Self-defense System Research Articles

Analytical Examination of the Activation Process of the Juridical Mechanism for Legitimate Self-Defense in Cases of Domestic Violence

The legal system needs to be activated, and the practical operation of the self-defense system faces many challenges: the ambiguity of legal provisions, inconsistencies in judicial practice, and limitations of social awareness. These issues make it difficult for the self-defense system to function as it should. The lack of legal awareness is one thing, but having existing provisions become zombie clauses while countless individuals are waiting for such protection is another. The existence and activation of the system are urgent because beneath each seemingly insignificant legal provision lies a person's life. The necessity of the law is intertwined with ethics and humanity.

Engineering biomimetic nanosystem targeting multiple tumor radioresistance hallmarks for enhanced radiotherapy.

Tumor cells establish a robust self-defense system characterized by hypoxia, antioxidant overexpression, DNA damage repair, and so forth to resist radiotherapy. Targeting one of these features is insufficient to overcome radioresistance due to the feedback mechanisms initiated by tumor cells under radiotherapy. Therefore, we herein developed an engineering biomimetic nanosystem (M@HHPt) masked with tumor cell membranes and loaded with a hybridized protein-based nanoparticle carrying oxygens (O2) and cisplatin prodrugs (Pt(IV)) to target multiple tumor radioresistance hallmarks for enhanced radiotherapy. After administration, M@HHPt actively targeted and smoothly accumulated in tumor cells by virtue of its innate homing abilities to realize efficient co-delivery of O2 and Pt(IV). O2 introduction induced hypoxia alleviation cooperated with Pt(IV) reduction caused glutathione consumption greatly amplified radiotherapy-ignited cellular oxidative stress. Moreover, the released cisplatin effectively hindered DNA damage repair by crosslinking with radiotherapy-produced DNA fragments. Consequently, M@HHPt-sensitized radiotherapy significantly suppressed the proliferation of lung cancer H1975 cells with an extremely high sensitizer enhancement ratio of 1.91 and the progression of H1975 tumor models with an excellent tumor inhibition rate of 94.7%. Overall, this work provided a feasible strategy for tumor radiosensitization by overcoming multiple radioresistance mechanisms.

Bifenthrin induces changes in clinical poisoning symptoms, oxidative stress, DNA damage, histological characteristics, and transcriptome in Chinese giant salamander (Andrias davidianus) larvae

Bifenthrin (BF) is a broad-spectrum insecticide that has gained widespread use due to its high effectiveness. However, there is limited research on the potential toxic effects of bifenthrin pollution on amphibians. This study aimed to investigate the 50 % lethal concentration (LC50) and safety concentration of Chinese giant salamanders (CGS) exposed to BF (at 0, 6.25,12.5,25 and 50 μg/L BF) for 96 h. Subsequently, CGS were exposed to BF (at 0, 0.04, and 4 μg/L BF) for one week to investigate its toxic effects. Clinical poisoning symptoms, liver pathology, oxidative stress factors, DNA damage, and transcriptome differences were observed and analyzed. The results indicate that exposure to BF at 4 μg/L significantly decreased the adenosine-triphosphate (ATP), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and catalase (CAT) contents in the brain, liver, and kidney of CGS. Additionally, the study found that the malondialdehyde (MDA), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) contents were increased. The liver tissue exhibited significant inflammatory reactions and structural malformations. RNA-seq analysis of the liver showed that BF caused abnormal antioxidant indices of CGS. This affected molecular function genes such as catalytic activity, ATP-dependent activity, metabolic processes, signaling and immune system processes, behavior, and detoxification, which were significantly upregulated, resulting in the differential genes significantly enriched in the calcium signaling pathway, PPARα signaling pathway and NF-kB signaling pathway. The results suggest that BF induces the abnormal production of free radicals, which overwhelms the body's self-defense system, leading to varying degrees of oxidative stress. This can result in oxidative damage, DNA damage, abnormal lipid metabolism, autoimmune diseases, clinical poisoning symptoms, and tissue inflammation. This work provides a theoretical basis for the rational application of bifenthrin and environmental risk assessment, as well as scientific guidance for the conservation of amphibian populations.

