System Of Self-government Research Articles

Деятельность Н.И. Буланова на посту городского Головы Ставропольской городской Думы

In 1873, the City Duma was established in Stavropol (now Tolyatti) as the highest body of local government. It was in charge of various issues: the formation of the external appearance of the city, the organization of cultural events, the development of education and healthcare. The functioning of the local government system remains one of the main issues today. Having studied this problem, it can be noted that, based on the accumulated experience, there is a transformation of the relationship between the government and the heads of local government. The authors made an attempt to address the history of the Stavropol City Duma of the 19th century and analyze one of the key figures in the system of self-government – the city Mayor, who occupied a fairly high status due to the concentration of both legislative and executive power in his hands. The focus of the study is on the activities of the City Head of the Stavropol Duma, Nikolai Ivanovich Bulanov, who was born into a merchant family and was able to receive a higher education, which made him very different from his fellow officers. Nikolai Bulanov worked for more than 30 years in the Stavropol city government and during this time made a significant contribution to the development of city infrastructure. The source base is includes materials from the Tolyatti archive: journals of City Duma meetings on issues of city improvement, formal lists, ballot papers for city mayor election, reports of city councils.

Reinforcement learning in autonomous defense systems: Strategic applications and challenges

Reinforcement learning (RL) is one of the most progressive ways to improve the efficiency of drones and robotic systems in the context of the defense and security industries. In Anomaly Detection (AD) systems, this paper discusses the potential of RL as a Model Selection Criteria (MSC) method and its associated issues. RL algorithms enable such systems to adapt to and learn from interactions with their environment, optimizing their response to complex and dynamic threats. This way, new states may be introduced with better decision-making processes, improving the effectiveness of the operations and enabling Reinforcement learning -powered systems to learn new scenarios as well as perform detailed defensive actions in a real-time context. The importance of RL in national defense can therefore be said to lie in its capacities for changing how threats are identified, how threats are responded to, and even what strategies of defense are thought of. Self-governing systems that incorporate Reinforcement learning are capable of functioning in an unpredictable environment, evaluating threats correctly, and carrying out defensive measures with the help of people practically at all. This versatility is critical in modern warfare because a preferred option is the right response to threats that were unknown a few years ago. However, incorporating RL into autonomous defense systems is not without big challenges. Some important problem areas are improved stability and accuracy of RL algorithms in various and critical situations, the legal and practical consequences of autonomous decision-making and possible threats that can arise due to adversarial manipulation of learning algorithms. In addition, such systems have to be developed and put into practice under national and international standards to meet certain requirements and build confidence in such applications. This paper explores these strategic uses and issues and presents a detailed overview of how RL can improve independent defense functionalities, as well as the significant problems relating to this approach. Thus, by providing case studies and theoretical analysis, it aims to demonstrate that RL has the potential to define the technological development of defense and benefit national security systems in the context of a growing threat.

Территориальное общественное самоуправление: новый взгляд на возможности и перспективы влияния на создание городской среды

The article considers the institution of territorial public self-government as a form of direct implementation by the population of local self-government in the administrative-territorial framework of the Rostov region as a whole and the municipalities included in it, in particular. Territorial public self-government currently has the makings for a new round of active development, both in the changing system of Russian local self-government as one of the hierarchical levels of its organization, and in the field of the urban environment, in which it acts as an important actor of change, as well as a tool in consolidating and implementing these changes.

О местном самоуправлении в Грузии в конце XX – начале XXI вв.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the features of local self-government in the Republic of Georgia at the end of the 20th–21st centuries. This study allows us to assess the legal development of local self-government in Georgia during the period under review and analyze the problems of interaction between central and local authorities. According to the author, in the conditions of managing society during the period under review in Georgia, elements of state administration and local self-government were combined. Throughout the 20th century, methods of public administration were predominant. However, already at the beginning of the 21st century, the process of changing the functions of managing the affairs of society actualized the problem of creating an independent system of self-government. This was partly facilitated by Georgia’s accession to the Council of Europe in 2000, and as a consequence of this, by the assumption of obligations to reduce the direct influence of the state on local governments, as well as the formation of exclusively elected local authorities. Consequently, improving the structure of local self-government in the Republic of Georgia, on the one hand, and the procedure for its interaction with government bodies, on the other, constituted the content of municipal construction at the end of the 20th and beginning of the 21st centuries.

