Self-Control Schedule Research Articles

Visual control during climbing: Variability in practice fosters a proactive gaze pattern.

In climbing, the visual system is confronted with a dual demand: controlling ongoing movement and searching for upcoming movement possibilities. The aims of the present research were: (i) to investigate the effect of different modes of practice on how learners deal with this dual demand; and (ii) to analyze the extent this effect may facilitate transfer of learning to a new climbing route. The effect of a constant practice, an imposed schedule of variations and a self-controlled schedule of variations on the gaze behaviors and the climbing fluency of novices were compared. Results showed that the constant practice group outperformed the imposed variability group on the training route and the three groups climbing fluency on the transfer route did not differ. Analyses of the gaze behaviors showed that the constant practice group used more online gaze control during the last session whereas the imposed variability group relied on a more proactive gaze control. This last gaze pattern was also used on the transfer route by the imposed variability group. Self-controlled variability group displayed more interindividual differences in gaze behaviors. These findings reflect that learning protocols induce different timing for gaze patterns that may differently facilitate adaptation to new climbing routes.

No Improvement on the Learning of Golf Putting By Older Persons With Self-Controlled Knowledge of Performance.

The aim of this study was to verify if older adults would benefit from a self-controlled schedule of knowledge of performance (KP) in the motor skill learning. The study's participants included 22 women and 18 men, with an average age of 68years (SD = 2.95years). These were divided into two groups: "Self," in which participants had control over when they received KP and "Yoked," in which participants received KP in a paired manner with the Self group. The learning task was golf putting. Results showed that the groups had similar scores for accuracy and consistency of performance. Results also showed that KP requests were more based on bad trials than good trials. It appears that the important variable for motor learning is not who controls the provision of feedback, but also the older adults' ability to use the information.

THE MEDIATION ROLE OF PROBLEM SOLVING SKILLS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LEARNED RESOURCEFULNESS AND LONELINESS

The aim of the study was to examine the mediation role of problem solving skills on the relationship between learned resourcefulness and loneliness. Mediation model tested using data collected from 211 Turkish university students. Rosenbaum’s Self-Control Schedule, Problem-solving Inventory, and UCLA Loneliness Scale were used to collect the data in this study. The effect of learned resourcefulness on loneliness and the mediation role of problem solving skills in this relationship were analyzed by hierarchical multiple linear regression analysis. The significance of the mediation of problem solving skills was examined by the Sobel test. Analyses revealed that learned resourcefulness predicted loneliness significantly, and that problem solving skills showed full mediation in this relationship. When the effects of problem solving skills were controlled, learned resourcefulness could not predict loneliness, significantly. Findings of the study emphasized that the use of only cognitive strategies could relatively be less effective to reduce loneliness. However, using cognitive coping strategies, such as learned resourcefulness, along with behavioral processes could help weaken loneliness. Therefore, in the psycho-educational programs or counseling sessions, it would be useful to implement interventions that enhance problem solving skills whose behavioral aspect outweighs, and cognitive skills such as learned resourcefulness. The significance and limitations of the findings were discussed. Article visualizations:

LEARNED RESOURCEFULLNESS AND MENTAL HEALTH: PSYCHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF UKRAINIAN VERSION OF SELF-CONTROL SCHEDULE

The mental health is recognized the most important components of a high quality of life that allow people to consider their lives meaningful, to be active and creative members of society. However, the problem of relationship between mental health and personality resources n the context of lerarned resourcefulness theory remains unresolved The aim of the article is a psychometric analysis of the Ukrainian version of the Self-Control Schedule and assessment relationships between learned resourcefulness and indicators of mental health on a students’ sample (n = 450). It is shown that at the first stage from the scale were withdrawn items low in absolute value in latent factor loadings, at the second stage — the possible correlations were identified by the modification indices. These correlations were included into the model and improved it (χ2/df = 0.98; RMSEA = 0.00; SRMR = 0.03; NFI = 0.91; NNFI = 1.00; CFI = 1.00). The 12 items were left and shaped the final version of the scale in the one-factor decision. The final scale was characterized by sufficient internal consistency (α = 0,68; ωB = 0.71) and test-retest reliability (r = 0,79). It was found that students with high levels of rarely showed negative behavioral responses (r = -0,13; p = 0,01) and more used cognitive assessment of stress (r = 0,34; p <0,001). The future research in this field is outlined.