Methotrexate-induced Hyperpigmentation in a Patient with Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic progressive systemic and inflammatory disease affecting the lining of the synovial membranes, leading to inflammatory polyarthritis and extraarticular involvement in a symmetrical way. RA is known to be an autoimmune condition, which means that the body’s natural self-defense system gets confused and starts to attack the body’s healthy tissues. Treatment of RA is usually with disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs), but if left untreated, the risk of morbidity, mortality rate, and socioeconomic burdens will increase. Methotrexate (MTX) is one of the folic acid antagonists and one of the conventional synthetic DMARDs. It is the most common drug for the treatment of RA. MTX is a dihydrofolate reductase inhibitor that decreases purine metabolism, which affects cell division. MTX can also cause different types of cutaneous side effects, such as acral erythema, urticaria, ulcerations of the oral mucosa, burning sensation of the skin, multiform erythema, vasculitis, and hyperpigmentation to sun-exposed area. In this case report, we describe a 31-year-old woman who had RA and then developed MTX-induced hyperpigmentation.

Krav Maga Program to Combat Indiscriminate Violence

Purpose: This study delves into the significance of Krav Maga training for enhancing self-defense abilities against indiscriminate violence, a societal issue impacting personal safety, and emphasizes its practicality in combination with the Israeli military combat system as a fundamental approach to applying martial arts for self-defense. The study seeks to reevaluate Krav Maga's pivotal role in bolstering self-defense against indiscriminate violence and to identify prospects for its future development.
 Method: The research method and data collection method to achieve the purpose of this study used electronic literature platform search. Validity as data was verified through triangulation.
 Results: Krav Maga is a practical and effective self-defense system that originated in Israel, initially developed for military use but later adapted for civilian self-defense. Martial arts for security, military martial arts, and police martial arts programs are presented as a vitalization plan.
 Conclusion: The revitalization plan for the Krav Maga program against indiscriminate violence can emphasize the importance of a tailored curriculum, certified instructors, scenario-based training, ethical considerations, periodic assessments and interdisciplinary collaborations, and empowers participants self-defense, bodyguards, soldiers and police. Training can be instilled with the aim of ensuring the ability to manage problems effectively in a variety of situations by equipping them with practical self-defense skills, legal awareness and enhanced situational preparedness.

A simple endogenous zinc-activated and accumulated nanocluster platform for memory immunotherapy of spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury (SCI) can cause very serious bodily harm or even paralysis. However, all clinical drugs require long-term use to relieve the disease, causing toxicity and side effects. Zinc tends to activate the self-defense system to repair SCI, but the currently reported zinc supplementation is not efficient to cure SCI due to the poor targeting effects. The zinc delivery system has been employed to improve the targeting efficiency, which also increases the complexity and toxicity of drugs. On the other hand, we envisage that if there is a drug that can accumulate and activate endogenous zinc in the lesions of the spinal cord and stimulate immunotherapy, it can not only reduce long-term drug dependence but also significantly improve the therapeutic effect on SCI. Herein, we found zinc deficiency for SCI mice, but more zinc accumulated in the lesions of the spinal cord after the administration of GSH-AuNCs in SCI mice. Meanwhile, more microglia/macrophages polarize toward M2 from M1 phenotypes after zinc accumulation which enhances immunotherapy effects. Thereafter, the inflammatory response was inhibited, which exerts a neuroprotective effect. As well as this, the current treatment showed memory effects for zinc accumulation even after stopping the drug administration, allowing endogenous zinc to continue its induction of multiple therapeutic effects. Due to the direct and memory curative function, the lesions of SCI mice were well recovered and the motor functions were also significantly improved.

