Changes In Self-esteem Research Articles

The stability of self-esteem variability: A real-time assessment

The present study investigates stability and variability as distinct features of state self-esteem change. The amount of variance attributable to stable individual differences, the association between successive self-esteem experiences, and situational and/or person × situation interaction effects were estimated in repeated measures of self-esteem whilst considering measurement invariance. N = 160 adolescents reported momentary self-esteem in an experience sampling study, (i.e., three assessments a day, over a 2-day period). Latent state-trait analysis indicate that change in state self-esteem is a stable process largely determined by interindividual differences in trait self-esteem, while the impact of occasion-specific influences is small. These intrinsic dynamics ensure consistent self-referential experiences. Results reveal experience sampling as a suitable method to track short-term changes of self-esteem.

Using Eye Tracking to Explore Facebook Use and Associations with Facebook Addiction, Mental Well-being, and Personality.

Social networking sites (SNSs) have become ubiquitous in our everyday lives, and for all its communicative benefits, excessive SNS use has been associated with a range of negative health implications. In the present study, the authors use eye-tracking methodology to explore the relationship between individual differences in personality, mental well-being, SNS usage, and the focus of Facebook users’ visual attention. Participants (n = 69, mean age = 23.09, SD = 7.54) completed questionnaire measures for personality and to examine changes in depression, anxiety, stress, and self-esteem. They then engaged in a Facebook session while their eye movements and fixations were recorded. These fixations were coded as being directed to social and update areas of interest (AOI) of the Facebook interface. An exploratory analysis of personality factors revealed a negative correlation between openness to experience and inspection times for the updates AOI and an unexpected negative relationship between extraversion and inspection times for social AOI. There were correlations between changes in depression score and inspection of updates AOI, with reduced depression scores associated with increased inspection of updates. Finally, self-reported duration of participants’ typical Facebook sessions did not correlate with eye-tracking measures but were associated with increased Facebook addiction scores and greater increases in depression scores. These initial findings indicate that there are differences in the outcomes of interacting with Facebook which can vary based on Facebook addiction, personality variables, and the Facebook features that individuals interact with.

Longitudinal Effects of Body Mass Index and Self-Esteem on Adjustment From Early to Late Adolescence: A Latent Growth Model.

ABSTRACTBackground:Mental and physical development during adolescence is a factor that may affect quality of life in adulthood.Purpose:The aims of this study were to investigate the developmental trajectories of body mass index (BMI), self-esteem, and adjustment among students from early to late adolescence and to examine the longitudinal relationships among these variables.Methods:Data from 2006 to 2012 were collected from the Korean Welfare Panel Study. Of the initial sample of 521 students, 487 completed a validated questionnaire measuring BMI, self-esteem, and adjustment. Latent growth curve modeling analyses were conducted to examine the relationships among the variables.Results:Univariate linear growth models showed a significant increase in BMI and significant declines in both self-esteem and adjustment across three time points from childhood to adolescence. The goodness of fit of the multivariate conditioned model supported the validity of the proposed longitudinal model (comparative fit index = .93, root mean square error of approximation = .08). Change in BMI was significantly linked with change in adjustment (β = .18, p < .05) but not with change in self-esteem, whereas change in self-esteem exerted a statistically significant effect on change in adjustment (β = .47, p < .001).Conclusions/Implications for Practice:Our findings indicate that BMI and self-esteem are key determinants of student adjustment in school settings. Therefore, future health education interventions should focus on enhancing the positive physical and mental self-concepts of students, which should improve health and social behavior among students and subsequently afford a better quality of life for these students in adulthood.

Efficacy of psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa and binge-eating disorder on self-esteem improvement: Meta-analysis.

This meta-analysis examined the effects of psychotherapy for bulimia nervosa (BN) and binge-eating disorder (BED) on self-esteem improvement. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychological treatments that assessed self-esteem change in eating disorders were included. Thirty-four RCTs were included; most sampled BED and then BN. Hedge's g effects were entered into random effects models. Psychotherapy for BN led to significantly greater post-treatment improvements in self-esteem than control conditions (g=0.45; 95% CI [0.17, 0.73]). This effect was smaller when only analysing low risk of bias trials (g=0.28; 95% CI [0.05, 0.51]). Psychotherapy for BED also led to significantly greater post-treatment improvements in self-esteem than controls (g=0.20; 95% CI [0.05, 0.35]), with some evidence that guided self-help was associated with the largest effects. This effect, however, was overestimated after adjustment for publication bias (g=0.10; 95% CI [-0.05, 0.26]). There was no evidence that cognitive-behavioural therapy was superior to non-cognitive-behavioural therapy interventions in improving self-esteem. There was no relationship between symptom improvement and self-esteem improvement in a meta-regression. Psychotherapy may lead to small improvements in self-esteem in BN and BED. Additional RCTs with follow-up assessments are required to make more definitive conclusions about the effects of psychotherapy for eating disorders on self-esteem in the long-term.