Cossacks in the Conditions of Frontier Modernization (on the example of the Far East in the late 19th – early 20th centuries)

Historically, the contacts between the Cossacks and the Chinese population were established and their particular strengthening occurred during the construction of the Chinese-Eastern Railway between 1897 and 1903. The imperial authorities devised a plan to establish the Sungurian Cossack army, which was to be augmented by the Cossacks dispatched to protect the ‘KVZhD’. These troops were to comprise the descendants of Albazin and the local population. In the context of the present circumstances, the Cossacks in the peripheral Ussuri Territory and Manchuria served as the frontiers of the system of relations with the local Chinese and Korean populations, as well as the modernizing transformation of the region. As the most mobile and passionate segment of the population, the Cossacks played a pivotal role in the socio-economic and cultural transformation of the region. Their extensive involvement in the agrarian economy and their diverse socio-class and ethno-confessional composition contributed to the diversification of the regional mosaic. During this historical period, the Cossacks served as the driving force of the Russian exploration of the Far Eastern space. Moreover, they facilitated the militarization of the newly developed territories. The format of the study permits presenting a set of relations risen along the Center–Far Eastern Cossacks axis. The objectives of this paper is to ascertain the nature of this relationship within the system and to study the dissemination of the experience of the Cossack self-government system to neighboring regions, including the process of Japanese colonization of the island of Hokkaido. The research findings indicate the efficacy of applying the Cossack administrative and economic management experience to the Far East and Manchuria, as well as in adjacent regions, such as Hokkaido. The article is intended for Cossack specialists and sinologists.

ЄВРОПЕЙСЬКА ХАРТІЯ МІСЦЕВОГО САМОВРЯДУВАННЯ ЯК ОСНОВА ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ОРГАНІВ УПРАВЛІННЯ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИМИ ГРОМАДАМИ В УКРАЇНІ

The article examines the topic of compliance of legal regulation and the actual activity of local self-government bodies with the European Charter of Local Self-Government from the point of view of the conceptual understanding of the place of the local self-government body in the system of local self-government, its authority to perform management functions, the possibility of external supervision of its activities and rights citizens to participate in local government, which is the fundamental basis that characterizes the condition and capacity of local authorities. It has been established that the competence of local self-government bodies to carry out management in the form of delegated authority provided by Ukrainian legislation does not correspond to the principle of subsidiarity, which is defined by the European Charter of Local Self-Government, and the lack of a real and effective mechanism of administrative supervision of local self-government bodies, as provided for by this international agreement, has also been revealed. In addition, the discrepancy in the approaches of the European Charter of Local Self-Government and acts of Ukrainian legislation to the conceptual understanding of the place of local self-government bodies in the local self-government system was analyzed, and the problem of involving internally displaced persons to life in new communities and their right as community residents to participate in local self-government was highlighted. The importance of developing specific proposals for full compliance with the principle of subsidiarity in part of delegated authorities and the implementation of the mechanism of administrative supervision over the activities of local self-government bodies into regulatory and legal circulation was emphasized. At the same time, emphasis is placed on the need for a unified approach to building a high-quality and effective regulatory framework on local self-government based on European standards, which is an important issue on the agenda in the context of Ukraine's movement towards the European community.

MUNICIPAL GOVERNANCE IN GERMANY: PRACTICE RECOMMENDATIONS FOR UKRAINE

Establishing a municipal governance system is a long process focused on selecting the best practices that have proven to be effective and efficient. One of the methods is the transit of elements of municipal systems borrowed from other countries. The experience of ensuring democratic participation of the community formed in Germany is of interest. The purpose of the article is to identify the components of the German model of municipal governance that can be used by Ukraine to improve the efficiency of the national system of local self-government and bring it closer to EU standards. The elements of the comparative analysis in the article are the analysis of the institutional model of municipal governance and its state and political basis; determination of the specifics of the distribution of powers between the state and local governments and the nature of community participation in local self-government; characterization of the system of financial guarantees and the budget system; determination of the principles of cooperation and coordination of municipalities. The article uses the methodology of comparative analysis based on the identification and analysis of the legal, structural, organizational, political and economic components of municipal governance in Ukraine and Germany.

