were difficulty in medication adherence; foot care was neglected diabetes self-care, did not practice diabetes recommended dietary plan and lack of regular physical exercises. In addition to this, self-monitoring of blood sugar was not practiced regularly due to the absence of glucometer machine and financial constraints to buy test strips. In addition to diabetic patient’s role to manage hyperglycemia and hypoglycemic episode, family support was crucial to managing hypoglycemia because most of the respondent’s experience loss of consciousness during a hypoglycemic attack.

Fasting and diabetic care during Ramadan in Libyan peoples with diabetes in Tripoli Diabetes Endocrine Hospital

Background: The last epidemiological study regarding diabetes in Libya in year 2009 is estimated to reach 16.4%, This study is the up to date study regarding diabetes care during Ramadan in Tripoli. Study design: cross section study. Material and method: we interviewed 300 diabetic patient at outpatient Clinic in Tripoli Eiabetes and Endocrine Hospital for the frequency, the Incidence of complication of fasting and diabetic care during fasting Ramadan, the data was collected 4week after Eid Elifitr 1434 Hijri (2013) in structural questionnaire after a verbal consent. Collected data: coded and spss software used for analysis. Results: from total 300 Libyan diabetic patients 62% were females, 71.3% were type 2 diabetes. Mean age was 51.1±15.4 years, and mean duration of diabetes was 8.7±6.9 years, 85.3% had their HBA1C checked With last three month, mean HBA1C 8.9±3.1%,73% were complete fasted 29 days , hyper-hypoglycaemia at day time was the most commonly reported Complication especially during the 4th week of fasting, there is no significant difference between types of diabetes and gender in self monitoring of blood sugar, late sahour, preramadan education ,changes In dose of treatment(p> 0.05). Conclusion: Most of diabetic patients in Libya mange to fast during Ramadan. Recommendation: pre Ramadan diabetic education is needed to avoid the serious complication.

The association of the level of self-care on adherence to treatment in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes

AimsThe study aimed to assess the impact of self-care on adherence to treatment in patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and effect of complex interaction of social, lifestyle, economic, environmental and behavioural.MethodsThe study was carried out between June 2018 and May 2019 on 324 patients (162 females, 162 males) with type 2 diabetes. To measure the levels of self-care, the Self-Care of Diabetes Index (SCODI) questionnaire was used. Adherence to treatment was assessed with the Adherence in Chronic Diseases Scale (ACDS).ResultsThe highest scores of health behaviour were on the subscale of adherence with the mean value of 68.37, and the lowest results on the subscale of blood sugar self-monitoring, with the mean of 56.05. We found that low adherence to treatment was present in 52.47% of respondents, the moderate level in 39.20%, while only 8.33% of patients showed the high level. There were significant positive correlations between the ACDS and SCODI subscales (p < 0.05): self-care maintenance (0.436), self-care management (0.413), self-care monitoring (0.384), and self-care confidence (0.453).ConclusionsSelf-care affects on adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. The higher self-efficacy in each of the areas of functioning, the higher the level of adherence to treatment. We found that demographic variables such as female sex, education and employment status can influence self-care in managing chronic illnesses such as type 2 diabetes.

Biochemical and Pain Comparisons Between the Laser Lancing Device and Needle Lancets for Capillary Blood Sampling: A Randomized Control Trial.