A Growth Curve Analysis of Self-Esteem and Depressive Symptomatology Throughout Emerging Adulthood: The Role of Family

Research suggests family-level factors remain an important contributor to emerging adult mental health. Guided by the stress process framework, this study used latent growth curve modeling to examine the role of parent–child relationships, specifically emotional closeness and conflict, in child self-esteem and depression throughout emerging adulthood. Longitudinal associations between self-esteem and depression were also explored using four waves of data from the Longitudinal Study of Generations ( N = 196 emerging adults; M = 20.88 years old at Wave 1). This period was characterized by steep increases in self-esteem and decreases in depression. Findings suggested parent–child emotional closeness and conflict in early emerging adulthood were associated with the intercept of self-esteem and were indirectly related to the intercept of depression through self-esteem; the rate of change in self-esteem predicted the rate of change in depression. Findings underscore the importance of parent–child relationships during early emerging adulthood and the long-term impact of personal resources on well-being.

Diversity of Changes in Self-esteem

Diversity of Changes in Self-esteem

The Effects of the ‘Becoming Happy I’ Program on Gratitude Disposition, Self-esteem, Flow, and Subjective Happiness in Nursing College Students

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of the ‘Becoming Happy I’ program on gratitude disposition, self-esteem, flow, and subjective happiness in nursing college students. Methods: Participants in this study were 39 nursing college students (20 in the experimental group and 19 in the control group) at a college of nursing. The research design was a non-equivalent control group pretest-posttest as a quasi-experimental study. Data was collected from February to April in 2011 and analyzed via the SPSS/WIN 18.0 program with the χ2 test, Fisher’s exact test, repeated measures ANOVA, and Tukey HSD test. Results: There were significant changes in gratitude disposition, self-esteem, flow, and subjective happiness in the experimental group before and after treatment, which was significantly different from the control group, and these effects lasted at a 4-week follow-up. Conclusion: The ‘Becoming Happy I’ program was effective in improving gratitude disposition, self-esteem, flow, and subjective happiness for nursing college students. As a result, we recommended that the ‘Becoming Happy I’ program be utilized as an effective intervention for nursing college students to improve gratitude disposition, self-esteem, flow, and subjective happiness.

초, 중학교전환기아동의성취가치, 자아존중감의 종단적 변화와 진로정체감 간의 관계

본 연구는 초등학교 5학년, 6학년, 중학교 1학년 기간 동안 초등학교 시기 진로발달과업인 성취가치와 자아존중감이 어떠한 양상으로 변화하며, 이러한 변화양상이 중학교 1학년 때의 진로정체감 수준을 예측하는지 분석하였다. 또한 성별이 성취가치와 자아존중감의 변화양상 및 진로정체감의 개인차를 설명하는지 살펴보았다. 이를 위해 한국아동·청소년 초1 패널자료의 5차(2014년, 초5), 6차(2015년, 초6), 7차(2016년, 중1) 자료를 잠재성 장모형을 적용하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 성취가치와 자아존중감은 초등학교 5학년 시기부터 중학교 1학년때까지 매년 선형적으로 감소하였다. 성취가치와 자아존중감의 초기값, 즉 초등학교 5학년 때 값은 각각 중학교 1학년 시점 진로정체감 수준을 정적으로 예측하였고, 성취가치 초기값이 자아존중감 초기값을 통해 진로정체감을 예측하는 간접경로 또한 통계적으로 유의하였다. 이는 초등학교 5학년 때 학교에서 이루어지는 학업을 비롯한 다양한 활동과 자기 자신의 가치를 긍정적으로 인식하도록 돕는 교육적 개입이 중학교 1학년 시기 진로정체감의 발달을 촉진할 수 있음을 시사한다. 성취가치와 자아존중감의 변화율은 진로정체감을 유의하게 예측하지 않았으며, 성별은 성취가치 변화율, 자아존중감 초기값 및 변화율의 개인차를 유의하게 설명하였다. 이러한 연구결과를 바탕으로 연구의 의의와 시사점, 제한점 등을 제시하였다.

