Self-heating Temperature Rise Research Articles

A Universal Scaling Formulation of the Generalized Peck’s Equation for Corrosion Limited Lifetime in Self-Heated ICs

Since the early 1980s, the highly accelerated stress test in conjunction with conventional Temperature-Humidity-Bias testing has been the industry-standard method for interpreting relative humidity (RH) and temperature (T) dependent failure modes in non-hermetically packaged ICs, solar modules, and other electronic components. In recent years, however, testing requirements based on JEDEC standards and the corresponding lifetime extrapolation to end-use conditions using Peck’s equation have been criticized as overly conservative for modern self-heated logic/power ICs. In practice, the self-heated ICs correlate RH, and T in a way that is not explicitly accounted for by Peck’s equation. In this study, we investigate the IC lifetime due to electrochemical failures – Cu-Al bond wire corrosion – by considering the effects of ambient RH, T, duty cycle, and self-heating temperature rise using an integrated self-consistent finite element-based Multiphysics model and propose a generalized Peck’s equation for self-heated ICs. Our study reveals how the asymmetry between On and Off-state heating leads to dramatic suppression of the effective RH experienced by an integrated circuit and, most importantly, identifies that the corrosion of Cu-Al bond wire occurs in spikes during the on-off transition when both RH and T are high. The generalized Peck’s equation also predicts an elegant scaling relationship among the fundamental variables associated with a self-heated IC lifetime. The prediction is validated by experimental lifetime data from self-heated IC published in the literature. The experimental validation of the physics-informed generalized Peck’s equation suggests the possibility of more accurate (and optimistic) lifetime predictions of modern ICs and solar modules.

Modelling of self-heating effect in FDSOI and bulk MOSFETs operated in deep cryogenic conditions

A detailed analysis of the self-heating effect measured by gate thermometry in FDSOI MOSFETs is conducted in deep cryogenic conditions, showing the linear temperature dependence of the differential thermal conductance over a wide range. Then, an analytical formulation of the self-heating temperature rise as a function of power and ambient temperature in FDSOI and bulk MOSFETs valid down to very low temperatures is proposed for the first time. This self-heating temperature rise model is then used to develop an original compact model for the self-heated drain current in FDSOI MOSFETs operated down to very low temperatures.

Photonic thermometer by silicon nitride microring resonator with milli-kelvin self-heating effect

Whispering gallery mode (WGM) photonic thermometer had achieved ultra-high sensitivity and resolution. However, while pursuing extremely high quality factor and thereafter high precision, power-induced self-heating within microcavity can bring a significant systematic error. We propose a photonic sensor with less than milli-kelvin self-heating effect utilizing silicon nitride (Si3N4) microring resonator with a loaded quality factor of 4.75 × 105. By investigating thermal broadening transmission spectra under various probing powers, effective absorption coefficient and thermal relaxation constant of the device were obtained where thermo-refractive and Kerr effect were accounted. Self-heating temperature rise was predicted to be mitigated to 245 μK under a proposed measurement condition, and this ultra-low self-heating effect was experimentally proved. The proposed approach can be used to establish metrological standards for photonic thermometry and various sensing applications.

Self-heating and dynamic mechanical behavior of silicone rubber composite filled with carbonyl iron particles under cyclic compressive loading

Self-heating and dynamic mechanical behavior of isotropic silicone rubber composite (SRC) filled with micro-sized carbonyl iron particles (CIPs) subjected to cyclic compressive loading have been studied. Effects of pre-strains from 5 to 20%, strain amplitudes from 1 to 5%, and excitation frequencies from 10 to 50 Hz on the self-heating and dynamic mechanical response of the isotropic SRC were investigated. The self-heating temperatures were measured on the surface and at the center of cylindrical SRC specimens. The self-heating temperatures of the isotropic SRC samples showed a fast increase in an initial transient stage and the following isothermal stage. The temperature distribution in the isotropic SRC specimens was non-homogeneous and the temperature decreased from the center to sample edges. The self-heating temperatures of the isotropic SRC increased gradually with raising the strain amplitude and frequency. However, the difference between the internal and surface temperatures was slight for low strain amplitudes and frequencies, while it was significant for high strain amplitudes and frequencies. The temperatures of the isotropic SRC boosted rapidly with increasing the pre-strain to 10% and thereafter gained slightly. Although the isotropic SRC dynamic moduli reduced with the rise of the strain amplitude, they enhanced with increasing the pre-strain and frequency. Besides, the storage modulus of the isotropic SRC varied slightly with time, while the loss modulus reduced markedly especially at the initial period. The decrease in the loss modulus of the isotropic SRC under cyclic compressive loading is attributed to its self-heating temperature rise. A finite element simulation of the heat transfer in the SRC cylinder was conducted. The calculated temperatures in the SRC cylinder were in good agreement with the measured ones at different strain amplitudes and frequencies.