Development of the "main grounds of rules" for public municipal administration of capital cities and Odesa

This study is dedicated to exploring the practice of building a local self-government system in the Russian Empire, which differed from the European experience. This system was created exclusively through the government's initiatives and efforts, with minimal public intervention. The combination of methodological approaches to solving the set tasks relied precisely on the historical dimension. Combined with a functional approach, it allowed for reconstructing a systematic picture of the researched subject. This way, government measures were analysed to develop the "main grounds of rules" for public urban administration of capital cities and Odesa. Special attention was paid to the differences in the Regulation on the Public Order of the City of Odesa regarding implementing the principle of all-class inclusiveness and independence in public administration. Given the urgency of the problem of self-government for society, it was highly politicised, especially by Soviet historiography, and was far from impartial research. Therefore, the authors aimed to provide an unbiased view of the legislative process. Prospects for further research lie in seeking ways to return the self-governing traits genetically inherent to Ukrainians and to build Ukrainian statehood based on the dominance of local self-government in the political-organisational and institutional-functional aspects.

Data Visualization of Development Improvement and Budget Assistance for Village Residents Using the R Studio Program in Jombatan Village, Jombang District

Indonesia is a country that implements a regional self-government system, where each region is given the freedom to manage an exclusive area. This sovereignty does not only apply at the provincial and regional levels but also includes villages. Implementing "Law Number 6 of 2014 concerning Villages marks the beginning of a new era in village financial management". This law increases village income by allocating the Village Budget sourced from the State Budget (APBN). Village financial management is expected to be carried out more transparently, and accountably, and involve the population's participation. Village financial management includes all activities consisting of planning, implementation, management, reporting, and accountability of village finances.

Organizational features of the reform of local self-government in 1870 in the county towns of the Central Chernozem region (on the example of the Tambov province)

Importance. Cities in Russian history have always been distinguished by their special social, political, economic and cultural status, which was also manifested in internal organizational aspects. For almost two and a half centuries, there has been a domestic city government, which has gone through many modernization stages and has become an important socio-political institution in the field. In this regard, the issues of continuity and traditions in its development remain important. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the organizational features of the urban reform of 1870 in the counties of the Central Chernozem region.Materials and Methods. The source basis of the study is the materials of the State Archive of Tambov region and published publications of the Tambov Provincial Statistical Committee. Various legal acts are used to describe the mechanisms of regulatory regulation of urban selfgovernment. The methodological basis of the research is based on the principles of objectivity, historicism and consistency.Results and Discussion. The process of implementing the reform of urban self-government in 1870 in the provinces of the Central Chernozem region lasted for several years and was mostly completed only in 1873. This situation was explained by a number of reasons: firstly, the law did not contain norms aimed at the transition from the old system of urban governance to the new one, secondly, the legislator did not set a strict time frame related to the implementation of the reform, thirdly, urban societies themselves slowed down the process of reorganizing local government, making numerous mistakes in procedural There are internal disagreements among the electors.Conclusion. The formation of a new system of self-government in the county towns of the Central Chernozem region had a number of common legalized and arbitrary features. The “delayed” procedure for the enactment of the law made it possible to organize elections in provincial centers and form the practice of work of supervisory authorities. In some cities, the implementation of the reform was slowed down due to the incompetence of representatives of urban societies involved in the modernization of local governments. Finally, the censorship policy of the state and the unsettled mechanism for nominating candidates served as the basis for serious competition and numerous complaints that delayed the process.

THE MODEL OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT OF THE REPUBLIC OF ARMENIA IN THE CONTEXT OF INTERNATIONAL EXPERIENCE / ՀՀ ՏԵՂԱԿԱՆ ԻՆՔՆԱԿԱՌԱՎԱՐՄԱՆ ՄՈԴԵԼԸ ՄԻՋԱԶԳԱՅԻՆ ՓՈՐՁԻ ՀԱՄԱՏԵՔՍՏՈՒՄ

The aim of the research is to analyze international experiences in territorial administration, comparing them with the local self-government system of the Republic of Armenia (RA), highlighting both similarities and areas for improvement. This article focuses on studying international models of territorial administration and their relevance to the context of RA. We examine various models of local self-government, their management methods, and the primary sources of community revenue formation, conducting a comparative analysis. Additionally, we explore the local self-government system in RA, examining the methods of revenue generation and highlighting its unique aspects. Within the study, we emphasize the need and significance of modernizing revenue sources within communities. We provide recommendations considering areas for improvement within communities and emerging development trends. These recommendations include the introduction of a new type of tax, the hotel tax, as well as deductions from income tax, profit tax, environmental tax, and royalties.

