Self-emulsifying Formulations Research Articles

Formulation Of Self Micro-emulsifying Drug Delivery System For Ketoconazole

The present investigation was undertaken with an objective to prepare the SMEDDS of ketoconazole in order to improve the bioavailability of lipophilic drugs. A ternary phase diagram was constructed in the absence of ketoconazole. The results revealed that span 60 and PEG 600 used in ratios of 2:1 (F17-18) and 3:1 (F23-24) exhibited largest micro-emulsion area and shortest emulsification time (less than 1 min). It was observed that with increase in the ratio of the PEG 600, spontaneity of the self-emulsification process got increased. A fixed ketoconazole concentration of 5% w/w was selected to be loaded in all self-emulsifying formulations. The prepared formulations were kept in closed containers and tested for thermodynamic stability. All the formulations passed the thermodynamic stability studies without any signs of phase separation and precipitation during alternative temperature cycles (4°C and 40°C), freeze thaw cycles (-21°C and +25°C) and centrifugation at 10,000 g indicating good stability of formulations and their emulsions. The in vitro dissolution studies revealed the drug release profiles for the SMEDDS. All the formulations exhibited quick drug release characteristics and almost complete drug release in 15-20 minutes. In contrast, the pure drug exhibited only a maximum of 39.63% release in 60 min duration.

Enhanced geranylgeraniol stability and dissolution from self-emulsifying pellets containing the sucupira (Pterodon emarginatus Vogel) standardized extract

The vegetal species sucupira (Pterodon emarginatus Vogel) presents some diterpenes that have anti-inflammatory activities. However, diterpenes are poorly water-soluble compounds. The development of Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS) allows for obtaining a solid dosage form that maximizes the release of P. emarginatus constituents in an aqueous medium. This work aimed to obtain and characterize pellets containing the SEDDS prepared from P. emarginatus extract using the extrusion-spheronization technique. Formulations PF1 to PF6 were tested. Then, self-emulsifying formulations were prepared (SES1 to SES5) based on the mixture of poloxamer 188 (Pluronic® F-68) and sorbitan triolate (Span®85) with P. emarginatus extract. Next, formulation PF6, containing microcrystalline cellulose: P. emargitus extract: aerosil®200: polyvinylpyrrolindone K-30 (50: 54.25: 4: 4) was used in the preparation of pellets containing the self-emulsifying systems. These pellets had a homogeneous surface and average sphericity of 0.52. When encapsulated in hard gelatin capsules, it was noted that the formulations PF6, PSES3 and PSES4 were statistically different from each other at the 5% level. In the first 10 min of dissolution, PSES3 and PSES4 showed a higher level of geranylgeraniol released compared to the PF6 (p=0.000117). However, after 20 min of dissolution, no significant difference was observed in relation to the content of this compound. In the accelerated stability study, the average content of the geranylgeraniol was 85.6% and 81.8% for PSES3 and PSES4, respectively, whereas it was only 34.4% for PF6. Under the studied conditions, obtaining the self-emulsifying systems made it possible to achieve the desired dissolution and chemical stability of geranylgeraniol.

Recent Advances in Improving the Bioavailability of Hydrophobic/Lipophilic Drugs and Their Delivery via Self-Emulsifying Formulations

Formulations based on emulsions for enhancing hydrophobic and lipophilic drug delivery and its bioavailability have attracted a lot of interest. As potential therapeutic agents, they are integrated with inert oils, emulsions, surfactant solubility, liposomes, etc.; drug delivering systems that use emulsion formations have emerged as a unique and commercially achievable accession to override the issue of less oral bioavailability in connection with hydrophobic and lipophilic drugs. As an ideal isotropic oil mixture of surfactants and co-solvents, it self-emulsifies and forms fine oil in water emulsions when acquainted with aqueous material. As droplets rapidly pass through the stomach, fine oil promotes the vast spread of the drug all over the GI (gastrointestinal tract) and conquers the slow disintegration commonly seen in solid drug forms. The current status of advancement in technologies for drug carrying has promulgated the expansion of innovative drug carriers for the controlled release of self-emulsifying pellets, tablets, capsules, microspheres, etc., which got a boost for drug delivery usage with self-emulsification. The present review article includes various kinds of formulations based on the size of particles and excipients utilized in emulsion formation for drug delivery mechanisms and the increase in the bioavailability of lipophilic/hydrophobic drugs in the present time.