Simulation and measurement of the self-heating phenomenon of carbon/epoxy laminated composites under fatigue loading

In the present research, the self-heating phenomenon in laminated composites under fatigue loading was studied. The generated-dissipated energy (GDE) model was developed to calculate the generated energy due to the viscoelastic nature of the matrix, and the dissipated energy through the convection and conduction mechanisms. To consider the effects of irreversible fatigue failure modes in laminated composites, the GDE model was coupled with the progressive fatigue damage (PFD) model. By coupling these two models, the self-heating (S–H) model was developed to simulate the self-heating temperature rise in laminated composites under fatigue loadings. An experimental program was conducted to validate the present model. The temperature at the surface of laminated composites was monitored by an infrared thermography camera during the fatigue tests. The experimental results show that the present model can precisely predict the self-heating temperature rise in composite specimens with an arbitrary stacking sequence under fatigue loading conditions.

Research on fast real-time calculation model for transient temperature rise of power cables in ducts

A straightforward and fast transient temperature rise calculation model is necessary for electrical engineers to manage power cable load. A self-heating lumped parameter model (LPM) without the requirement of monitoring cable surface temperature is developed to evaluate the real-time transient temperature rise of the power cable in ducts. A mutual-heating lumped parameter model to describe the mutual heat interaction between any two cables is proposed in this paper as well. The transient temperature rise of any power cable in duct is the sum of the self-heating temperature rise and the mutual-heating temperature rise from all the other power cables in ducts. All parameters of these two models are obtained by transient thermal circuit analysis, CYMCAP calculation results and generic algorithm. A case study has been conducted to verify the feasibility of the proposed LPMs and the self and mutual temperature rise for each cable in ducts have been obtained. These results agree with the accurate data obtained from CYMCAP well, indicating that LPM can be used as a fast and straightforward tool to calculate the transient temperature rise of power cables in duct.

Surface Functionalization of MnFe2O4 Nanoparticles with Ethylenediamine for Hyperthermia Application

Biocompatible magnetic nanoparticles with enhanced heating proficiency are required for magnetic hyperthermia in order to use it efficiently in cancer treatment. In this paper, ethylenediamine functionalized monodispersed manganese iron oxide (MnFe2O4) nanoparticles were synthesized by using polyol method and functionalized nanoparticles were characterized by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis techniques for structural, morphological and magnetic analysis. Hyperthermia characteristics of functionalized MnFe2O4 nanoparticles were studied at 167.6, 251.4 and 335.2 Oe to assess the feasibility magnetic hyperthermia anticancer therapy. Outcome revealed that nanoparticles the self-heating temperature rise up to 48.76 to 56.34 °C at 5 and 10 mg mL-1 concentrations in water respectively. Specific absorption rate 94.65 W g-1 was observed at 5 mg mL-1 concentration. Biocompatibility study of functionalized nanoparticles has divulged almost no toxicity for nanoparticles.

