Self-esteem In Response Research Articles

EFFECT OF SELF-ESTEEM ON LIFE SATISFACTION AMONG ADOLESCENTS

This study aims to investigate two things based on the empirical data mentioned above: (1) how self-esteem and life satisfaction are related (2) the effects of gender on self-esteem as well life satisfaction. This review paper indicates that our emotional health, relationships, well-being, and ability to make decisions are all impacted by our sense of self-esteem. Adolescents who are confident in their skills and abilities may feel more satisfied with their lives generally, which could lead to higher self-esteem. Similarly, persons who tend to underestimate their own skills may have lower levels of positive self-esteem in response to reduced life satisfaction. Adolescents with high life satisfaction scores also exhibit better levels of social, emotional, and academic self-efficacy than those with low life satisfaction. Reduced levels of happiness and life satisfaction might result from poor self-esteem. Life satisfaction and self-esteem help adolescents to control, regulate, or reduce psychological distress and increase their subjective happiness, which in turn contributes to their overall mental well-being. Whether these two variables are high in boys or girls, the conclusion is that gender has an impact on self-esteem and life satisfaction. Increased life satisfaction is predicted by self-esteem and academic achievement in both boys and girls Gender influences the expression and growth of self-esteem. KEYWORDS: Self-Esteem, Life satisfaction, Adolescents

A boost in self-esteem after positive social evaluation predicts social and non-social learning.

Fluctuations in self-esteem resulting from social acceptance and rejection could guide social behaviour by putting us in a state that is more or less open to social experiences. However, it remains unclear whether social acceptance and rejection may shape learning from social information depending on individual differences in self-esteem changes. Here we used a social feedback paradigm to manipulate social acceptance and rejection in a between-subjects design. Subsequently, we administered a behavioural task that enables the assessment of how well individuals learn on the basis of own experiences versus social information. Participants receiving positive (N = 43) versus negative (N = 44) social evaluation demonstrated an increase in subjective self-esteem. Importantly, the effect of the social evaluation on social learning was moderated by self-esteem changes. Specifically, an increase in self-esteem, as induced by positive evaluation, was associated with increased learning from social, but decreased learning from individual information. A decrease in self-esteem in response to negative evaluation was associated with decreased learning from individual information. These data suggest that increases in self-esteem in response to positive evaluation can induce a shift in the inclination to use social versus non-social information and may open one up to constructive learning from others.

Individual Differences in Self-Esteem in Response to Different Forms of Social Exclusion

Social exclusion is a dynamic interactive process, yet previous research has mostly focus on the effect of different social exclusions in general terms. In this study, we investigated that whether peoples self-esteem after different categories of social exclusions is moderated by individual differences in Rejection Sensitivity. Participants are first engaged in a Rejection Sensitivity Questionnaire (Downey & Feldman, 1996) and an explicit self-esteem measurement. After a few weeks, they finished an explicit self-esteem measurement questionnaire which involved one of three kinds of social exclusion occasions. Each questionnaire pointed out the same situation: the participants met a friendly stranger at the weekend party and wanted to deepen their relationship. However, they all received different types of rejection and were in the exclusion condition. Implication of this research is to understand how individual differences in Rejection Sensitivity will affect the consequences in three circumstances of social exclusions: explicit rejection, ostracism, and ambiguous rejection. We expect to find that people with different rejection sensitivity will have different fluctuations in self-esteem in the face of three kinds of social exclusion. For example, people with high rejection sensitivity may suffer a more serious blow to their self-esteem in the face of direct rejection since they feel more anxious and sensitive to being rejected.

The role of self-esteem in response to self-threat

«Вестник Санкт-Петербургского университета. Психология» — научно-теоретический рецензируемый журнал, публикующий оригинальные статьи по различным отраслям психологической науки и адресованный профессиональному психологическому сообществу, а также ученым, работающим в смежных областях.