Patients around the world use a lancing device to perform self-monitoring of blood sugar (SMBG). However, there are always fears of needles and pain. Therefore, less painful devices are being developed. The purpose of this study was to compare the usefulness and safety of a laser lancing device (without a needle) to a conventional needle lancet (with a needle) for capillary blood sampling. A total of 40 healthy subjects were enrolled in the study. Capillary blood was collected from a laser lancing device (without a needle) and a conventional needle lancet (with a needle) on opposite fingers, the choice of which was randomly selected. The laser lancing device (LMT-3000) uses a 2940 nm mono-pulse laser, a radiation field of 350 μm, laser energy of 210 mJ, and a 3.7 V battery. One week later, capillary blood was obtained by switching the devices and fingers. The biochemical measurements and pain were compared between the two groups. Puncture pain was measured on a pain scale from 0 to 10. All patients were tested with both a laser lancing device and a conventional needle lancet. In the biochemical analysis, the blood glucose level was 103.21 ± 17.20 mg/dl in laser lancing device group and 102.25 ± 22.44 mg/dl in the conventional needle lancet group, and there were no significant differences between the two groups (P = 0.940). The pH, CO2 , O2 , lactate and hematocrit levels of the blood were no significant differences between the two groups. In the first trial, the median pain score (interquartile range) of patients using laser lancing device was 2.0 (1.0-3.0), whereas it was 2.5 (2.0-4.0) in patients using a conventional needle lancet (P = 0.029). In the second trial, one week later, the median pain score in the laser lancing device group was 2.5 (1.0-4.0), whereas it was 3.5 (2.25-5.0) in the conventional needle lancet group (P = 0.001). The difference in pain scores between the first and second trials was significant in the conventional needle lancet group (P = 0.007), but not in the laser lancing device group (P = 0.150). There was no difference in biochemical results between the laser lancing device group and the conventional needle lancet group. The laser lancing device demonstrated comparatively lower pain than the conventional needle lancet. Lasers Surg. Med. © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC.

Модельные оценки результатов применения больными сахарным диабетом современных глюкометров с технологией трехцветной индикации результатов тестирования

Diabetes – a disease in which the effect of the treatment substantially depends on the patient. Known a study showed that the use of glucometers with the technology of three-color display of test results facilitates self-monitoring of blood sugar and leads to a decrease in glycated hemoglobin (HbAlc). Purpose of the study: to modeling the impact of using of a glucometer with a color-coded display on the clinical outcomes of diabetes mellitus and calculating, the potential economic benefits of reducing the hospitalization rate of patients with diabetes. Material and methods. Based on data from two studies (O. Schnell et al. and M. Baxter et al.) simulation of the reduction in the number of complications with the use of a glucometer with a color indication. In a study by O. Schnell et al. a decrease of HbA1c by 0.69 percent is shown when using the considered type of glucometers, which was the basis of the model. Results. In the model, the use of a glucometer with a color-coded display for type 1 diabetes led to a decrease in the total number of complications by 9.2 thousand over 5 years per a cohort of 40 thousand patients with different initial levels of HbA1c. In a cohort of 40 thousand patients with type 2 diabetes, the simulated number of prevented complications was 1.7 thousand over 5 years. When extrapolating these data to all patients with diabetes included in the federal register of diabetes mellitus (FRD), the number of prevented complications was 55.4 thousand cases for type 1 diabetes and 67.1 thousand cases for type 2 diabetes. The possible economic effect from the use of the device by all patients with a diagnosis of diabetes, which are included in the FRD, estimated at 1.5 billion rubles for a cohort of patients with type 1 diabetes and 5.3 billion rubles for patients with type 2 diabetes. Conclusion. Improving the effectiveness of self-monitoring, which is the result of the use of glucometers with color indicators, can potentially significantly reduce the incidence of complications in diabetes and thereby provide significant economic benefits to society.

1296-P: Self-Reported Symptoms and Frequency of Hypoglycemia in Primary Care Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional, Multicenter Study

Objective: Hypoglycemia remains an unpredictable side effect of insulin use or oral hypoglycemic agents therapy in patients with diabetes. However, Limited data exist on the prevalence of hypoglycemia in patients attending primary care diabetes clinics. This study aimed to determine the frequency and symptoms of self-reported hypoglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Methods: This was a cross-sectional, multicenter study conducted in three outpatient clinics in Singapore. Patients aged ≥ 21 years old with T2DM and polypharmacy were included. Patients who were unable to communicate independently were excluded. The 5-item self-reported questionnaire about hypoglycemia awareness, symptoms, frequency and measures were administered to all eligible patients. Results: Among the 254 patients who were eligible for the study, 45.7% experienced at least one hypoglycemic episode in the past seven days. Lightheadness (24.0%) was the most common symptoms reported, followed by weakness (15.8%) and intense hunger (14.2%). Among the patients who reported hypoglycemic symptoms, 52.6% took sweets and 35.1% achieved timely relief. Of the patients who reported hypoglycemia, 11.4% suffered severe hypoglycemia, requiring the assistance of another person to take corrective actions. Overall, approximately 48.0% reported fear of low blood sugar but only 31.9% performed self-monitoring of blood sugar (SMBG) with an average monitoring frequency of 3.31 ± 3.73 times within the last seven days. The severity and frequency of self-reported hypoglydemic symptoms were not associated with HbA1c, age, body-mass index, duration of T2DM and insulin use. Conclusion: The frequency and severity of self-reported hypoglycemia among patients with T2DM appeared to be high and unrelated to patient demographics or disease control. The use of SMBG should be emphasized among patients with T2DM regardless of type of antidiabetic agents used. Disclosure Y. Xu: None. J.Y. Lee: None.