Rancang Bangun Aplikasi Teknik Dasar Taekwondo Menggunakan Animasi 3D Berbasis Android

Taekwondo, essentially a form of self-discipline and a martial art utilizing techniques with bare feet and hands, originated as a ceremonial practice in Korean culture. Over time, it transformed into a crucial self-defense system for Korean warriors. In the contemporary context, Taekwondo has become widely popular, attracting individuals eager to learn but hindered by a lack of foundational knowledge. The application developed in this study serves as a valuable resource for users to grasp the fundamental movements of Taekwondo, encompassing kicks, punches, stances, and techniques. This initiative aims to make the learning process more accessible, allowing individuals to engage with Taekwondo lessons conveniently at any time and from any location. The research involves a collaborative effort with a Taekwondo instructor affiliated with the State Polytechnic Lampung, ensuring the incorporation of authentic martial arts knowledge into the application.

HISTORY OF KRAV MAGÁ IN AMAPÁ FROM THE ORAL REPORT OF A MASTER

This study aims to reveal the arrival of Krav Magá in the State of Amapá, record dates and precursors of the modality, as well as describe the contemporary aspects of this self-defense system. Krav Magá is an Israeli self-defense system, created by Imi Litchenfeld in the 1940s. In Brazil, this system began in 1990, in Rio de Janeiro, and from then on it expanded throughout the Brazilian states. This research with a qualitative approach used the methodology of oral history, having as a methodological instrument a semi-structured interview, in which the subject of the research was one of the first practitioners in Amapá. After carrying out this research, there is – at the time – an army corporal as the initiator of Krav Magá in Amapá, around the 2000s. After the introductory process of Krav Magá, who continued the work with the modality was Sandro Coelho, subject of this research.

Comparative assessment of different nanobodies that inhibit the interaction of B7-1/2 with CD28 as a potential therapeutic target for immune-related diseases by molecular modeling

Background and Aims: Active T cells are central players in the self-defense system as well as in immune-related diseases. Being crucial for T cell activation, the interaction of B7-1/2 with CD28 is associated with T cell activation-related diseases such as alloreactivity in transplantation and autoreactivity in autoimmune disorders. Nanobodies are the recombinant variable and single-domain smallest antigen-binding fragments. The focus of this study is to investigate the interactions between B7-1/2 and eight antibodies at the molecular level utilizing computational methods, and to guide the best nanobody for in-vitro and in-vivo studies about immunosuppressive Methods: After receiving the 3D models of agents via Robetta, molecular docking techniques were used to compare the binding modes and affinities of six nanobodies and two FDA-approved fusion protein models against B7-1/2(CD80/CD86). Results: According to our in silico outputs, we selected the top of model clusters from HADDOCK 2.4 (Z-Score of CD80/CD86:- 2.7 to -1.3/-2.1 to -2.1) and distinguished that 1A1 and 1B2 have higher affinities than Belatacept and Abatacept for the percentage of a calculation scale. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that selected nanobodies show higher affinity by interacting with the CD80/86 epitope regions and provide helpful insights into the design and improvement of further computational investigations of nanobody modeling.

Expanding role of deoxyribonucleic acid-sensing mechanism in the development of lifestyle-related diseases.