Weight-Influenced Self-Esteem, Body Comparisons and Body Satisfaction: Findings among Women from The Netherlands and Curacao

The present study examined young women’s weight-influenced self-esteem (WISE) in response to imagined weight gain and weight loss, and its relations to body satisfaction, body comparisons and global self-esteem. Young women from two different regions, that is, from the north of The Netherlands (n = 157) and from the Willemstad area (the capital of Curacao; n = 162), completed a questionnaire. It was expected that Dutch women would show lower self-esteem in response to imagined weight gain than women from Curacao, and that self-esteem in response to imagined weight gain would be negatively related to general self-esteem and body satisfaction, and more so among Dutch women than among Curacaoan women. Finally, it was expected that body comparisons would be predictive of lower self-esteem in response to imagined weight gain. As expected Dutch women showed lower self-esteem in response to imagined weight gain than Curacaoan women. Moreover, findings showed that among Curacaoan women self-esteem in response to imagined weight gain was not related to general self-esteem or body satisfaction and that body comparisons were less predictive of lowered self-esteem in response to imagined weight gain than among Dutch women. Findings are discussed in light of cultural differences in ideal body shape and the supportiveness of women’s social networks.

Having a Thicker Skin

Social power elicits an array of psychological tendencies that likely impact processes related to the fundamental need for belonging—including how people respond to social rejection. Across three studies, using multiple methods and instantiations of power and rejection, we hypothesized that power buffers people from the typically adverse emotional and self-esteem consequences of rejection. Supporting this, power buffered participants from increases in negative emotion and/or decreases in self-esteem in response to rejection from a romantic partner (Study 1), an anticipated interaction partner (Study 2), and a hypothetical coworker (Study 3). These findings document a direct link between power and emotional and self-esteem reactions to rejection.

Stigmatization and self-perception of youth with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder

Increasing numbers of families must learn to manage their child's attention deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through multimodal interventions that may include psychosocial, educational, and medication treatments. Like others with mental disorders, youth with ADHD face significant stigma in its various forms, including public (expressed as prejudice and discrimination), courtesy (stigma suffered by family members or associates of individuals with ADHD), and self-stigma (stigmatized individual's acceptance of negative views by others). Successful ADHD management requires awareness of stigma and of its potential adverse consequences on treatment initiation and persistence, but also calls for effective means to combat it. This review on stigmatization and self-perception of youth with ADHD first considers the current context of management and treatment options. Next, we appraise recent research in ADHD stigma measurement, identifying a dearth of validated tools and a need for additional instrument development, especially brief measures suitable for clinical encounters. The review then addresses studies of public stigma from the perspectives of youth and adults. A number of qualitative studies document the ubiquitous nature of public stigma experiences associated with ADHD from the perspectives of caregivers. Notably, impressions gathered in qualitative research are confirmed through quantitative studies of representative youth and adult samples, such as the National Stigma Study - Children, which report considerable stigmatization of ADHD by the general public. Unlike public stigma, courtesy stigma has not been examined through large-scale quantitative studies. However, courtesy stigma has been amply documented in qualitative research as a phenomenon experienced at various ecological levels, within the dyadic relationship with the affected child to interactions with immediate and extended family, community, and health and educational systems. Very limited research could be identified for self-stigma of youth affected by ADHD, with reports of lowered self-esteem in response to public stigma. General societal antistigma programs have been developed and implemented, consisting of three paradigms - protest, education, and contact - but insufficient guidance exists for ADHD treatment providers on how to combat stigma experienced by individual patients with ADHD and their families.

The Neural Sociometer: Brain Mechanisms Underlying State Self-esteem

On the basis of the importance of social connection for survival, humans may have evolved a "sociometer"-a mechanism that translates perceptions of rejection or acceptance into state self-esteem. Here, we explored the neural underpinnings of the sociometer by examining whether neural regions responsive to rejection or acceptance were associated with state self-esteem. Participants underwent fMRI while viewing feedback words ("interesting," "boring") ostensibly chosen by another individual (confederate) to describe the participant's previously recorded interview. Participants rated their state self-esteem in response to each feedback word. Results demonstrated that greater activity in rejection-related neural regions (dorsal ACC, anterior insula) and mentalizing regions was associated with lower-state self-esteem. Additionally, participants whose self-esteem decreased from prescan to postscan versus those whose self-esteem did not showed greater medial prefrontal cortical activity, previously associated with self-referential processing, in response to negative feedback. Together, the results inform our understanding of the origin and nature of our feelings about ourselves.