Self-Emulsifying Formulations to Increase the Oral Bioavailability of 4,6,4'-Trimethylangelicin as a Possible Treatment for Cystic Fibrosis.

4,6,4′-trimethylangelicin (TMA) is a promising pharmacological option for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) due to its triple-acting behavior toward the function of the CF transmembrane conductance regulator. It is a poorly water-soluble drug, and thus it is a candidate for developing a self-emulsifying formulation (SEDDS). This study aimed to develop a SEDDS to improve the oral bioavailability of TMA. Excipients were selected on the basis of solubility studies. Polyoxyl-35 castor oil (Cremophor® EL) was proposed as surfactant, diethylene glycol-monoethyl ether (Transcutol® HP) as cosolvent, and a mixture of long-chainmono-,di-, and triglycerides (Maisine® CC) or medium-chain triglycerides (LabrafacTM lipophile) as oil phases. Different mixtures were prepared and characterized by measuring the emulsification time, drop size, and polydispersity index to identify the most promising formulation. Two formulations containing 50% surfactant (w/w), 40% cosolvent (w/w), and 10% oil (w/w) (Maisine® CC or LabrafacTM lipophile) were selected. The results showed that both formulations were able to self-emulsify, producing nanoemulsions with a drop size range of 20–25 nm, and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies demonstrated that they were able to significantly increase the oral bioavailability of TMA. In conclusion, SEEDS are useful tools to ameliorate the pharmacokinetic profile of TMA and could represent a strategy to improve the therapeutic management of CF.

Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery Systems (SEDDS): Measuring Energy Dynamics to Determine Thermodynamic and Kinetic Stability.

This research was designed to identify thermodynamically and kinetically stable lipidic self-emulsifying formulations through simple energy dynamics in addition to highlighting and clarifying common ambiguities in the literature in this regard. Proposing a model study, this research shows how most of the professed energetically stable systems are actually energetically unstable, subjected to indiscriminate and false characterization, leading to significant effects for their pharmaceutical applications. A self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) was developed and then solidified (S-SEDDS) using a model drug finasteride. Physical nature of SEDDS was identified by measuring simple dynamics which showed that the developed dispersion was thermodynamically unstable. An in vivo study of albino rats showed a three-fold enhanced bioavailability of model drug with SEDDS as compared to the commercial tablets. The study concluded that measuring simple energy dynamics through inherent properties can distinguish between thermodynamically stable and unstable lipidic systems. It might lead to correct identification of a specific lipidic formulation and the application of appropriate characterization techniques accordingly. Future research strategies include improving their pharmaceutical applications and understanding the basic differences in their natures.

Self-Emulsifying Systems for Delivery of Bioactive Compounds from Natural Origin.

Nature has been used as therapeutic resources in the treatment of diseases for many years. However, some natural compounds have poor water solubility. Therefore, physicochemical strategies and technologies are necessary for development of systems for carrying these substances. The self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS) have been used as carriers of hydrophobic compounds in order to increase the solubility and absorption, improving their bioavailability. SEDDS are constituted with a mixture of oils and surfactants which, when come into contact with an aqueous medium under mild agitation, can form emulsions. In the last years, a wide variety of self-emulsifying formulations containing bioactive compounds from natural origin has been developed. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the main excipients and natural bioactive compounds composing SEDDS. In addition, applications, new technologies and innovation are reviewed as well. Examples of self-emulsifying formulations administered in different sites are also considered for a better understanding of the use of this strategy to modify the delivery of compounds from natural origin.

FTIR Spectroscopy Combined with Chemometrics for Evaluation of Gambir Extract – Self Nano Emulsifying Formulation from Uncaria gambir Roxb

Gambir leaf (Uncaria gambir Roxb) has potential as an antidiabetic through the inhibition of α-glucosidase and amylase enzymes. However, natural extracts have disadvantages such as solubility, stability, and bioavailability. Therefore, gambir leaf extract was formulated to be self-nano emulsifying (GE-SNE) with several different concentrations of constituent components (12 formulas). Several GE-SNE formulas were evaluated using a Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectrophotometer to classify spectral patterns. The absorbance value of the wavenumber that appears in all GE-SNE was analyzed using a chemometric approach. In chemometric analysis, fingerprints have a broad influence on the results of the spectrum of gambir leaf extract and self-emulsifying formulations. The classification results provide helpful information in the development and optimization of GE-SNE. Different concentrations of GE-SNE affect the viscosity and specific gravity of each formula. In addition, there are differences in the group of variables in the chemometric analysis based on the similarity of properties. FTIR-ATR combined with chemometric analysis can classify GE-SNE based on differences in their composition.