The Effect of Group Discussion-based Education on Self-management of Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Compared with Usual Care: A Randomized Control Trial.

We sought to determine the effect of group discussion-based education on the self-management capability of patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran. This randomized control trial was conducted on 90 patients with type 2 diabetes. Participants were allocated randomly into one of two groups; intervention and control. The intervention group received the group discussion-based education while the control group received routine care only. The Lin's self-management questionnaire was completed at baseline and three months post-intervention. Statistical analysis, including the use of independent t-test, identified that in comparison to the control group, significant increases were observed in the scores of self-organization (t =11.24, p < 0.001), self-adjustment (t = 7.53, p < 0.001), interaction with health experts (t = 7.31, p < 0.001), blood sugar self-monitoring (t = 6.42, p < 0.001), adherence to the proposed diet (t = 5.22, p < 0.001), and total self-management (t = 10.82, p < 0.001) in the intervention group. Sharing experiences through group discussions and receiving instructive feedback can improve the ability to self-manage diabetes.

Self-Care Practices among Diabetes Patients in Addis Ababa: A Qualitative Study.

BackgroundSelf-care practices that include self-monitoring of blood sugar level, diet management, physical exercise, adherence to medications, and foot care are the cornerstones of diabetes management. However, very little is known about self-care in developing countries where the prevalence of diabetes is increasing.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to describe self-care practices among individuals with type II diabetes in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.MethodsA qualitative method was used to gather data from type II diabetes patients. Patients were recruited from the outpatient diabetes clinics of two public hospitals in Addis Ababa. Data were collected using a semi structured interview guide. A thematic analysis approach was used to process the data.ResultsOverall self-care practices were not adequate. Most patients reported irregular self-monitoring of blood sugar. Dietary and physical exercise recommendations were inadequately practiced by most of the participants. Most patients better adhered to medication prescriptions. Patients generally lack proper information/knowledge regarding the importance of self-care and how it should be implemented. Based on reported behavior we identified three main categories of patients; which are those ‘endeavor to be compliant’, ‘confused’ and ‘negligent’.ConclusionDiabetes patients largely depend on prescribed medications to control their blood sugar level. The importance of proper self-care practices for effective management of diabetes is not adequately emphasized in diabetes care centers and patients lack sufficient knowledge for proper self-care.

Blood sugar self-monitoring in non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes doesn’t improve control

Blood sugar self-monitoring in non-insulin treated type 2 diabetes doesn’t improve control

A Comparison of Error Correcting Output Coding Methods for Multiclass Classification by Using Support Vector Machine: The Prediction of Self-Monitoring of Blood Sugar

SVMs were initially developed to perform binary classification. However, in many real-world problems, particularly pattern recocnation studies, aimed to determine the distinctive features of large number of class or group. For this reason, a number of methods to generate multiclass SVMs from binary SVMs have been proposed by researchers and this is still a continuing research topic. In this study we aimed to compare classification accuracy and computational cost of four multiclass approaches using a original and simulated data sets. Error Corrected Output Coding (ECOC) based multiclass approaches that is used in this study creates many binary classifiers and combines their results to determine the class label of a test pixel. As a result of the comparisons for all conditions examined in this study, it’s found that the classification accuracy and computational cost of One vs. One multiclass approach is better than the other multiclass approaches. In classification or pattern recognization problems, some of supervised machine learning methods or algorithms can be easily extended to multiclass problems. However, some other powerful and popular classifiers, such as AdaBoost and Support Vector Machines, do not extend to multiclass easily. In those situations, the usual way to proceed is to reduce the complexity of the multiclass problem into multiple simpler binary classification problems.

