Childhood Self Research Articles

Who am I? A second-order meta-analytic review of correlates of the self in childhood and adolescence.

People's subjective beliefs about themselves affect what people think and, consequently, what they do. Positive self-beliefs are important for many life outcomes, from academic success to well-being, especially during K-12 education as a crucial developmental period. Many empirical studies and meta-analyses have examined correlates of self-beliefs. The present second-order meta-analytic review integrates this large and diverse body of research, addressing two research aims: First, we examined the comparative strength of different variables related to self-beliefs. Second, we provide a methodological review of meta-analyses in this area, thereby facilitating readers' ability to assess the risk of bias when interpreting the results. We summarized 105 first-order meta-analyses published before July 2023 that investigated variables associated with self-beliefs during K-12 education, comprising 493 first-order effect sizes based on more than 8,500 primary studies and more than 16 million children and adolescents. We computed second-order standardized mean differences (SMD) using two-level meta-analyses with robust variance estimation. Personal characteristics (SMD = 0.50) showed stronger relations with self-beliefs than interventions (SMD = 0.27). Achievement (SMD = 0.66) and noncognitive variables (SMD = 0.67) were the personal characteristics most strongly related to self-beliefs compared to cognitive abilities (SMD = 0.30) and background variables (SMD = 0.21). Interventions targeting individual characteristics (SMD = 0.35) and especially self-beliefs (SMD = 0.52) showed larger effect sizes than interventions that focused on improving teaching and classroom structure (SMD = 0.20). Few meta-analyses investigated situational aspects, such as the geographical origin of the sample, in association with children's and adolescents' self-beliefs. Overall, this second-order meta-analytic review provides a comprehensive map of correlates of the self, highlighting pathways for future research. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

Affectional interactions with your animated child avatar can enhance wellbeing

IntroductionThe aim of this proof-of-concept study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new virtual reality (VR) platform for practising the Self-Attachment Technique (SAT) in a non-clinical population. The growing prevalence of mental health problems underscores the urgent need for scalable and effective interventions. SAT is a self-administered psychotherapeutic technique where the individual creates an affectional bond with their childhood self and vows to re-raise this child to emotional wellbeing. Digital technologies like VR and avatars can naturally enhance SAT by improving imaginative interactions with the childhood self.MethodsOver an 8-week period, participants practised the SAT exercises either by animating their personalised childhood avatar into different emotional states in VR or by imaginatively using their childhood photos. Participants’ measurements were collected before and after the intervention as well as at 3-month follow-up, and analysed to understand whether changes over time, in the areas of wellbeing, self-compassion and psychological capital, are significant.ResultsOverall, participants experienced significant improvement in wellbeing (primary outcome) with large effect size (r=0.86). Further exploratory analysis of our findings indicated that the effect of VR (d=1.12) was better compared to the childhood photos (d=0.47). Qualitative evidence from the present study suggested that the intervention had a positive impact on participants’ daily lives.DiscussionThis study showed that practising SAT using the participant’s childhood avatar in a virtual environment has potential for enduring effects that need to be validated in future randomised trials.

Morality - The Task of Caregivers? The Role of Parenting for the Moral Self and Moral Identity in Childhood and Adolescence

ABSTRACT The terms moral self and moral identity are sometimes used synonymously. Attempts to differentiate the concepts of moral self and moral identity across age groups have been made theoretically, but rarely empirically. In theoretical discourses, the moral self was seen more as a precursor construct in childhood for moral identity in adolescence. Empirical delineation of these two age groups (childhood and adolescence) has received less attention. The present study aims to compare these two groups (children and adolescents) and examines the role of parenting styles for moral self in childhood and moral identity in adolescence, and prosocial behavior to add to this research gap. A total of 391 first- to eleventh-grade students (196 children and 195 adolescents) from public primary and secondary schools in Germany participated in the study. A comparison of the two models (children and adolescents) shows significant differences in the postulated path models. While parental warmth evokes significant associations in childhood, the path model for adolescents only reveals significant associations with parental strictness.