The Effects of Problem-Solving Skills Training on Self-control Behaviors and Psychotic Symptoms Among Community-Dwelling Patients With Schizophrenia

Purpose: Our aim was to evaluate the effects of problem-solving skills training (PSST) on self-control behaviors and the positive and negative psychotic symptoms of schizophrenia in community-dwelling patients.Method: This quasi-experimental study was conducted in 63 adult community-dwelling outpatients with schizophrenia in Taiwan. The control group (n=28) received routine life skills training alone, while the experimental group (n=35) received both routine life-skills and problem-solving training. The data were collected at four time points (at baseline, and at week 6, 12, and 16 [4 weeks after training ended]). This study measured outcome variables including problem-solving skills (using the Self-control Schedule [SCS]), and psychiatric syndromes (using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale [PANSS]).Results: Our generalized estimating equation (GEE) model showed a significant improvement in the self-control behavior score in the experimental group at week 12 and 4 weeks after training ended, compared with the control group. In addition, the negative symptoms score was significantly improved at week 12 and 4 weeks after training end, compared with baseline.Conclusion: These results demonstrated that PSST and routine living skills training have a positive impact on the negative symptoms of schizophrenia patients and could improve their problem-solving capacity and skills for dealing with daily life and health problems and could moderate negative psychotic symptom severity.

Depression and Health-Related Quality of Life and Their Association With Resourcefulness in Survivors of Prostate Cancer

ObjectiveThis study aimed to identify the determinants of depressive symptoms (DSs) and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) in survivors of prostate cancer (PC). MethodsThis study used a descriptive, correlational design to assess a sample of 133 individuals with PC. The participants were face-to-face interviewed to collect demographic data and disease characteristics, assess self-control schedule, and survey health status. Correlation analysis, Student's t-test, ANOVA, and regression analysis were applied. ResultsOver half the patients had depressive symptoms, and 96.1% had erectile dysfunction. Lack of resourcefulness was found to decrease PC-specific quality of life (PCQOL) and physical quality of life (PQOL). The participants who were more resourceful showed a better mental quality of life (MQOL) and PQOL (r=0.53**; r=0.41**) and fewer DSs (r=−0.52**). Most participants were stage II and IV, and there were significantly different effects on PQOL and MQOL related to cancer stage. Regarding the different outcomes of various therapies, the findings suggested that survivors of PC who underwent radical prostatectomy were more likely to have a better MQOL than those who underwent other treatments. In addition, resourcefulness had mediating effects on pain, PQOL/MQOL, and DSs in the patients with PC. ConclusionsGood mental health and resourcefulness can help patients with PC reduce pain and enhance positive thinking and may augment PQOL and MQOL.

The Determination of Self-Control Skill of Tuberculosis Patients According to Some Variables

This study was conducted in Ankara, Turkey. In the study, questionnaire form and Self-Control Schedule (SCS) was used. According to the t-test, statistically significant difference between self-control skill and “support of family members to each other” was found. Analysis showed that the occupational status and educational level had a significant effect on self-control skill. Besides, there is a positive relationship between average monthly income and self-control skill, while there is a negative correlation among number of hospitalizations, diagnosis period, and self-control skill. Our results may be a guide to develop more effective intervention strategies for tuberculosis management.