Investigation about self-monitoring of blood sugar for patients with Type 2 diabetes

目的 了解2型糖尿病患者自我血糖监测情况及其影响因素,为糖尿病教育工作提供参考依据.方法 随机选择在广州市5家医院就诊的349例2型糖尿病患者.对其血糖监测情况及有关糖尿病知识、健康信念和自我效能等进行问卷调查.采用Logistic回归法分析患者家庭血糖监测的影响因素.结果 本次调查中能按要求进行家庭监测血糖者占65.6%.患者的血糖自我监测水平与其血糖监测等技能掌握得分、健康信念(P＜0.01)呈正相关.城市患者的家庭监测状况优于乡镇患者(P＜0.05);患者到医院就诊和监测病情(包括监测血糖)的间隔时间,56.2%的患者间隔1～2个月,32.0%的患者间隔较长时间才复查或监测血糖,8.6%的患者是在感觉身体不适时才就诊,3.2%的患者确诊后从未再就诊.结论 应强化患者血糖监测的意识,提高其自测血糖技能;扩大教育途径范围,重视对乡镇患者进行教育引导;倡导患者家庭成员教育,争取获得其家庭支持,以解决目前糖尿病监测管理薄弱环节。

Comparative study of two insulin regimes in pregnancy complicated by diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus complicates 5% of pregnancies and attempts to normalize blood sugar concentration have been proven to be the cornerstone of treatment. The variety of insulins available and patient commitment in self-monitoring of blood sugar have revolutionized the care of these women with diabetes in pregnancy. The use of short-acting insulin (SAI) to control postprandial glucose level together with intermediate-acting insulin (IAI) to control basal glucose level is well recognized. However this requires cooperation from patients and understanding of the disease process and would affect the pregnancy if control is inadequate. By using single type insulin it is hoped that patients compliance will be improved. This trial was designed to compare the outcomes of pregnancy in using SAI versus IAI alone in pregnant diabetic patients. (excerpt)

Monitoring Tools in the New Millennium: Technology Solutions for Weight Management

Monitoring Tools in the New Millennium: Technology Solutions for Weight Management

Phases of functional, near-normoglycaemic insulin substitution: what are computers good for in the rehabilitation process in type I (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus?

We have divided the rehabilitation process in patients with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus into the following four phases. The basic phase, the so-called ‘phase 0’, provides information about literature, different strategies of treatment and introduces the use of regular insulin as well as blood sugar self-monitoring. During the ‘phase 1’ (i.e. ‘diabetes education common sense’) all the initial information from ‘phase 0’ will be used practically and discussed in depth. After the patient's actual insulin need (U/24 h) has been estimated, initial algorithms for functional insulin use can be defined. And this is the turning point to ‘phase 2’ of the group rehabilitation process, the so-called education in functional insulin use. Initial algorithms should be understood as a preliminary answer to the patient's questions, ‘What is my basal insulin need?’, ‘How much insulin do I need for a particular amount of carbohydrates?’, and ‘What is the hypothetical response of my blood glucose to a particular amount of insulin?’. These algorithms are going to be used and optimised now by the patient (under the supervision of the physician) during the so-called ‘insulin games’ (fasting or 24 h, experimental violation of traditional dietary rules, etc.) to demonstrate (1) how to influence actual glycaemia through immediate correction of blood sugar off blood sugar target (primary adjustment of insulin dosing), and (2) how to optimise algorithms for insulin use (secondary insulin adjustment) in future conditions of different insulin sensitivity. The ‘phase 3’ of individual teaching is an ongoing process of updating the patient's knowledge and practical skills. All these phases (0–3) usually require about 40–50 h of (group) teaching. Functional insulin substitution was proposed for 340 type I diabetic patients. The mean glycosilated haemoglobin decreased to the upper limit of normal range in out-patients under the condition of free diet and remains still in this range despite low frequency of acute complications (Diabetologia 30 (1987) 47–48; p < 0.0001 vs. initial values). Computers are used for experimental purposes in all these phases of the rehabilitation process: (1) for the initial (programmed) information (‘phase 0’), (2) for estimation of initial algorithms (‘phase 1’), (3) as a training computer in the blood sugar simulation process (‘phase 2’), and (4) for statistical evaluation of out-patients' clinical data and for up-dating the patient's knowledge (‘phase 3’), as an ‘artificial diabetes counsellor’. However, computers are still not used by the patient on a routine basis at present.