Malleability of the sense of bodily self in early childhood: 5- and 6-year-old children show the enfacement illusion

The mechanisms underlying the developing sense of bodily self are debated. Whereas some scholars stress the role of sensory factors, others propose the importance of contextual factors. By manipulating multisensory stimulation and social familiarity with the other person, we explored two factors that are proposed to relate to young children’s developing sense of bodily self. Including an adult sample allowed us to investigate age-related differences of the malleability of the bodily self. To this end, the study implemented an enfacement illusion with children (N = 64) and adults (N = 33). Participants were exposed to one trial with synchronous interpersonal multisensory stimulation and one trial with asynchronous interpersonal multisensory stimulation—either with a stranger or with the mother as the other person. A self-recognition task using morph videos of self and other and an enfacement questionnaire were implemented as dependent measures. Results revealed evidence for the presence of the enfacement effect in children in both measures. The identity of the other person had a significant effect on the self-recognition task. Contrary to our hypothesis, the effect was significantly smaller in the caregiver condition. No significant differences between children and adults emerged. Our results demonstrate the role of both multisensory stimulation and contextual—here social familiarity—factors for the construction and development of a bodily self. The study provides developmental science with a novel approach to the bodily self by showing the validity of the self-recognition task in a child sample. Overall, the study supports proposals that the sense of bodily self is malleable early in development.

The Rhetorical Possibilities of Communicative Time Travel

ABSTRACT Artificial intelligence (AI), particularly generative AI, provides a unique opportunity to reexamine how affect, memory, authenticity, embodiment, and authorship are conceptualized and discussed in rhetorical scholarship. This is particularly significant as affective experiences resulting from communication with AI are increasingly normative due to the public-facing nature of many large language model chatbots. Drawing first on a recent case wherein an AI user produced a chatbot facsimile of her childhood self, this article suggests that affective changes facilitated by AI represent not only new avenues for exploring affect, but also how time itself is experienced.

Do mother's socialization goals in early childhood predict children's later self?

AbstractIn this study, maternal socialization goals in early childhood were linked to qualities of children's self in middle childhood, while also considering maternal education and child gender. Estonian mothers (N = 209; Mage = 33.6; 52.2% had university education) provided ratings of their socialization goals for children (52.2% girls; Mage = 6.2), children's self was gauged 4 years later. The more mothers endorsed social conformity‐related socialization goals, the fewer different autonomy‐related (β = −0.15) and relatedness‐related qualities of self (β = −0.21) their children had in their descriptions of themselves and their autobiographical memories. Mothers' self‐maximization socialization goals were not linked to the qualities of children's self. Mothers without a university degree endorsed social conformity‐related socialization goals more than mothers with a university degree (β = −0.20). Girls referred to more relatedness‐related qualities than boys (β = 0.23). The results show that maternal socialization goals do not always have a straightforward effect on different qualities of children's self. Yet, conformity‐related goals by mothers predict the qualities of children's later self.Highlights Children's self is predicted by gender and earlier maternal socialization goals. Mother's social conformity‐related socialization goals predict children's later self. Self‐maximization related socialization goals are not linked to children's self.

Early Childhood Self Regulated Learning Based on Javanese Local Wisdom Jawa

Abstract. The study describes early childhood self-regulated learning (SRL) based on the Javanese philosophy in Ki Hadjar Dewantara (KHD) & Ki Ageng Suryamentaram (KAS) concepts. This used a phenomenological qualitative approach on 6 subjects (3-5 years old) dyadic with their mothers in Yogyakarta. The main data were collected through interviews, participant observation, and supported by data of the children’s developmental maturity by filling out the Temperament Assessment Scale, Child's behavior and SDIDTK checklists. Data analysis techniques were carried out by organizing data, grouping based on themes and answer patterns, testing existing assumptions or problems with the data, writing research results. The results showed that the SRL in line with the process of ‘Free Spirit’ of the 6 subjects varied and contained dynamic abilities in their process. The environment (parents/family) had not consistently implemented SRL in their ‘Among’ (Asah Asih Asuh & Ing Ngarsa Sung Tulada) and Kawruh Pamamong (Ngulawantah-lare/regulating children) systems. The ability of SRL subjects to understand (Ngerti Sumerep), to feel (Ngrasa Sih) and to action (Nglakoni Nrimo) still had no clear pattern on subjects. The internalization of SRL was in the process of co-regulatory behavior.