Self - Control Tasks Depend on Glucose Levels in Students

Background: Burgeoning evidences have correlated self-control to desirable outcomes. A recent work found in literature has indicated that self-control relied on glucose; but there is no such data in Ghana. Hence, a replicative study is needed to investigate this further and this was the focus of the current study. Aim: The purpose was to determine the association between blood glucose levels and self – control score in medical students under exams condition. Method: The convenience sample consisted of 105 first year medical students of the University of Ghana Medical School (UGMS). These students’ were interviewed using a structured questionnaire for demographic, self –control information and clinical information after ethical clearance and informed consent. Three mL venous blood samples were obtained for determination of blood sugar levels before mini students’ exams and 10 minutes after students’ interim assessment. The data obtained was entered into an excel spread sheet (Microsoft company, USA) and analyzed using SPSS version 18. Results: Self-control schedule (SCS) formed a unique pattern with blood glucose levels. However, there was no relationship between gender and SCS [chi-square (2df)=0.120, p=0.942]; but with the introduction of interim assessment as the stressor, SCS in females increased with increased exams score. Conclusion: Self-control task could possibly depend on glucose.

Psychological predictors of mental toughness in elite tennis: an exploratory study in learned resourcefulness and competitive trait anxiety.

The purpose of this study was to examine the extent to which two constructs, learned resourcefulness and competitive trait anxiety, measured by the Self-Control Schedule and Sports Competition Anxiety Test, respectively, predicted mental toughness on the Sports Mental Toughness Questionnaire among male and female elite tennis players. The participants included two NCAA Division 1 (U.S.) intercollegiate tennis teams comprising eight male (M age = 19.4 yr., SD = 1.2) and eight female (M age = 20.9 yr., SD = 1.4) players and their respective head coaches (N = 2, M age = 28 yr., SD = 5.7). Results of regression analyses indicated that learned resourcefulness was the primary predictor of athlete self-rated mental toughness and that competitive trait anxiety was relatively unrelated to coach and athlete-rated mental toughness. The positive significant relationship between mental toughness and learned resourcefulness suggests that the latter may be an integral component of mental toughness, at least among elite tennis players. Further research is needed to examine related components of mental toughness, including learned resourcefulness, and to determine the effectiveness of interventions that increase mental toughness to optimal levels, particularly as a function of sport type.

Psychosocial trajectories of men monitoring prostate-specific antigen levels following surgery for prostate cancer.

To describe the psychosocial trajectories of men treated surgically for prostate cancer after monitoring their prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels until 24 months post-treatment. Descriptive longitudinal study. Urology clinic at Duke University Health System. 12 men diagnosed and treated for prostate cancer. Men were interviewed in their homes at baseline and at 24 months and via telephone at 6, 12, and 18 months. Scores from the Profile of Mood States, Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale, Self-Control Schedule, and Cantril's Ladder were entered into a database for analysis. Graphs of individual participants' scores were plotted. PSA values, mood state, cognitive reframing, impact of event, quality of life, illness uncertainty, and growth through uncertainty were measured. Three trajectories were identified (i.e., stable, unstable, and mixed) and graphed using a typological or health pattern approach. Monitoring PSA levels is critical for men treated for prostate cancer. This study provides preliminary data on the psychological trajectories of men during the first 24 months postprostatectomy. Rising PSA levels that are associated with the recurrence of disease can cause psychosocial distress among men with prostate cancer.

Learned Resourcefulness and Coping with Stress in Mothers of Children with Disabilities

Problem Statement: Research has indicated that some mothers can cope with stressful life conditions and continue their lives normally, whereas others are unable to overcome such challenging conditions. Recent research has shown that mothers of children with disabilities are likely to know more about why some mothers have relatively well-adjusted lives despite stressful conditions, as well as why they cope better with these conditions than others. However, to date, studies in Turkey have only concentrated on the degree to which mothers of children with disabilities feel stress and which coping ways they use to curb the negative effects of stress. Purpose of the Study: This study aimed to examine the relationships between learned resourcefulness and ways of coping with stress. Methods: The study sample consisted of 222 mothers of children attending special education institutions during the 2011–2012 academic year in Sakarya, Turkey. The Self-Control Schedule and Ways of Coping Inventory were used to assess learned resourcefulness and coping strategies, the relationships among which investigated using Pearson