The Effect of Enlargement on the Indicators of Fiscal Decentralization of RA Communities

Fiscal decentralization at the local level is aimed at ensuring financial autonomy to strengthen the role of local self-government bodies. In fiscal decentralization, it is also important to clarify what powers are given to local governments so that they can determine their spending priorities and have some capacity to expand local revenue sources. The administrative-territorial reforms of RA, in particular, the enlargement of communities, is a new challenge from the point of view of the development and independence of the local self-government system of RA, but to have a well-established local self-government system, it is very important to increase both the absolute and relative indicators of the communities' incomes. The results of the analysis carried out in the communities of Armenia for 10 years show that the communities have a trend of steady growth of their incomes, which, however, is not always accompanied by an increase in the share of their incomes in the total incomes. The latter is because, despite the RA administrative-territorial reforms, the communities continue to be significantly dependent on the state budget. With the emphasis on the importance of assessing the impact of enlargement in communities after the RA administrative-territorial reforms, there is a need to introduce a methodology for calculating several indicators of fiscal decentralization in communities, which will take into account not only indicators at the local level but also other macroeconomic indicators characterizing the country's economic situation, such as GDP.

Basic principles of the constitutional system of local self-government

Basic principles of the constitutional system of local self-government

Automated Air Purifier Robot

Abstract: Growing air pollution has become a major worry for all countries since the advent of industrialization and modernity. Each person's health is affected differently by air pollution, which can lead to serious consequences. The largest environmental health concern in the world is air pollution, particularly indoor air pollution, which is connected to over 4 million deaths a year from conditions like lung cancer, ischemic heart disease, stroke, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.. The air inside our homes and workplaces can become contaminated with dangerous pollutants as cities and industries grow. This is where air purifiers become crucial, and new developments have introduced autonomous air purifier robots as a new player in the field. These robots are not your normal stationary air purifiers; instead, they move around and clean the air using cutting-edge technologies like robotics, artificial intelligence, and sensors. These robot air purifiers are more dynamic than typical air purifiers because they can adjust to changing indoor settings. The objective of this review paper is to examine autonomous air purifier robots, including their history, essential technological elements, uses, and possible effects on indoor air quality. We want to comprehend the benefits, constraints, and distinct issues these robotic solutions tackle when compared to traditional air purifiers by looking at the state of the art. We will also talk about user experiences, upcoming trends, and the moral issues surrounding the use of these self-governing systems

INNOVATIVE TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE NATIONAL LEGAL SYSTEM OF UKRAINE AS A CONDITION FOR PARTICIPATION IN EUROPEAN POLICIES

Introduction. The article highlights the essence of the main innovative transformations taking place in the legal system of Ukraine in the context of intensification of the European integration processes from the standpoint of general theoretical analysis. The author focuses on the interrelation between changes in the national legal system of Ukraine and the State's involvement in European policies. Summary of the main results of the study. It is found that deepening of Ukraine's participation in European policies depends on several basic organizational and legal factors: formation of a unique regulatory framework for the implementation of EU legal standards into the system of national legislation of Ukraine, institutional reforms in the system of public authorities, improvement of the contractual framework for the development and deepening of political relations between Ukraine and the united Europe. The author reveals the main clusters of EU law provisions which are currently most implemented in the legal system of Ukraine (customs, food security, veterinary and phytosanitary policy, consumer protection and healthcare, statistics, foreign relations, transport policy, freedom of entrepreneurship and provision of services, financial services, freedom of movement of goods). It is proved that formal and legal support for the "transfer" of many areas of public administration and life in Ukraine to EU standards contributes to the formation of new social practices of their implementation similar to the European ones (functioning of public services, law enforcement and public safety, education and science, health care, etc.) Conclusion. The author substantiates the conclusion that innovative changes in the national legal system of Ukraine determine the degree and depth of our country's participation in European policies. The gradual deepening of involvement of employees of the system of public authorities and local self-government, as well as citizens involved in other spheres of society in the main areas of the EU's functioning, creates a real basis for accelerating Ukraine's accession to the EU. Accordingly, a promising task of legal science is to substantiate the most effective ways of further implementation of legal standards for the regulation of public relations, which are recognised as model ones at the EU level.