Morality in Moderation: Profiles of Moral Self and Behavioral Problems Among Children

ABSTRACT Middle childhood marks an important phase for moral and social-emotional development, yet little research has focused on a combined focus within this age range. A person-centered research approach could capture the complex co-development of the moral self and behavior problems. We thus sought to determine exploratively what emergent subgroups/profiles exist when examining combinations of moral self, emotional, conduct and peer problems in middle childhood. For the study, we recruited 369 children aged five to eleven (M age = 8.19, SD age = 1.30) in Germany. Children completed a questionnaire to assess their moral self (i.e. ascribed importance of moral characteristics), and their parents/caregivers completed the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. Using cluster analytic strategies, three profiles were identified. Profile 1 (high moral/high problems) comprised children exhibiting high moral self, emotional problems, peer problems, and average conduct problems (24.12%). Profile 2 (low moral/high problems) included children with low moral self and high emotional, peer, and conduct problems (14.91%). Profile 3 (moderate moral/low problems) encompassed children with average moral self and lower emotional, peer, and conduct problems (60.98%). We discuss the findings and note that future research should strive for a comprehensive understanding of children’s social-emotional and moral development, considering the intricate interplay between moral self and behavior problems.

Supplemental Material for Who Am I? A Second-Order Meta-Analytic Review of Correlates of the Self in Childhood and Adolescence

Supplemental Material for Who Am I? A Second-Order Meta-Analytic Review of Correlates of the Self in Childhood and Adolescence

Self and Story in Early Childhood: Children's Developing Minds Revealed by Parent-Led Research by Hugh Crago (review)

Self and Story in Early Childhood: Children's Developing Minds Revealed by Parent-Led Research by Hugh Crago (review)

Associations between Parenting, Temperament-Related Self-Regulation and the Moral Self in Middle Childhood

The moral self is increasingly being debated in research, i.e., what causes children to internalise and evaluate the importance of certain moral values. The aim of the present study is to analyse associations between parental warmth and harsh parenting, temperamental self-regulation (inhibitory control and impulsivity), and the moral self in middle childhood. A total of 194 (n = 52 children with special educational needs in emotional-social development) six- to eleven-year-old children (Mage = 8.53, SDage = 1.40) and their primary caregivers (Mage = 40.41, SDage = 5.94) participated in this cross-sectional questionnaire study. Parental warmth and impulsivity were associated with the moral self. Impulsivity mediated the relationship between harsh parenting as well as parental warmth and the moral self. Results are discussed in terms of their relevance to social information processing theory. The importance of parenting and temperamental self-regulation is discussed as implications that may in turn strengthen children's moral selves.

“If I speak like you, I am you”: Racial passing in Trevor Noah’s Born a Crime and Other Stories

In his memoir Born a Crime and Other Stories (2016), stand-up comedian Trevor Noah, draws on the thematic concerns of his stand-up performances, as he documents his experiences of racial passing in apartheid and then post-apartheid South Africa. Noah’s reflections on these experiences of passing are integral to shaping his commentary on how racial identities are constructed and perceived. In this article, I will examine how Noah’s racial passing narrative expands upon depictions of and commentaries on race presented within works of South African racial passing memoir writing. As I will demonstrate, Noah’s use of elements of humour and imagination in constructing his childhood self’s perceptions of the racialized world, positions his persona as one that contrasts that of the tragic mulatto as it is represented in other works of South African racial passing memoir writing. Through this contrast, I will suggest that Noah’s memoir challenges the notion that one’s identity is restricted and limited by systems of racial categorization by reflecting on how race can, in fact, be interpreted as a site of creative expression.

교사의 놀이지원역량이 유아의 자기효능감에 미치는 영향

Objectives The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of teacher's play support competency on childhood's self-efficacy and to verify the mediating effect of teacher-child interaction.
 Methods The study participants were 413 3-years-old, 4-years-old, and 5-years-old children and 40 teachers in childcare centers and kindergarten. The teacher's play support competency, childhood's self-efficacy, and teacher-child interaction tools were evaluated by the child's teacher. The collected data were subjected to Pearson's correlation analysis and Baron and Kenny's three-stage mediating regression analysis using the SPSS 21.0 program, and then the significance of the mediating effect was verified through Sobel test.
 Results First, there was the significant correlation between teacher's play support competency, childhood's self- efficacy, and teacher-child interaction. Second, it was found that the teacher's play comprehension competency mediated the teacher-child interaction and had an indirect effect on the cognitive, physical, and social emotional efficacy of children. Third, it was found that the teacher's play observation and analysis competency had an indirect effect on the social and emotional efficacy of children by full mediation the teacher-child interaction. Fourth, it was found that the teacher's play operation competency had an indirect effect on the cognitive and social emotional efficacy of children by full or partial mediation the teacher-child interaction. Fifth, it was found that the teacher's play response and communication competency had an indirect effect on the cognitive, physical, and social emotional efficacy of children by full mediation the teacher-child interaction.
 Conclusions The results of this study suggest that it is important to develop teacher's play support competency and improve the quality of teacher-child interactions in order to improve childhood's self-efficacy.