Development of Motivational Variables and Self-Esteem During the School Career: A Meta-Analysis of Longitudinal Studies

Theoretical approaches and empirical research suggest a decline in the levels of motivational variables and self-esteem among students during the school career. However, precise statements about the magnitude of the change remain elusive. Conducting a meta-analysis of 107 independent longitudinal studies with 912 effect sizes, we found an overall decrease of Glass’s Δ = −.108 over an average duration of 1.654 years. Change significantly differed by construct with the largest decreases in intrinsic motivation, math and language academic self-concepts, mastery achievement goals, and performance-approach achievement goals. There were no significant mean-level changes in self-esteem, general academic self-concept, academic self-efficacy, and performance avoidance achievement goals. School stage and transition to middle school or high school were not significantly associated with the change. Findings generalized over academic domain and questionnaire used for all constructs except for academic self-concept. The decline was larger in Europe than in North America or Asia.

Adolescent Sexual Guilt and the Development of Self-Esteem During the Transition to Adulthood: The Moderating Effect of Race

Early adolescent sexual experiences have been found to be associated with lower levels of well-being; however, this relationship has been found to be better explained through the adolescent’s perception of their sexual behavior. The present study explored the implications of adolescent sexual guilt on the development of self-esteem across emerging adulthood. Using secondary data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health the present study found that self-esteem developed in quadratic fashion from adolescence to adulthood. Sexual guilt was associated with lower levels in self-esteem at each of the four time-points from adolescence to adulthood for both people of color and white individuals. The association between sexual guilt and the change in self-esteem was only significant for people of color. The study illustrates the importance of sex-positive conversations around sexual behavior and safety to reduce the development of guilt and the lasting influence guilt has on development. Additionally, this study illustrates unique risks which people of color experience.

Enhancing Self-Esteem in Classroom Language Learning: The Potential of Implementing a Strength-Based Positive Psychology Intervention at Higher Education

Since positive psychology (PP) is a nascent area of research, there are very few empirical studies assessing the impact of positive psychology interventions. Accordingly, this article reports on a quantitative study concerning the use of a positive psychology intervention to develop learners’ self-esteem in the context of higher education in the English as a foreign language (EFL) sector in Iran. Data was collected during the academic year 2016–2017 from a university in Iran using Cooper Smith (1967, 1981) Self Esteem Inventory Adult Form (CSEI-A) , a self-report questionnaire, as the instrument and administering it before and after a TEFL master course. Thirty six university students participated in a five-month long quasi-experimental study. The current study’s primary aim was to investigate in detail the potential of PP intervention for supporting the self-esteem progress in the context in question. The study showed a statistically significant improvement in the self-esteem of the participants in the experimental group after completing the course suggesting positive paths from positive psychology to understanding the strengths, and managing the weaknesses effectively. The encouraging results from this program suggest new avenues for approaching the change of self-esteem.

An experimental trial of a dog-training program in a juvenile detention center

This research examines the effect of a dog-training program among juveniles ordered to a county juvenile detention facility in a large, Midwestern city. A pre-test, post-test experimental design was constructed to examine changes in self-esteem, empathy, optimism, pessimism, compassion, and social competence between juveniles who were randomly assigned to the canine-assisted activity program and to the standard conditions of the detention center without access to the program. Two-way and repeated measures ANOVA models are used to assess the differential effect of the program. The dog-training program evaluated in this study did not differentially benefit nor did it harm participants in relation to juveniles who received the standard operating practices and procedures of the detention center. Generalized conclusions about the effectiveness of dog-training programs in secure correctional facilities should not be made from this study. Despite the unique program model structure used in this study, the results demonstrate that once selection effects are mitigated through randomization, the mere exposure to a dog-training program does not translate to improved outcomes. The results raise more questions about the influence of selection effects on reported findings and stimulate inquiry on dog-training program models, research designs used to assess program effects, and the importance of intermediate interventions.