THE PRINCIPLE OF THE RULE OF LAW IN THE SYSTEM OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT

The principle of the rule of law, or legal guarantee, plays a key role in the system of local government, providing a framework and restrictions for the actions of local authorities. This principle implies that all actions and decisions taken by local authorities must comply with the law, including legislation at higher levels of government, constitutional norms and local legal acts. The rule of law in the system of local self-government ensures legal stability, protection of the rights and freedoms of citizens, prevents arbitrariness and corruption, and also helps ensure justice and equality before the law for all members of society.

Local self-government bodies in the process of municipal reform: trends and patterns of development

The article is devoted to the study of the development patterns of the local government system in the Russian Federation. The submission to the State Duma of the Russian Federation of the draft Federal Law «On the general principles of the organization of local self-government in the unified system of public authority» in December 2021 means the preparation of a new stage of municipal reform and makes it relevant to study long-term changes in the institutional organization of local self-government. The purpose of the study is to analyze changes in the structure of local self-government bodies and the rules of their formation at each stage of the development of this institution, as well as to identify the main patterns of this process. The analysis of the legislative base regulating the structure and rules of formation of local self-government bodies has been carried out. The data related to the development of the local government system provided by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation were analyzed. It is shown that the structure of local self-government bodies has not undergone significant changes. However, there have been changes in the ways of forming local self-government bodies, which reflect the trend towards their loss of institutional independence and integration into a single system of public power. This trend appeared at the stage of implementation of the Federal Law on Local Self-Government in 2003 and was consolidated in the new Draft law on Local self-government submitted to the State Duma of the Russian Federation in 2021. It is concluded that there is a tendency to increase the dependence on federal and regional legislators of local self-government bodies. For the institute of heads of municipalities, the loss of institutional independence was clearly manifested by the introduction of the procedure for electing heads by competition, displacing both election at municipal elections and election from the Council of Deputies. The formation of representative bodies, having passed the stage of delegating deputies to higher levels, returns to the model of direct elections. However, this happens in the context of the rejection of a two-tier system of local self-government.

ФІНАНСОВА СТІЙКІСТЬ ТЕРИТОРІАЛЬНИХ ГРОМАД У ВОЄННИЙ ЧАС: РОЛЬ ПОДАТКОВИХ ДОХОДІВ

Introduction. External aggression has become the backdrop against which the resilience of the local self-government system has manifested as an element of crisis management within the vertical system of public administration. The war has exacerbated territorial disparities and differentiated the challenges for local self-government bodies in various regions due to their distance from combat zones and occupation, leading to the emergence of new functions not typical for local self-government bodies. Problem Statement. These circumstances have precipitated a change in the conditions for the formation of tax revenues for the budgets of territorial communities. Firstly, there has been a transformation in the state's approach to budgetary and tax policy formation, reflected in amendments to budgetary and tax legislation. Secondly, hostilities have resulted in a shift in the spatial concentration of businesses and increased unevenness in population density as a consequence of forced displacement to safe areas. These factors have influenced the process of budgetary revenue accumulation at the local level and, consequently, the financial resilience of territorial communities and their capacity to fulfill their functions. Purpose. To analyze the accumulation of tax revenues for the budgets of territorial communities as a factor in ensuring/preserving their financial resilience. Methods. General scientific and specialized methods were employed, including analysis, synthesis, grouping, description, comparison, theoretical generalization, and abstract-logical reasoning. Results. Based on five indicators (tax capacity of budgets, tax sufficiency, tax autonomy, local taxes and fees, taxes on economic activity), an analysis of the formation of tax revenues for the budgets of territorial communities in the context of maintaining their financial resilience during the war against Ukraine has been conducted. An increase in disparities in the tax capacity of territorial communities and an increase in the number of administrative-territorial formations in a crisis state have been identified. The impact of two factors on the resilience stability of communities in wartime has been established: distance from combat zones and available economic potential. It has been demonstrated that communities with a high level of economic potential are characterized by higher financial resilience even in conditions of close proximity to the front line, as well as the significant role of large cities in maintaining financial and economic resilience in the region. Conclusions. It is argued that the system of tax revenue formation for territorial communities has become one of the main factors in preserving/ensuring financial resilience of territorial communities during wartime. The influence of high adaptability of economic actors in territorial communities on stabilizing the economy of communities in the second year of the war has been noted.