Structural aspects of a self-emulsifying multifunctional amphiphilic excipient: Part II. The case of Cremophor EL

Lipids and lipid-based excipients, such as Cremophor EL used in this study, play an important role in improving the solubility of poorly soluble drugs and drug candidates. The use of such excipients in self-emulsifying formulations has been widely reported in the literature. In the current study, we report the micellar behavior of Cremophor EL at several concentrations (above the critical micelle concentration) and temperatures using small-angle neutron scattering. For all conditions, Cremophor EL formed core–shell spherical micelles with an overall radius of ∼ 50 Å, a hydrophobic core radius of ∼ 25 Å, and a shell thickness of ∼ 23 Å with a polydispersity of ∼ 25%. The thickness of the shell (equivalent to the polymer length in the brush regime), and consequently of the overall micelle, was found to increase with increasing temperature. This study will aid our understanding of how drugs could interact with lipid excipients and how such drug-excipient mixtures behave during manufacture, storage, and after administration.

Structural aspects of a self-emulsifying multifunctional amphiphilic excipient: Part I. The case of Gelucire® 44/14

The use of lipids and lipid-based excipients in self-emulsifying formulations has been widely reported. Such excipients play an important role to improve solubility of poorly soluble drugs and drug candidates. In the current study, we analysed the micellar behavior of a self-emulsifying multifunctional amphiphilic excipient Gelucire® 44/14 at a range of concentrations above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) and at various temperatures using small angle neutron scattering (SANS). At low temperatures, Gelucire® 44/14 was found to form core-shell spherical micelles with an overall radius of ~50 Å, a hydrophobic core radius of ~23 Å and a shell thickness of ~26 Å with a polydispersity of ~20%. The size of the hydrophobic core, and consequently of the overall micelle, was found to increase by less than 10%, with increasing temperature. At concentrations close to its CMC and at the highest temperature studied, the micellar form was transformed to cylindrical or rod-like structures. This study will aid our understanding of how drugs could interact with lipid excipients and how such drug-excipient mixtures behave during manufacturing, storage and after administration.

Advances in drug delivery systems: Work in progress still needed?

A new era of science and technology has emerged in pharmaceutical research with focus on developing novel drug delivery systems for oral administration. Conventional dosage forms like tablets and capsules are associated with a low bioavailability, frequent application, side effects and hence patient noncompliance. By developing novel strategies for drug delivery, researchers embraced an alternative to traditional drug delivery systems. Out of those, fast dissolving drug delivery systems are very eminent among pediatrics and geriatrics. Orally disintegrating films are superior over fast dissolving tablets as the latter are assigned with the risk of suffocation. Due to their ability of bypassing the dissolution and the first pass effect after oral administration, self-emulsifying formulations have also become increasingly popular in improving oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Osmotic devices enable a controlled drug delivery independent upon gastrointestinal conditions using osmosis as driving force. The advances in nanotechnology and the variety of possible materials and formulation factors enable a targeted delivery and triggered release. Vesicular systems can be easily modified as required and provide a controlled and sustained drug delivery to a specific site. This work provides an insight of the novel approaches in drug delivery covering the critical comparison between traditional and novel "advanced-designed" systems.

WITHDRAWN: Advances in drug delivery systems: Work in progress still needed?