In lifestyle-related diseases, such as cardiovascular, metabolic, respiratory, and kidney diseases, chronic inflammation plays a causal role in their pathogenesis; however, underlying mechanisms of sterile chronic inflammation are not well-understood. Previous studies have confirmed the damage of cells in these organs in the presence of various risk factors such as diabetes, dyslipidemia, and cigarette smoking, releasing various endogenous ligands for pattern recognition receptors. These studies suggested that nucleic acids released from damaged tissues accumulate in these tissues, acting as an endogenous ligand. Undamaged DNA is an integral factor for the sustenance of life, whereas, DNA fragments, especially those from pathogens, are potent activators of the inflammatory response. Recent studies have indicated that inflammatory responses such as the production of type I interferon (IFN) induced by DNA-sensing mechanisms which contributes to self-defense system in innate immunity participates in the progression of inflammatory diseases by the recognition of nucleic acids derived from the host, including mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The body possesses several types of DNA sensors. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) recognizes DNA fragments in the endosomes. In addition, the binding of DNA fragments in the cytosol activates cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP)-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) synthase (cGAS), resulting in the synthesis of the second messenger cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP). The binding of cGAMP to stimulator of interferon genes (STING) activates NF-κB and TBK-1 signaling and consequently the production of many inflammatory cytokines including IFNs. Numerous previous studies have demonstrated the role of DNA sensors in self-defense through the recognition of DNA fragments derived from pathogens. Beyond the canonical role of TLR9 and cGAS-STING, this review describes the role of these DNA-sensing mechanism in the inflammatory responses caused by endogenous DNA fragments, and in the pathogenesis of lifestyle-related diseases.

IFN-induced cell-autonomous immune mechanisms in the control of intracellular protozoa.

Vertebrate cells have evolved an elaborate multi-tiered intracellular surveillance system linked to downstream antimicrobial effectors to defend themselves from pathogens. This cellular self-defense system is referred to as cell-autonomous immunity. A wide array of cell-autonomous mechanisms operates to control intracellular pathogens including protozoa such as Toxoplasma gondii. Cell-autonomous immunity consists of antimicrobial defenses that are constitutively active in cells and those that are inducible typically in response to host cell activation. The IFN family of cytokines is an important stimulator of inducible cell-autonomous immunity. There are several hundred interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs); many of them have known roles in inducible cell-autonomous immune mechanisms. The importance of IFN-γ activation of cell-autonomous immunity is evidenced by the fact that many intracellular pathogens have evolved a diversity of molecular mechanisms to inhibit activation of infected cells through the JAK-STAT pathway in response to IFN-γ. The goal of this review is to provide a broad framework for understanding the elaborate system of cell-autonomous immunity that acts as a first line of defense between a host and intracellular parasites.

CRISPR Approaches for the Diagnosis of Human Diseases.

CRISPR/Cas is a prokaryotic self-defense system, widely known for its use as a gene-editing tool. Because of their high specificity to detect DNA and RNA sequences, different CRISPR systems have been adapted for nucleic acid detection. CRISPR detection technologies differ highly among them, since they are based on four of the six major subtypes of CRISPR systems. In just 5 years, the CRISPR diagnostic field has rapidly expanded, growing from a set of specific molecular biology discoveries to multiple FDA-authorized COVID-19 tests and the establishment of several companies. CRISPR-based detection methods are coupled with pre-existing preamplification and readout technologies, achieving sensitivity and reproducibility comparable to the current gold standard nucleic acid detection methods. Moreover, they are very versatile, can be easily implemented to detect emerging pathogens and new clinically relevant mutations, and offer multiplexing capability. The advantages of the CRISPR-based diagnostic approaches are a short sample-to-answer time and no requirement of laboratory settings; they are also much more affordable than current nucleic acid detection procedures. In this review, we summarize the applications and development trends of the CRISPR/Cas13 system in the identification of particular pathogens and mutations and discuss the challenges and future prospects of CRISPR-based diagnostic platforms in biomedicine.

P53 Modulation of Autophagy Signaling in Cancer Therapies: Perspectives Mechanism and Therapeutic Targets