Reactivity of affect and self-esteem during remission in bipolar affective disorder: An experimental investigation

Bipolar affective disorder (BPAD) is characterised by a lifelong vulnerability to develop episodes of depressed or elevated mood in response to stressful life events involving achievement or failure. We hypothesised that this latent vulnerability can manifest as reactivity of affect and self-esteem to experimentally induced experiences of success and failure and is shaped by history of childhood adversity. Twenty-four people with remitted BPAD and twenty-four healthy controls underwent anagram-solving tasks designed to generate experiences of success and failure in two separate sessions. Positive and negative affect and implicit and explicit self-esteem were measured before and after each task. Early adversity was measured by Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. People with BPAD showed larger reactivity of affect and explicit self-esteem in response to experimental success and failure than did healthy controls. There were no significant differences in reactivity of implicit self-esteem. History of childhood trauma predicted increased affective reactivity to failure but not to success. We used a convenience sample. The present experimental paradigm reveals reactivity of affect and self-esteem as features of BPAD, which are present even during good remission and thus are accessible as targets of interventions aiming at relapse prevention. Differential associations with childhood adversity indicate aetiological heterogeneity, with reactivity to failure influenced by early trauma and reactivity to success driven by other mechanisms.

Exploring gender differences in the EFL classroom

This article aims to describe a case study which explores teacher and students` conceptions about gender in an EFL setting and the way they are manifested in their discourse patterns. This exploratory case study was carried out with a group of eleventh grade students and an English teacher at Liceo de la Universidad Católica high school in Bogotá Colombia. The data collected included direct observation of classroom interaction, audio and video recording of the teacher and students` interactions and interviews on the teacher’s and students` discourse. The analysis of the data revealed that in fact there are imbalances in relation to boys` and girls` participation during interaction, made manifest by verbal and nonverbal attitudes. There is also sound evidence of girls’ low self esteem in response to the lack of value and respect granted to their opinions by their male peers. Stereotypes are part of teachers’ and students’ conceptions regarding gender and thus they are maintained to a great extent. The teacher’s attitude in the classroom with respect to boys and girls also appeared to show inequality that favoured boys. The girls showed evidence of awareness of the teacher’s conscious or unconscious indifference towards them, which seemed to affect their autonomy and confidence as English language learners.

Is objectification always harmful? Reactions to objectifying images and feedback as a function of self-objectification and mortality salience

From the perspective of terror management theory, awareness of death induces a need for validation of important values. Thus, for women who place a high value on their appearance (e.g., high self-objectifiers), mortality salience should increase positive reactions to objectifying experiences relative to women who do not highly value appearance. Two studies supported this hypothesis. Self-objectification moderated favorable reactions to objectifying stimuli (Study 1) and state self-esteem in response to an objectifying comment (Study 2) when women were primed with death. Together, the studies illustrate the complexity of reactions to objectification and, by highlighting conditions in which objectification serves a psychological function, help to explain the pervasiveness of the phenomena.

Testing competence and acceptance explanations of self-esteem

Recent theorizing suggests that both competence and acceptance contribute to global self-esteem. However, relatively little empirical work has focused on the relative contributions of competence and acceptance. We tested in four studies (N = 332) two competing hypotheses about how competence and acceptance play a role in self-esteem. According to the acceptance hypothesis, acceptance should influence self-esteem more than competence should. According to the competence/acceptance hypothesis, acceptance and competence should influence self-esteem roughly equally. The studies assessed state self-esteem in several ways: responses to feedback in an experimental setting (Studies 1 and 2), predicted changes in self-esteem in response to hypothetical events (Study 3), and recall of changes in self-esteem in retrospective accounts (Study 4). Overall, results supported the acceptance hypothesis: acceptance influenced self-esteem more than did competence.