A new era of science and technology has emerged in pharmaceutical research with focus on developing novel drug delivery systems for oral administration. Conventional dosage forms like tablets and capsules are associated with a low bioavailability, frequent application, side effects and hence patient noncompliance. By developing novel strategies for drug delivery, researchers embraced an alternative to traditional drug delivery systems. Out of those, fast dissolving drug delivery systems are very eminent among pediatrics and geriatrics. Orally disintegrating films are superior over fast dissolving tablets as the latter are assigned with the risk of suffocation. Due to their ability of bypassing the dissolution and the first pass effect after oral administration, self-emulsifying formulations have also become increasingly popular in improving oral bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Osmotic devices enable a controlled drug delivery independent upon gastrointestinal conditions using osmosis as driving force. The advances in nanotechnology and the variety of possible materials and formulation factors enable a targeted delivery and triggered release. Vesicular systems can be easily modified as required and provide a controlled and sustained drug delivery to a specific site.This work provides an insight of the novel approaches in drug delivery covering the critical comparison between traditional and novel “advanced-designed” systems.

Self-Emulsifying Formulations: A Pharmaceutical Review

The oral route of drug delivery is commonly utilized for administration of medicines and is particularly preferred for the treatment of many chronic diseases which require continuous ingestion over a reasonably prolonged period of time. However the oral delivery of lipophilic drugs presents a major obstacle because of their low aqueous solubility. The aqueous solubility of a drug is a crucial determinant of its dissolution rate, absorption and bioavailability. Drugs with relatively high intrinsic lipophilicity can be dissolved in appropriate mixtures of oils/lipids, surfactants, cosolvents which can rapidly form oil-in-water (o/w) fine emulsions when dispersed in aqueous phase under mild agitation or mixing. These isotropic self-emulsifying formulations or self-emulsifying drug delivery systems are effective for delivery of poorly soluble, lipophilic drugs by dispersing the drugs within fine oil droplets in emulsions and this solubilization of drugs can then improve its absorption, bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. The present paper reviews the concept, design, formulation, characterization and applications of self-emulsifying formulations.
 Keywords: Self-Emulsifying Formulations, lipophilicity, emulsions

Evaluation of Cytotoxicity of Self-Emulsifying Formulations Containing Long-Chain Lipids Using Caco-2 Cell Model: Superior Safety Profile Compared to Medium-Chain Lipids

Medium-chain (MC) and long-chain (LC) lipids are used for development of self-emulsifying drug delivery systems (SEDDS). MC lipids are often preferred because of their ability to form stable microemulsions with relatively high drug solubilization capacity. On the other hand, LC lipids could be more biocompatible as most endogenous and dietary lipids are LC glycerides. They also maintain high drug solubilization capacity after digestion. The present study was undertaken to determine the cytotoxicity of LC lipids and their formulations on Caco-2 cells of 1-day, 5-day, and 21-day maturity. The results were compared with the cytotoxicity profiles of MC lipids reported previously from our laboratory. The cell viability and cell membrane integrity were, respectively, determined using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the lactate dehydrogenase assay. The cytotoxicity was partially due to lipid surfactant-induced membrane rupture, and it was influenced by cell maturity and formulation composition. The lipid-surfactant combinations showed greater tolerance than surfactants alone, and LC-SEDDS were well-tolerated at almost 10-fold higher concentration than corresponding MC-SEDDS. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of digestion end products of both LC and MC triglycerides in the presence of 3 mM sodium taurocholate was compared on 21-day Caco-2 cultures by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. The LC lipid formulations showed better tolerance than MC lipid formulations after digestion. Thus, although MC and LC lipids are well-tolerated at doses normally administered to humans, LC lipids show much better safety than MC lipids in a cell-culture model.

Self-microemulsifying Drug Delivery System for Problematic Molecules: An Update.

The poor bioavailability of a problematic molecule is predominantly due to its high lipophilicity, low solubility in gastric fluids and/or high fist pass metabolism. Self microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS), a lipidic type IV nano-formulation has been of interest in the field of pharmaceutical research due to its potential for tailoring the physicochemical properties of pharmaceutical molecules. This review provides insights on various recent innovations and reports from the past seven years (2012-2019) of self-emulsifying formulations for the delivery of various types of poorly soluble drugs, phytoconstituents and high molecular peptides and gives exhaustive details of the outcome of the endeavors in this field. Various types of innovative formulations have been molded from SMEDDS like selfemulsifying powders, granules, tablets, pellets, eutectic and cationic formulations. Till date, many research reports and patents have been filed on self-emulsifying dosage forms and many formulations have gained US-FDA approvals which are summarized in the review article. This review content highlighted the increasing scope of SMEDDS in augmenting the physiochemical properties of an API, the variegated formulation types and the attributes of API that can be improved by SMEDD based formulations.