DISENTANGLING THE MECHANISMS OF RETIREMENT ADJUSTMENT: DETERMINANTS AND CONSEQUENCES OF SUBJECTIVE WELL-BEING

Retirement from work is a major life event requiring adaptation to new life circumstances. The resource-based dynamic model of retirement adjustment suggests that well-being will change due to changes in individual resources. In the present study, we test this hypothesis by investigating longitudinal and bidirectional associations between life satisfaction and perceived resources (i.e., self-esteem, autonomy, social support, self-rated physical health, self-rated cognitive ability, and financial satisfaction) over a 4-year period in the transition from work to retirement. Our sample included annual assessment data from 497 older adults (aged 60–66) in the population-based HEalth, Ageing, and Retirement Transitions in Sweden (HEARTS) study. Results from bivariate latent change score models showed weak but consistent associations between changes in perceived resources and changes in life satisfaction over the retirement transition. Analyses of cross-lagged effects also revealed bidirectional associations. Self-esteem, self-rated physical health, and total resource capability were positively related to changes in life satisfaction, and life satisfaction was positively related to changes in self-esteem, autonomy, self-rated physical health, and self-rated cognitive ability. The total resource capability accounted for 12% of the changes in life satisfaction in the first years following retirement. Life satisfaction accounted for 16% of the changes in autonomy in the transition from work to retirement. Our findings demonstrate that perceived resources are important for life satisfaction in the retirement transition, at the same time as overall life satisfaction accounts for how we perceive and evaluate our own resources during this process.

Israeli and British women's wellbeing and eating behaviours in pregnancy and postpartum

ABSTRACTObjectives: The study had two main objectives: (a) track changes in self-esteem, eating behaviours and body satisfaction from early pregnancy to 24 months postpartum and (b) to compare changes by context (Israel vs. UK) and maternal body mass index (BMI).Background: High maternal BMI is associated with negative body image and restrained eating, which are experienced differently across cultures.Methods: 156 pregnant women were recruited from Israel and the UK. Seventy-three women were followed up every six months from early postpartum and until 24 months following birth. Women completed questionnaires assessing self-esteem (RSEQ), body image (BIS/BIDQ) and eating behaviours (DEBQ) and self-reported weights and heights so that BMI could be calculated.Results: Women with higher BMI had higher levels of self-esteem and were less satisfied with their body. Healthy-weight women were more likely to lose all of their retained pregnancy weight compared to overweight and obese women. Self-esteem, body image and eating behaviours remained stable from pregnancy until 24 months postpartum. No significant differences were found for any measure by context.Conclusion: BMI was the strongest predictor of self-esteem and body dissatisfaction and a higher BMI predicted less weight loss postpartum.

The Longitudinal Relationships among Initial Level and Change in Self-esteem and Depression During Adolescence

The Longitudinal Relationships among Initial Level and Change in Self-esteem and Depression During Adolescence

Development of self-esteem from age 4 to 94 years: A meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.

To investigate the normative trajectory of self-esteem across the life span, this meta-analysis synthesizes the available longitudinal data on mean-level change in self-esteem. The analyses were based on 331 independent samples, including data from 164,868 participants. As effect size measure, we used the standardized mean change d per year. The mean age associated with the effect sizes ranged from 4 to 94 years. Results showed that average levels of self-esteem increased from age 4 to 11 years (cumulative d = 0.34; cumulative ds are relative to age 4), remained stable from age 11 to 15, increased strongly until age 30 (cumulative d = 1.05), continued to increase until age 60 (cumulative d = 1.30), peaked at age 60 and remained constant until age 70, declined slightly until age 90 (cumulative d = 1.15), and declined more strongly until age 94 (cumulative d = 0.76). Moderator analyses were conducted for the full set of samples and for the subset of samples between ages 10 to 20 years. Although the measure of self-esteem accounted for differences in effect sizes, the moderator analyses suggested that the pattern of mean-level change held across gender, country, ethnicity, sample type, and birth cohort. The meta-analytic findings clarify previously unresolved issues about the nature and magnitude of self-esteem change in specific developmental periods (i.e., childhood, adolescence, and old age) and draw a much more precise picture of the life span trajectory of self-esteem. (PsycINFO Database Record

Self-care of men with priapism and sickle cell disease.

To identify self-care demands of men with sickle cell disease and priapism and describe self-care measures in light of Orem's Self-Care Theory. This is a descriptive exploratory study with qualitative approach conducted with nine men with a history of sickle cell disease and priapism. Data were analyzed using Orem's Self-Care Theory. Some demands were identified: from universal self-care - difficulty in social interaction and solitude, changes in self-image, self-esteem and sexual activity; from development - the experience with priapism and little knowledge about the pathophysiology of the disease; regarding health deviations - pain crises. Orem's theory allowed to identify self-care demands, which are essential for the nursing care provided for men with priapism. Nursing has an essential role in the measures for the different demands presented.