The key tumor suppressor protein p53, additionally known as p53, represents an attractive target for the development and management of anti-cancer therapies. p53 has been implicated as a tumor suppressor protein that has multiple aspects of biological function comprising energy metabolism, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, growth and differentiation, senescence, oxidative stress, angiogenesis, and cancer biology. Autophagy, a cellular self-defense system, is an evolutionarily conserved catabolic process involved in various physiological processes that maintain cellular homeostasis. Numerous studies have found that p53 modulates autophagy, although the relationship between p53 and autophagy is relatively complex and not well understood. Recently, several experimental studies have been reported that p53 can act both an inhibitor and an activator of autophagy which depend on its cellular localization as well as its mode of action. Emerging evidences have been suggested that the dual role of p53 which suppresses and stimulates autophagy in various cencer cells. It has been found that p53 suppression and activation are important to modulate autophagy for tumor promotion and cancer treatment. On the other hand, activation of autophagy by p53 has been recommended as a protective function of p53. Therefore, elucidation of the new functions of p53 and autophagy could contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches in cancer biology. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of p53 and autophagy shows reciprocal functional interaction that is a major importance for cancer treatment and manegement. Additionally, several synthetic drugs and phytochemicals have been targeted to modulate p53 signaling via regulation of autophagy pathway in cancer cells. This review emphasizes the current perspectives and the role of p53 as the main regulator of autophagy-mediated novel therapeutic approaches against cancer treatment and managements.

Krav Maga: History, Representation, and Globalization of a Self-Defense System from Israel

Martial Arts Studies publishes the highest quality academic work on any aspect of martial arts studies. It aspires to stimulate and enrich the development of research and scholarship in martial arts studies by publishing the highest quality interdisciplinary work in the emergent field.

Erythropoietin Receptor/β Common Receptor: A Shining Light on Acute Kidney Injury Induced by Ischemia-Reperfusion.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a health problem worldwide, but there is a lack of early diagnostic biomarkers and target-specific treatments. Ischemia-reperfusion (IR), a major cause of AKI, not only induces kidney injury, but also stimulates the self-defense system including innate immune responses to limit injury. One of these responses is the production of erythropoietin (EPO) by adjacent normal tissue, which is simultaneously triggered, but behind the action of its receptors, either by the homodimer EPO receptor (EPOR)2 mainly involved in erythropoiesis or the heterodimer EPOR/β common receptor (EPOR/βcR) which has a broad range of biological protections. EPOR/βcR is expressed in several cell types including tubular epithelial cells at low levels or absent in normal kidneys, but is swiftly upregulated by hypoxia and inflammation and also translocated to cellular membrane post IR. EPOR/βcR mediates anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, pro-regeneration, and remodeling via the PI3K/Akt, STAT3, and MAPK signaling pathways in AKI. However, the precise roles of EPOR/βcR in the pathogenesis and progression of AKI have not been well defined, and its potential as an earlier biomarker for AKI diagnosis and monitoring repair or chronic progression requires further investigation. Here, we review biological functions and mechanistic signaling pathways of EPOR/βcR in AKI, and discuss its potential clinical applications as a biomarker for effective diagnosis and predicting prognosis, as well as directing cell target drug delivery.

The selective sequestration of glucosinolates by the cabbage aphid severely impacts a predatory lacewing

The cabbage aphid Brevicoryne brassicae is a notorious agricultural pest that specializes on plants of the Brassicaceae family, which are chemically defended by glucosinolates. By sequestering glucosinolates from its host plants and producing its own activating enzyme (myrosinase), this aphid employs a self-defense system against enemies paralleling that in plants. However, we know little about the metabolic fate of individual glucosinolates during aphid sequestration and activation and about the biochemical effects of this defense on aphid enemies. Here, we probed these questions focusing on B. brassicae and a predatory lacewing, Chrysoperla carnea. We found that distinct glucosinolates were accumulated by B. brassicae at different rates, with aliphatic glucosinolates being taken up more quickly than indolic ones. B. brassicae myrosinase enzymatic activities toward different glucosinolates were strongly correlated to their rates of accumulation in vivo. Surprisingly, after simulated predation, the production of toxic isothiocyanate products (ITCs) was quantitatively outweighed by less toxic products such as nitriles and ITC-conjugates. Nevertheless, the defensive cocktails significantly impaired C. carnea development. Tissue-specific quantification of glucosinolate metabolites revealed that the lacewings employ both conjugation and mobilization to reduce the toxicity of aliphatic ITCs, but these strategies were only partially effective. These results clarify the metabolic fates of glucosinolates after sequestration by an aphid herbivore and further in a higher trophic level, as well as the consequences for predator survival and development, and might be instructive for integrative pest management approaches targeting the cabbage aphid.