And Joy Shall Overtake Us as a Flood

Are our choices in life, and throughout all time, predetermined, or is there the ability to make different, and better, choices with additional information? In this work of philosophical short story fiction, an older disfigured man has a horrible life. He is brought into a government facility because they have discovered that he met his older self when he was younger, thus establishing that he must now be sent back in time to take part in the action he has already experienced as his younger self. The old man lies to the agency and decides, while back in time, he will try to warn his childhood self away from the errors of his life. While talking to his childhood self the narrator makes realizations about the younger version of himself and the differences between memory and truth.

A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Efficacy of Self-Attachment to Treat Chronic Anxiety and/or Depression in Iranian Women.

The aim of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy of the new Self-Attachment Technique (SAT) in treating resistant anxiety and depression, lasting at least three years, among Iranian women from different social backgrounds. In this self-administrable and algorithmic intervention, the participant, using their childhood photos, imaginatively creates an affectional bond with their childhood self, vows to consistently support and lovingly re-raise this child to emotional well-being. We conducted a longitudinal study with repeated measurement to evaluate the efficacy of SAT using ANOVA. Thirty-eight women satisfying the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited from different parts of Tehran. To describe the SAT protocols, a total of eight one-to-one sessions were offered to the recruits, the first four were weekly while the last four were fortnightly. The participants were expected to practice the protocols for twenty minutes twice a day. Two questionnaires, GAD-7 and PHQ-9, were used to measure anxiety and depression levels before and after the intervention and in a three-month follow-up. Thirty women completed the course. The change in anxiety level between the pre-test and the post-test was significant at p < 0.001 with effect size 2.5. The change in anxiety between pre-test and follow-up test was also significant at p < 0.001 with effect size 3.5. The change in anxiety between the post-test and the follow-up was significant at p < 0.05 with effect size 0.6. For depression, the changes between pre-test and post-test as well as between pre-test and follow-up were significant at p < 0.001 with effect size 2.3 and 3.1 respectively.

Boundaries

Boundaries Elena Croitoru (bio) Click for larger view View full resolution A countryside flâneuse in search of her deceased grandfather contemplates anchoring, wandering, and the small marks we leave on the world. How does one get to know a person who passed away? I thought about that while I flew from London to Bacau, a city close to where my now-retired parents lived for most of the summer. All I had left of my grandfather—the person I wanted to know more about—were a few monochrome photographs with scalloped edges displayed in a family album. My mother's descriptions of him were sparse because the paths to her memories closed up over the years. She called him good-natured and said he'd loved the land he'd owned and that he'd spent a lot of his life riding horses or walking—something that resonated with my childhood self. When I was three he passed away, and later his letters and notes were destroyed in a flood. ________ AFTER THE PLANE landed, a cab drove me away from Bacau's constellation of concrete tower blocks and from the bitter fumes of groaning buses, and into the land of vineyards, corn, and wheat crops. It was hot and the city was grinding itself up into dust and getting into our lungs. Once [End Page 8] we reached the quilted countryside, it seemed as though I was going back in time, to the years when my life wasn't as defined as it is now. I spent my long childhood summers doing one of two things: either reading in the cool front room of my grandparents' house, on top of a pile of itchy wool rugs hand-woven by my grandmother, or walking for kilometers on end and trying to get to the spectral blue peaks I saw in the distance. I didn't know at the time that my wish was quixotic because the Tarcau Mountains were too far away. My grandmother's friends saw me as a wild girl because I took long trips on my own. I didn't know at the time that I'd probably inherited this desire to walk from my grandfather. ________ FOR THE FIRST time in more than five years, I arrived in Măgirești, a village shaped like a fish spine with a bent tail. Time had shrunk its square, its restored medieval stone well, and its bodega, which still smelled of strong tuica, but it had not dulled the green of its hills. Located at the foot of the forested Oriental Carpathians, it is built on an intricate terrain on which God seems to have spent a lot of time. It's made up of verdant hillocks abundant in shrubs and medicinal herbs, streams that swallow paths after the springtime thaws, meadows, velvety hills studded with grazing sheep, stratified and shimmering escarpments, golden inselbergs and bottle-green ponds on which pieces of wood float like miniature boats. It's a chamomile- and hay-scented symphony of textures and colors, a facsimile of the Shangri-La and a liminal space neighboring the malachite-green mountainscapes topped with a blue sawblade horizon. The village adopts borderland characteristics. Fruit trees aren't confined to orchards, so one can find an assortment of sour cherry, green plum, Mirabelle plum, cornelian cherry, walnut, and Jonathan apple trees (bearing sharp and aromatic fruits) living together on the same hill, communicating underground through their roots, sometimes overseeing muscat grapevines. When I heard that there are more trees on earth than there are stars in the Milky Way, I thought that the count could have started in this village. ________ MY GRANDPARENTS HAD never moved away from this area. For people like them, who had experienced two world wars, living in the countryside must have seemed like a good life because they'd witnessed the destruction and bombings that people sometimes brought to one another and to their environment. My grandfather loved the land and understood that independence came from it. He strived for self-sufficiency; hence he became a merchant and accumulated hundreds of acres that included pastures, arable land, and forests. All this...