ROLE OF HYDROPHILIC SURFACTANTS IN THE EMULSIFICATION MECHANISTICS OF TYPE III SELF-MICRO-EMULSIFYING DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS (SMEDDS)

Objective: Evaluation of the self-emulsifying behaviour of type III lipid systems comprising mixed medium chain glycerides (Miglyol 812-Imwitor 988) and wide range of hydrophilic surfactants in an attempt to identify self-emulsifying microemulsion formulations, prevaricate the crystallization tendency of Cremophor RH40 in the pre-microemulsion concentrate, to shed some light on the mechanistic behavior of these systems after aqueous dispersion.
 Methods: Non-ionic surfactants with HLB in the range 14 to 16.5 are investigated amongst these are; Cremophor RH40, Cremophor EL, Crillet 4 (polysorbate 80), Crillet 1 (polysorbate 20) and Tagat O2. Optimum oil blends of Miglyol 812-Imwitor 988 and various non-ionic surfactant systems were verified using self-emulsification performance studies, oil droplet diameter measurements and dynamic equilibrium phase studies.
 Results: Oil blends of Miglyol 812 as an oil and Imwitor 988 as a cosurfactant were optimized for microemulsion systems at ratios of 1:1 in the case of Cremophor RH40 or EL, and at 2:3 in the case of Crillet 4 or Tagat O2. In order to obtain small droplet size and fast dispersion rate for type III lipid systems, hydrophilic surfactants with HLB values between 13 and 15 were found to be the optimum.
 Conclusion: Spontaneous micro-emulsification in type III lipid system was attributed to the “diffusion and stranding” theory. Yet, the formation of liquid crystalline phases as intermediate phases during dilution of the oil formulation with water appears to be quintessential for the mechanistics of emulsification regardless type of lipid class system.

Development of rectal self-emulsifying suspension of a moisture-labile water-soluble drug

Self-emulsifying drug delivery systems, commonly used for oral delivery of poorly soluble compounds, were used to formulate water soluble but moisture labile compounds for rectal application. The objective was to use the oily phase of the system to formulate a liquid, non-aqueous product while obtaining the advantages of self-emulsification, rapid contact with the rectal mucosa and rapid absorption post-administration. Ceftriaxone was used as a model drug and the human bile salt sodium chenodeoxycholate was used as an absorption enhancer. After preliminary screening of 23 excipients, based on their emulsification ability and emulsion fineness in binary and ternary mixtures, a full factorial design was used to screen different formulations of three preselected excipients. The optimal formulation contained 60% of excipients, namely Capryol 90, Kolliphor EL and Kolliphor PS20 in 4 : 6 : 6 ratio and 40% of a powder blend that included 500 mg of ceftriaxone. Characterization of the system showed that it complied with the requirements for rectal administration, in particular rapid emulsification in a small quantity of liquid. Rabbit bioavailability showed rapid absorption of ceftriaxone, achieving 128% bioavailability compared to powder control formulation. These results demonstrated the potential of self-emulsifying formulations for rectal administration of Class 3 BCS drugs.

Self-emulsifying Pellets Prepared by Extrusion/Spheronization: In vitro/In vivo Evaluation.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the feasibility of producing solid self-emulsifying pellets using the extrusion/spheronization technique with an aim to increase the bioavailability of selected drug and also to encounter the problems associated with liquid lipid formulations. Selfemulsifying formulations are experiencing a very active development as reflected by the numerous publications and patents being granted on these systems. The patents on self-emulsifying formulation (US20036630150) and (US20006054136) helped in selecting the drug and excipients. These pellets were prepared using liquid SNEDDS (24.59 % LBF M 2125 CS + Maisine35-1; 1:1 ratio) (oil), 50.27 % Labrasol (surfactant) and 25.13% Lauroglycol 90 (cosurfactant), adsorbent (silicon dioxide), pellet forming excipient (microcrystalline cellulose), binder (pregelatinized starch), disintegrant (croscarmelose sodium) and lubricant (corn starch). The resulting self-emulsified pellets loaded with about 32% liquid SNEDDS exhibited uniform pellet size and round shape, droplet size distribution following self-emulsification was nearly same to the liquid SNEDDS (26.5 nm and 24.8 nm, respectively). The in vitro release was significantly higher than the plain drug (p<0.01). AUC0-36h of sertraline from the pellets showed about 5-fold greater than the plain drug and no significant difference compared with the liquid SNEDDS (p>0.05). In conclusion, spherical pellets with low friability and self-emulsifying properties can be produced by the standard extrusion/spheronization technique. The pellets are capable of transferring lipophilic compounds into the aqueous phase and have a high potential to increase the oral absorption of lipophilic drugs.