Exogenously applied proline enhances growth and productivity of drought stressed onion by improving photosynthetic efficiency, water use efficiency and up-regulating osmoprotectants

Drought and salinity are the main limiting factors negatively affect plant growth and productivity. Proline is recently reported to play a positive role in plants exposed to various abiotic stresses. A two year field experiment was implemented consecutively to assess the potential effect of exogenously applied proline (1 and 2 mM) under different irrigation water regimes (IWR) (120 %, 100 %, 80 % and 60 % of ETc.) on growth, plant defense system, physio-biochemical attributes, bulb yield and water use efficiency of onion cultivated in saline calcareous soil. Results showed that, exogenously-applied proline significantly enhanced growth as well as, plant water status, photosynthetic efficiency, and osmoprotectants of drought-stressed onion which consequently reflected in increased bulb yield. Treatments of 80 % and 60 % of ETc had increased water use efficiency (WUE) by 32.0 % and 26.5 % respectively, compared to full irrigation (100 % of ETc). The effect of proline was negligible on unstressed plants, but when applied under deficit irrigation (DI) treatments (80 and 60 % of ETc), WUE reached 50 % higher than control. These plants also had a higher content of total soluble sugars but a lower content of proline and amino acids. Exogenous proline application markedly enhanced onion growth traits compared to non-treated plants due to increased cell membrane integrity (MSI) and leaf water content (RWC), also improved photosynthetic efficiency and up-regulated osmoprotectants contents. Results revealed that proline foliar application on onion plants might attenuate drought stress by increasing their sugar content and via improving plant self-defense system. Consequently, combination of DI at 80 % and 1−2 mM proline is highly recommended to attain optimal yield with the opportunity of saving 20−40 % of irrigation water during onion growing season.

The effects of single versus multiple training sessions on the motor learning of two Krav Maga strike techniques, in women.

BackgroundExperts of the Krav Maga (KM) self-defense system propose that KM techniques are based on simple body movements which are suggested to be learned rapidly and retained. This study investigated the acquisition, retention, and further improvement with additional training of two KM strike techniques among novice female practitioners: straight punch and defensive kick.MethodsSixteen healthy females (age: 23 ± 3.7 years) without any previous martial arts/self-defense experience volunteered to participate. All participants received an initial 30-min instruction session (AQ), taught by a certified KM instructor, where each technique was deconstructed into three checkpoints (defined as a component of the entire movement) for learning. Participants were divided into two groups, one of which received additional training. Several kinematic and kinetic measures were recorded at four timepoints: immediately before AQ, immediately after AQ, 5 days after AQ, and 12 days after AQ.ResultsResults suggest that both techniques were learned rapidly, as checkpoint performance was significantly improved after AQ. Kick velocity and impact force also increased significantly after AQ; however, these measures did not change after AQ for the punch technique. Additional training did not improve either punch or kick performance beyond that learned during AQ.ConclusionThe findings from this study suggest that a single training session may be sufficient to learn and retain KM strike techniques relatively permanently; and the acquisition of the kick technique may lead to concomitant improvements in kick velocity and impact force.