The Imperial Church: Catholic Founding Fathers and United States Empire by Katherine D. Moran

Reviewed by: The Imperial Church: Catholic Founding Fathers and United States Empire by Katherine D. Moran Leslie Woodcock Tentler The Imperial Church: Catholic Founding Fathers and United States Empire. By Katherine D. Moran. (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 2020. Pp. xiv, 330. $48.95. ISBN: 9781501748813.) Jacques Marquette, a seventeenth-century Jesuit, loomed incongruously large in my non-Catholic childhood. I learned to swim at Pere Marquette beach on the southeastern shores of Lake Michigan; the priest-explorer also featured prominently in what passed for history instruction at my Grand Rapids public school. I remember the pride those lessons engendered—pride that one of our own, geographically speaking, could be claimed as an American Founding Father; pride too in Marquette’s French origins, redolent to my childhood self of sophistication and glamor. But although I was certainly aware that Marquette was a Catholic, I never wondered at his being so lionized in what was then a stronghold of Dutch Reformed Protestantism. That surfaced as a puzzle only many years later. Given my personal history, I was primed to appreciate Katherine Moran’s The Imperial Church, the first section of which centers on the secular cult of Jacques Marquette. The commemorative culture surrounding Marquette, peculiar to the upper Midwest, emerged in the 1870s and resulted by the early twentieth century in a plethora of statues and place names, along with the occasional civic pageant, [End Page 611] honoring the hitherto obscure Jesuit. Marquette was claimed by that commemorative culture as a co-founder of the American nation, “naturalizing, after the fact, the imperial nation’s expansion into formerly French and Native American territory” (p. 18). Pride in their booming region was a powerful motivator for the priest’s admirers, many of whom were Protestants. For some he also served, however incongruously, to legitimize the region’s explosive industrial growth, even as the priest’s undoubted anti-materialism spoke to the need for a less rapacious mode of industrial relations. Many such advocates of a more paternalistic capitalism also saw in Marquette, who was famously open to the region’s Indian cultures, a powerful endorsement of the nation’s assimilative capacities. But notwithstanding the priest’s own example, it was assimilation to a white Christian norm that his admirers had in mind. Moran turns next to Junípero Serra, the eighteenth century Franciscan founder of California’s Indian missions, who—like Jacques Marquette—was reimagined as a Founding Father and a bearer of white Christian civilization. Serra’s secular cult, underway by the 1880s and largely confined to California, was more vigorously commercial than that of Marquette: many of its mostly-Protestant promoters hoped to stimulate tourism and the state’s nascent hospitality industry. The cult had its mildly progressive side, presenting Serra as a model paternalistic employer—unlike the itinerant Marquette, Serra presided over a chain of missions where Indian neophytes lived and worked—and embracing an assimilationist ideal that rejected anti-Catholicism. Some of Serra’s admirers condemned the violence that early Anglo arrivals in California had wreaked on what remained of the local Indian population. But as in the case of Marquette, the assimilationist ideal that Serra allegedly embodied made no room for those unwilling or unable to conform to a white, Christian norm—or indeed for those who would challenge the racialized hierarchy of California’s emerging agro-industrial economy. The third and final section of Moran’s book, which deals with American occupation of the Philippines, presents a more complicated narrative, impossible to summarize here. It too involves Catholic priests, both Spanish and American, and serves to “naturalize” American expansion, now in an overseas mode, and affirm a vision of the nation as heir to an earlier wave of mostly Catholic imperial “civilizers.” Like the rest of this formidably intelligent book, these chapters are deftly argued and grounded in thorough research. But in this section especially, one would like to learn more about how this logic—the American war in the Philippines, not wholly popular back home, was unfolding in the present rather than the distant past—was received by a diverse national audience. This is less a criticism, however, than a tribute to Moran’s fine...