DEVELOPMENT OF TOLCAPONE INCORPORATED SELF- MICRO EMULSIONS FOR SOLUBILITY AND BIOAVAILABILITY ENHANCEMENT

For BCS Class II and IV compounds, the main formulation objective is to increase the aqueous solubility of the API in the gastro - intestional fluids and maintain it in a solubilized state until it reaches the site of absorption. Lipid-based formulations including self-emulsifying formulations offer the potential for enhancing the absorption of poorly soluble and/or poorly permeable compounds. Self micro emulsion preparations are a obtained by a simple technique, with optimization of the composition based upon the ternary phase diagram. Tolcapone is an anti Parkinson agent, a poorly soluble drug, which is dissolved in the composition of oil and lipid mixture. Self micro emulsions are characterized by solubility study, particle size analysis, in vitro dissolution and in vivo bioavailability. The development of self micro emulsion formulations begins with the screening of excipients with the API in order to identify those that provides the best solubilization and chemical compatability. Particle size of the self micro emulsions below the 50 microns and the dispersive capacity of the multicomponent self micro emulsion gives homogenous emulsion in contact with aqueous media. In vitro drug release study showed that tolcapone self microemulsions increased in dissolution as compared to unformulated tolcapone drug and marketed product. In vivo increased absorption of the tolcapone micro emulsion formulation is 8.65 fold compared to the plain tolcapone and 1.07 fold compared to the marketed product.

Solubility Enhancement of Lipophilic Drugs-Solid Self Micro-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System

Approximately more than 50%of new chemical entities exhibit poor aqueous solubility and present a major challenge to modern drug delivery system, because of their low bioavailability. The bioavailability of these drugs (BCS class II) is rate-limited by its dissolution, so that even a small increase in dissolution rate sometimes results in a large increase in bioavailability. The rate and extent of absorption of class II compounds is highly dependent on the performance of the formulated product. Self-microemulsifying drug delivery systems (SMEDDS) are usually used to improve the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. Conventional SMEDDS, however, are mostly prepared in a liquid form, which can produce some disadvantages. Accordingly, solid SMEDDS (S-SMEDDS), prepared by solidification of liquid/semisolid self-emulsifying (SE) ingredients into powders, have gained popularity. This article presents an account on types of self-emulsifying formulations with emphasis on formulation of solid dosage forms, characterization and in-vitro analysis.

Novel Nanostructured Solid Materials for Modulating Oral Drug Delivery from Solid-State Lipid-Based Drug Delivery Systems.

Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LBDDS) have gained significant attention in recent times, owing to their ability to overcome the challenges limiting the oral delivery of poorly water-soluble drugs. Despite the successful commercialization of several LBDDS products over the years, a large discrepancy exists between the number of poorly water-soluble drugs displaying suboptimal in vivo performances and the application of LBDDS to mitigate their various delivery challenges. Conventional LBDDS, including lipid solutions and suspensions, emulsions, and self-emulsifying formulations, suffer from various drawbacks limiting their widespread use and commercialization. Accordingly, solid-state LBDDS, fabricated by adsorbing LBDDS onto a chemically inert solid carrier material, have attracted substantial interest as a viable means of stabilizing LBDDS whilst eliminating some of the various limitations. This review describes the impact of solid carrier choice on LBDDS performance and highlights the importance of appropriate solid carrier material selection when designing hybrid solid-state LBDDS. Specifically, emphasis is placed on discussing the ability of the specific solid carrier to modulate drug release, control lipase action and lipid digestion, and enhance biopharmaceutical performance above the original liquid-state LBDDS. To encourage the interested reader to consider their solid carrier choice on a higher level, various novel materials with the potential for future use as solid carriers for LBDDS are described. This review is highly significant in guiding future research directions in the solid-state LBDDS field and fostering the translation of these delivery systems to the pharmaceutical marketplace.