Induction of Heat Shock Protein-72 by Magnetic Nanofluid Hyperthermia in Cultured Retinal Ganglion Cells for Neuroprotective Treatment in Glaucoma

Background. Magnetic hyperthermia using superparamagnetic nanoparticle (SPNP) agents is considered a promising biotechnological approach to induce heat shock proteins (HSPs) in a target tissue because it can generate accurately controllable localized heating.Objectives. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate induction of HSPs in cultured retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) by using engineered Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4SPNP agents coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 500.Methods. The Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4nanoparticles were synthesized using a high temperature thermal decomposition method. The AC heating characteristics of PEG 500-coated Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4nanoparticles were investigated using an AC solenoid coil-capacitor system.Results. PEG 500-coated SPNPs efficiently penetrated into the cytoplasm of RGCs without causing obvious cytological changes and showed stable and well-saturated self-heating temperature rise characteristics. Immunofluorescent staining images showed that AC magnetic hyperthermia successfully induced HSP72 in RGCs incubated with Mn0.5Zn0.5Fe2O4nanoparticles. In Western blot analysis, a significant increase in immunoreactivity was observed for RGCs incubated with SPNPs in a fixed AC magnetic field (fappl=140 kHz andHappl=140 Oe).Conclusion. Our results demonstrate that the induction of HSP72 with a magnetic nanofluid hyperthermia could potentially be used as a neuroprotective treatment modality by way of enhancing a natural cytoprotective response.

Self-Heating Temperature and AC Hysteresis of Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Their Dependence on Secondary Particle Size

Magnetic nanoparticles are expected to be used as hyperthermia agents. The mechanism of self-heating of the magnetic nanoparticles under an ac magnetic field is different according to their size. In this study, the temperature rise for the ac/dc hysteresis loops of magnetic nanoparticles were evaluated to clarify the contribution of the Neel and Brownian relaxations to heat dissipation. The samples were dextran-coated magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles of different hydrodynamic diameters (40, 54, and 86 nm), but the same primary diameter of 10 nm. From these diameters, the peak frequencies for the Brownian and Neel relaxations were calculated. The Neel relaxation time, determined by the primary particle size, is much shorter than the Brownian relaxation time for these samples. Although the Neel relaxation is dominant, the self-heating temperature rise of the 86 nm sample was higher than that of the 40 and 54 nm samples. These results suggest that the effect of the magnetic interaction between the nanoparticles depends on the hydrodynamic diameter.

Induction heating studies of dextran coated MgFe2O4nanoparticles for magnetic hyperthermia

MgFe(2)O(4) nanoparticles with sizes around 20 nm have been prepared by a combustion method and functionalized with dextran for their possible applications in magnetic particle hyperthermia. The induction heating study of these nanoparticles at different magnetic field amplitudes, from 6.7 kA m(-1) to 26.7 kA m(-1), showed self-heating temperature rise up to 50.25 °C and 73.32 °C (at 5 mg mL(-1) and 10 mg mL(-1) concentrations in water respectively) which was primarily thought to be due to hysteresis losses activated by an AC magnetic field. The dextran coated nanoparticles showed a maximum specific absorption rate (SAR) of about 85.57 W g(-1) at 26.7 kA m(-1) (265 kHz). Dextran coated nanoparticles at concentrations below 1.8 mg mL(-1) exhibit good viability above 86% on mice fibroblast L929 cells. The results suggest that combustion synthesized MgFe(2)O(4) nanoparticles coated with dextran can be used as potential heating agents in magnetic particle hyperthermia. Uncoated and dextran coated samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) and zeta potential-DLS studies.

Direct Air Cooling of Electronic Components: Reducing Component Temperatures by Controlled Thermal Mixing

This paper discusses forced convection heat transfer in a channel populated with discrete components similar to those found in electronics cooling situations. The temperature rise of each component is expressed as the sum of two parts; its adiabatic temperature rise, Tad–Tin, due to the thermal wakes of upstream components; and its self-heating temperature rise, Te–Tad due to its own power dissipation. A component’s temperature can be reduced either by reducing the adiabatic temperature rise or the self-heating temperature rise, or both. This investigation concentrates on the former: reducing the adiabatic temperature rise through increased thermal mixing in the coolant flow. The temperature of the air near the components exceeds the mean temperature of the cooling fluid, often by a large amount. In the present work, small scoops were installed in regions of high temperature but low velocity fluid (i.e., in between rows of components rather than in the free stream) to augment thermal mixing and reduce the nonuniformity. This approach does not induce as large a pressure drop as some conventional “turbulators” for a given decrease in operating temperature. In the present work, the scoops reduced the adiabatic temperature rises by 10 to 55 percent, resulting in up to 19 percent reduction in the overall temperature rise. The test section pressure drop increased 11 percent.