自分の子ども心に触れる描画活動「かいてみよう子ども心」 : 子ども心で描いた大人の絵と園児の絵

自分の子ども心に触れる描画活動「かいてみよう子ども心」 : 子ども心で描いた大人の絵と園児の絵

정상성의 생명정치: 윌리엄 워즈워스의 『서곡』 다시 읽기

This article examines William Wordsworth’s critique of normativity in the context of emerging biopolitics in Romantic-era Britain. In The Prelude, Wordsworth criticizes what can be called a “biopolitical” attempt to normalize the able body by investigating the problems of embodied subjectivity. If emerging biopower in the late eighteenth century operates to control populations to maximize their labor force, as Michel Foucault suggests, it does so by distinguishing between those who can perform simple, mechanical labor and those who cannot, and by defining the former (so-called the “able-bodied”) as normal and the latter (the “disabled-bodied”) as abnormal. I argue that Wordsworth’s The Prelude provides critical insights into the bodily subject that biopower seeks to normalize, demonstrating its potentials and limits through his depiction of natural man. In this autobiographical poem, Wordsworth portrays above all the poet himself as a natural man in an ambivalent or “paradoxical” sense: he is described to oscillate between two contrary states, between a simple natural creature reduced to its physicality and a full-fledged, human subject capable of thinking. Wordsworth registers this ambivalence of the natural man as such when he describes his alter-ego, the Boy of Winander, in Book 5. This wild boy running around in the mountains appears to be an animalistic existence like Wordsworth’s own childhood self, and yet he somehow develops self-consciousness, albeit only temporarily. Moreover, Wordsworth attributes the natural man’s self-transformative power to his body, especially to its affective capacity. As he traces the “growth of the poet’s mind,” Wordsworth becomes the Poet, an individual with exceptional sensibility and intelligence, by readjusting his relationship to his own body. He illustrates this corporeal aspect of his “growth”in his visions after the ascent of Mount Snowdon in Book 13. Once the “naked savage,” Wordsworth now (re)gains a capacity for thinking by reinforcing the body’s affective capacity, or what he terms Imagination: a power for producing a self-reflective feeling. In portraying natural man in The Prelude, Wordsworth then rethinks the normative body in the age of biopolitics: it resides within a spectrum that oscillates between a living body and a thinking body.

Attachment-related anxiety and avoidance and regulation of interpersonal distance in close relationships

We tested the relationships between attachment related anxiety and avoidance and interpersonal distance with significant others (mother, father, close friend, love target), as well as, the childhood self. One hundred seventy four university students (85 male and 89 female; average age was 23.90 years, SD = 4.42; 24 [13.8%] were married) participated in the study. They completed Experiences in Close Relationships-Relationship Structures questionnaire (ECR-RS), followed by a computerized version of the comfortable interpersonal distance (CID) task in both the passive state (when protagonists approached them) and the active state (when they approached targets). We asked participants to determine the point at which they felt uncomfortable (the discomfort point) and the point at which they wanted to stop the protagonist (the stop point). Analyses revealed that: (1) Global avoidance scores predicted individuals’ distance to parents, whereas global anxiety scores predicted distance to future love’s view and childhood self; (2) As avoidance increased, individuals allowed their parents to intrude more into their personal spaces; (3) Attachment anxiety and avoidance predicted the passive state better than the active state.