Alpha-amylase reactivity and recovery patterns in anhedonic young adults performing a tandem skydive.

BackgroundAnhedonia (loss of pleasure) is characterized by low responsiveness to rewards and, by virtue of being one of the two core symptoms of depression, by altered responses to stress. We investigated the effect of an acute stress experience (i.e., a tandem skydive) that was expected to elicit both intense fear and intense euphoria in a sample of anhedonic young adults.Objective(1) To examine individual differences in alpha-amylase reactivity to and recovery from a tandem skydive in anhedonic young adults; (2) to investigate whether trait depressive and anxiety problems, trait positive affect (PA), i.e., level of pleasure and reward responsiveness, and state anxiety, PA and self-esteem prior to the skydive were associated with alpha-amylase reactivity and recovery patterns; (3) to investigate whether alpha-amylase reactivity and recovery patterns were associated with pre- to post-jump changes in state anxiety, PA, and self-esteem.MethodParticipants were 61 individuals with persistent anhedonia (Mage = 21.38, 78.7% female), who filled out a baseline questionnaire at the start of the study, and momentary questionnaires (3 times per day) before and after the tandem skydive. Alpha-amylase was measured at four time points by means of salivettes (2 before and 2 after the skydive).ResultsAlpha-amylase reactivity and recovery patterns were highly similar across individuals, although mean levels varied greatly. No associations were found between any of the trait and state measures and reactivity and recovery. Only state self-esteem was affected by the reactivity and recovery patterns, in that individuals who showed high reactivity and low recovery experienced decreases in self-esteem after the skydive.ConclusionsAlpha-amylase patterns following a tandem skydive in anhedonic individuals are highly similar to patterns previously found in healthy individuals. Although replication is warranted, our findings tentatively suggest that a strong stress response that cannot be downregulated well predicts a decrease in self-esteem.

Age-related changes in materialism in adults – A self-uncertainty perspective

Materialism is the focus of much research due to its negative consequences for individuals and societies. While recent research indicates that the strength of materialistic value orientations changes with age during adulthood, little is known about the processes that cause these age-related changes. We propose that changes in materialism, as people grow older, are rooted in changes in self-uncertainty. We find evidence for this idea in two studies and across different measures of self-uncertainty. In addition, we show that the changes in materialism cannot be explained by (age-related) differences in socio-demographic variables. Finally, our results indicate that changes in self-uncertainty provide a better account for changes in materialism than age-related changes in self-esteem.

Intervention effects and mediators of well-being in a school-based physical activity program for adolescents: The ‘Resistance Training for Teens’ cluster RCT

ObjectiveTo examine the impact of a school-based physical activity intervention on adolescents' self-esteem and subjective well-being, and to explore moderators and mediators of intervention effects. MethodsResistance Training for Teens was evaluated using a cluster RCT in 16 schools located in New South Wales, Australia. Adolescents (N = 508; 14.1 ± 0.5 years; 49.6% female) completed measures of global self-esteem, subjective well-being, and hypothesized mediators (i.e., perceived fitness, resistance training self-efficacy, and autonomous motivation) at baseline (April–June, 2015) and post-intervention (October–December). The school-based physical activity program was delivered by teachers over 10-weeks via Physical Education, co-curricular school sport, or an elective subject known as Physical Activity and Sport Studies, and involved once-weekly fitness sessions and additional lunch-time sessions. Intervention effects and moderator analyses were tested using multi-level linear regression analyses with interaction terms. Multi-level mediation analyses were used to explore potential mediators of changes in well-being outcomes. ResultsIntervention effects for self-esteem (β = 0.05, p = .194) and wellbeing (β = 0.03, p = .509) were not statistically significant. Moderator analyses showed effects for self-esteem were greater for the overweight/obese subgroup (p = .069 for interaction), and resistance training self-efficacy was a significant mediator of changes in self-esteem (product-of-coefficients [AB] = 0.021, SE = 0.010, 95% CIs = 0.002 to 0.040). No other significant indirect effects were observed. ConclusionOverall, Resistance Training for Teens did not improve adolescents' self-esteem or subjective well-being. However, our mediation findings lend support to resistance training self-efficacy as a mechanism explaining the positive effect of resistance training on self-esteem.