Fluctuations in state implicit self-esteem in response to daily negative events

A repeated assessment study examined changes in state implicit self-esteem after negative events. Multilevel analyses revealed that trait explicit self-esteem and self-concept clarity moderated the within-person association between daily negative events and state implicit self-esteem. People with low trait explicit self-esteem or low self-concept clarity experienced decreases in state implicit self-esteem when they experienced negative life events. In contrast, for people with high trait explicit self-esteem or high self-concept clarity, state implicit self-esteem remained stable after negative events. In addition, changes in state implicit self-esteem remained significant after controlling for state explicit self-esteem and daily negative affect. This study is the first to study changes in implicit self-esteem in the context of daily life events.

A FRAMEWORK FOR CONJECTURING ENTREPRENEURIAL OPPORTUNITIES: AN APPLICATION TO INDIVIDUALIZATION OF DEMAND IN THE UNDERTAKING BUSINESS

In the last few decades, the manner in which western society deals with death has changed under the influence of individualization processes. In this paper, directions of emerging opportunities for new products or services are pointed out that respond to this development. For this purpose, five types of heuristic information are provided and analyzed. First, background information about the market. Second, an analysis of consumer wants, problems, and behavior. Third, an analysis of the change factor that explains how wants of consumer are becoming different. Fourth, a description of innovations that already try to meet these changed wants. Fifth, conceptualizations of the market that define the market in a reframed manner. The paper concludes that the centrality of the self (and its cessation by death), the importance of expression of one's authentic personality, the diminished authority of traditional frameworks that explain death, and a want for self-esteem in response to mortality salience all give rise to opportunities for new products and services in response to individualizing manners of dealing with death.

Prejudice and self-esteem: A transactional model

This paper reviews three theoretical models of how prejudice affects the self-esteem of its targets. The stimulus-response model assumes that prejudice has a direct, negative effect on self-esteem. The stimulus-perception-response model recognises that perceptions of prejudice may not directly mirror experiences with prejudice, but predicts that the subjective perception of being a target of prejudice has a direct, negative effect on self-esteem. Both of these models are found to be inadequate. We propose a third, transactional model, which assumes that individuals do not respond in uniform way to being the target of prejudice. Rather, this model contends that self-esteem and emotional responses to prejudice are determined by cognitive appraisals of prejudicial events and coping strategies used in response to these events; these processes, in turn, are shaped by personal, situational, and structural factors. Experiments are presented showing that self-esteem in response to perceived prejudice is moderated by presence or absence of threats to personal identity, clarity of prejudices cues in the situation, ingroup identification, dispositional optimism, endorsement of legitimising ideologies, and group status. We argue that a transactional model of responses to prejudice emphasises sources of resistance as well as vulnerability among targets of prejudice.

Role of Self-Esteem in Resolving Inequity

In spite of considerable evidence of the effects of self-esteem on equity behavior in some of the early studies, the construct of self-esteem has not yet been given systematic attention. From the interactionist standpoint, this work was done to examine the role of self-esteem in responses to inequitable situations. Presented are hypotheses about individuals' choices of inequity resolution methods that focus on the interaction of self-esteem with the contextual features of reward conditions and exchange relationships.

Social-psychological correlates of experienced discrimination: Test of the double jeopardy hypothesis

Social-psychological correlates of the experience of discrimination, such as stress, self-esteem, and ingroup attitudes, were explored in a survey questionnaire study involving 90 Chinese students at the University of Toronto. Reported experience of discrimination was found to be related to heightened stress and more positive attitudes towards the Chinese group. Self-esteem was a function of both the respondent's sex and the experience of discrimination: that is, of those who had reportedly confronted discrimination, women exhibited lower self-esteem than did men. These findings generally support prior research concerning the social psychological effects of discrimination. Perhaps most important, the finding that, of those who indicated having experienced discrimination, Chinese women reported lower self-esteem than Chinese men supports the double jeopardy hypothesis. According to the double jeopardy hypothesis, the self-esteem of women from visible minority groups, such as the Chinese, may be especially vulnerable to the experience of discrimination by the majority group. There is some weak evidence to suggest that men from such groups, on the other hand, may show slightly higher self-esteem in response to experiencing discrimination.