Constitutional foundations of local self-government in Ukraine

The constitutional foundations of local self­government in Ukraine are norms-principles reflected in more than 20 articles of the Constitution of Ukraine. Norms establishing the legal, organizational, material and financial foundations of local self-government provide for the establishment of a democratic decentralized management system, based on independent territorial communities, local self-government bodies, which are entrusted with the decision of all issues of local importance. Real effective local self-government is possible only in the presence of certain conditions that have objectively developed in society, and which collectively form the basis of local self-government. The basics of local self­government create the foundation, that is, the foundation on which the entire system of local self-government is built. One of the fundamental foundations of local self-government is the participation of citizens in the social and political life of the state. The topicality of the topic is due primarily to the fact that at the current stage of democratic transformation of our country, local self­government is the basis of civil society. Local self-government is one of the most important institutions of a democratic state. Its development is a central scientific problem of municipal law and a "cornerstone” in municipal science for many decades, since its inception. The 1996 Constitution of Ukraine created the legal basis for the development of local self-government as a special type of public power. The article analyzes the constitutional principles that established the status of municipal power, their influence on further legislation and practice of local self­government. The constitutional principles of local self-government are analyzed. The approaches available in modern jurisprudence regarding the definition of the concept of "basics of local self­government” have been considered. Arguments are presented in favor of separating the organizational- legal, territorial, and material-financial bases of the activity of local self-government bodies.

Understanding caregiver burden and quality of life in Kerala’s primary palliative care program: a mixed methods study from caregivers and providers’ perspectives

BackgroundFamily caregivers are vital for long-term care for persons with serious health-related suffering in Kerala. Long-term caregiving and ageing may become burdensome and detrimental to patients and caregivers. We compared the caregiver burden and quality-of-life of ageing caregivers with younger caregivers. We also explored the palliative care nurses’ perceptions of the family caregivers’ issues.MethodsWe did a mixed method study focusing on two groups: (i) three in-depth interviews and a cross-sectional survey among 221 caregivers of palliative care patients in five randomly selected panchayats (most peripheral tier of three-tier local self-government system in India concerned with governance of a village or small town) of Kollam district, Kerala, as part of development and validation of the Achutha Menon Centre Caregiver Burden Inventory; (ii) five in-depth interviews with purposively selected primary palliative care nurses as part of a study on local governments and palliative care. We used a structured interview schedule to collect cross-sectional data on sociodemographic and caregiving-related characteristics, caregiver burden, and health-related quality of life using the EuroQol EQ5D5L and interview guidelines on caregiver issues tailored based on participant type for qualitative interviews.ResultsOlder caregivers comprised 28.1% of the sample and had significantly poorer health and quality-of-life attributes. More senior caregivers experiencing caregiver burden had the lowest mean scores of 0.877 (Standard deviation (SD 0.066, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.854–0.899) followed by younger caregivers with high burden (0.926, SD 0.090, 95% CI 0.907–0.945), older caregivers with low burden (0.935, SD 0.058, 95% CI 0.912–0.958) and younger caregivers with low burden (0.980, SD 0.041, 95% CI 0.970–0.990). Caregivers faced physical, psychological, social, and financial issues, leading to a caregiver burden. The relationships between the palliative care nurses and family caregivers were complex, and nurses perceived caregiver burden, but there were no specific interventions to address this.ConclusionIn our study from Kollam, Kerala, three out of ten caregivers of palliative care patients were 60 years of age or older. They had significantly lower health-related quality of life, particularly if they perceived caregiver burden. Despite being recognized by palliative care nurses, caregiver issues were not systematically addressed. Further research and suitable interventions must be developed to target such problems in the palliative care programme in Kerala.