World Heritage Value and Listing Strategy of Bukhansanseong - Focusing on the connection between Hanyang Doseong and Yeonyungdaeseong -

북한산성은 고대로부터 18세기까지 한국의 도성방어 체제가 어떻게 발달해 왔는지를 상징적으로 보여주는 성곽유산이다. 한국의 도성제(都城制)는 고대에는 산 위에 성곽 시설을 쌓는 산성(山城) 형태에서 점차 평지에 성곽 시설을 갖추는 평성(平城) 형태로 발전해 왔다고 할 수 있다. 갈수록 수도의 군사적 측면뿐만 아니라 정치·경제·문화·행정적인 측면을 함께 고려한 데에 따른 것이다. 조선왕조의 도성은 동아시아의 유교이념에 따라 처음으로 한양의 평지에 궁성(宮城)을 쌓고 주변 내사산(內四山)을 연결하여 성곽을 두루는 형태로 출발하였다. 하지만, 양란 이후 전쟁의 위협이 계속되자 도성의 배후인 북한산에 외성(外城)에 해당하는 북한산성을 축조하였다. 이어서 도성과 북한산성을 연결하는 중성(中城)인 탕춘대성(연융대성)을 쌓아 3개의 성곽을 하나의 방어시설로 구조화하였다. 이와 같이 도성(내성)-연융대성(중성)-북한산성(외성)의 복합적인 도성 방어유산은 국내와 동아시아는 물론이고 세계적으로도 드문 예외적인 사례이다. 한양도성과 연융대성, 그리고 북한산성으로 이어지는 3단계의 복합적인 성곽체제는 수천 년 동안 한국 사회가 발달시켜온 도성방어시스템의 완성을 의미한다. 특히 북한산성은 연융대성과 함께 도성을 지키는 최후의 보루이자 사수성으로서, 국왕이 백성과 함께 도성을 지킨다는 ‘여민공수(與民共守)’라는 근대적 이념이 깔린 18세기 성곽유산으로 탁월한 보편적 가치(Outstandig Univertial Verlue, OUV)를 갖는다.The value of UNESCO World Herit age of Bukhansanseong is that it has a complex structure of castle built on a Bukhan mountain linked to the castle of capital. As can be seen from the comparison between the city and Bukhansanseong in the Joseon Dynasty to the relationship between teeth and gums or mother and child, Bukhansanseong Fortress is characterized as an fortress built to the north of the city to protect the capital. Usually, it is as if the capital is carrying B ukhansanseong Fortress and wearing a band around Tangchundaeseong Fortress. On the contrary, in case of emergency, Bukhansanseong Fortress holds Tangchundaeseong Fortress, Tangchundaesung Fortress is again holding the castle of capital. Bukhansanseong Fortress is the crystallization of the 18th century capital city defense system that most perfectly combines Korea traditional fortress system with the capital city system. Bukhansanseong Fortress is a double-built defense system behind the capital’s fortress, a very except ional example worldwide. It is noteworthy that Bukhansanseong is a military facility that symbolizes the development process of the self-defense system of the Korean capital. The three-stage castle structure that leads to the capital castle of Hanyang, Bukhansanseong Fortress, and Tangchundaeseong Fortress means the completion of a unique city defense system developed in Korea.

Multilayer Self-defense System to Protect Enterprise Cloud

A data breach can seriously impact organizational intellectual property, resources, time, and product value. The risk of system intrusion is augmented by the intrinsic openness of commonly utilized technologies like TCP/IP protocols. As TCP relies on IP addresses, an attacker may easily trace the IP address of the organization. Given that many organizations run the risk of data breach and cyber-attacks at a certain point, a repeatable and well-developed incident response framework is critical to shield them. Enterprise cloud possesses the challenges of security, lack of transparency, trust and loss of controls. Technology eases quickens the processing of information but holds numerous risks including hacking and confidentiality problems. The risk increases when the organization outsources the cloud storage services through the vendor and suffers from security breaches and need to create security systems to prevent data networks from being compromised. The business model also leads to insecurity issues which derail its popularity. An attack mitigation system is the best solution to protect online services from emerging cyber-attacks. This research focuses on cloud computing security, cyber threats, machine learning-based attack detection, and mitigation system. The proposed SDN-based multilayer machine learning-based self-defense system effectively detects and mitigates the cyber-attack and protects cloud-based enterprise solutions. The results show the accuracy of the proposed machine learning techniques and the effectiveness of attack detection and the mitigation system.