Rapid achievement of the irregularly shaped post-wound closure is closely related to the effectiveness of clinical hydrogel-based wound dressings to inhibit microbial invasion and promote wound healing. Herein, an injectable and self-healing hydrogel with rapid gelation was engineered based on carboxymethyl chitosan (CMCS) and oxidized dextran (Odex). The hydrophobic drug, quercetin, with antioxidant and antibacterial effects, was loaded in the PF127 micelles with an encapsulation efficiency of 59.06 %, and then quercetin-loaded PF127 micelles were ingeniously incorporated into the hydrogels. The prepared composite hydrogels not only showed a stable and sustained release behavior of quercetin, but also possessed excellent antioxidant activities and antibacterial properties against Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative Escherichia coli. Moreover, the composite hydrogels with microstructure (150–250 μm) also exhibited self-healing and injectable properties. In addition, the survival rates of NIH 3T3 cells when cultured with hydrogel extract were all over 80 %, illustrating the excellent biocompatibility of hydrogels. Therefore, our prepared multifunctional composite hydrogels showed a broad prospect as wound dressings for treating acute skin injuries.