Self-Controlled Practice Enhances Motor Learning in Introverts and Extroverts

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of self-controlled feedback on the learning of a sequential-timing motor task in introverts and extroverts. Method: Fifty-six university students were selected by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. They practiced a motor task consisting of pressing computer keyboard keys in a specific spatial and temporal pattern. The experiment consisted of practice, retention, and transfer phases. The participants were distributed into 4 groups, formed by the combination of personality trait (extraversion/introversion) and type of feedback frequency (self-controlled/yoked). Results: The results showed superior learning for the groups that practiced in a self-controlled schedule, in relation to groups who practiced in an externally controlled schedule, F(1, 52) = 4.13, p < .05, η2 = .07, regardless of personality trait. Conclusion: We conclude that self-controlled practice enhances motor learning in introverts and extroverts.

Caregiver Burden, Health Status, and Learned Resourcefulness of Older Caregivers

As caregivers undertake caregiving responsibilities over a long period of time, the burdens placed on them could lead to undue stress and affect their health. This correlation study examined the current situations and relationships among caregiver burden, health status, and learned resourcefulness (LR) of older caregivers who care for disabled older adults, and predicted the important factors that affect their caregiver burden. In all, 108 older caregivers were recruited from home care services of two hospitals. Structured questionnaire interviews were applied to collect data: the Caregiver Burden Scale, the SF-36 Health Survey (SF-36), and the Rosenbaum's Self-Control Schedule. Results indicated that the caregiver burden was negatively correlated with physical health, mental health, and LR. Physical and mental health were positively correlated with LR. The predictors of caregiver burden included LR, health status, economic status, and activities of daily living, which accounted for 58.60% of the total caregiver burden variance.

Does the sexual self-control model for women apply to undergraduate men?

This study sought to determine whether the variables of the Sexual Self-control Model that predict sexual resourcefulness and consenting to unwanted sexual advances in undergraduate women also apply to undergraduate men. A sample of 124 males completed the Self-Control Schedule that assesses general learned resourcefulness and also the Sexual Resourcefulness Inventory, Sexual Self-Efficacy Scale, Reasons for Consenting to Unwanted Sexual Advances Scale, and Sexual Giving-in Experiences Survey. As hypothesized and paralleling the results for women, higher levels of general learned resourcefulness and sexual self-efficacy, and fewer reasons for consenting to unwanted sexual advances predicted higher levels of sexual resourcefulness in men. Contrary to the previous findings in women, lower sexual resourcefulness was not a unique predictor of consenting to unwanted advances in men. Instead, a mediation model was supported, whereby males having more reasons for consenting to an unwanted sexual activity were more likely to comply despite having higher levels of sexual resourcefulness skills. In addition, men's consenting experiences and sexual resourcefulness skills were observed to be significantly lower than women's. Study limitations and implications for future research are discussed.

Yoked Versus Self-Controlled Practice Schedules and Performance on Dual-Task Transfer Tests

The authors examined yoked versus self-controlled practice schedules to determine their influence in immediate and delayed dual-task performance. The task was to propel a small disc along a smooth table top, with the purpose of stopping it in a specified target area. Participants in the self-controlled schedule group chose the order in which eight acquisition targets, differing in distance from a home position, were practiced during acquisition. Members of a control group followed identical schedules to yoked participants in the self-controlled group. The authors hypothesized that those in the self-controlled group would perform with less error on retention and transfer tests and with more error on dual-task transfer tests in comparison to those in the yoked group. No differences in performance on retention, transfer, or dual-task tests were found. Possible reasons for the similar performance between groups include the provision of choice over blocks of rather than individual trials and feelings of autonomy in both groups due to choice as to how to propel the disc.

Personal beliefs, learned resourcefulness, and adaptive functioning in depressed adults

Learned resourcefulness and personal beliefs are significant predictors of adaptive functioning. The mediating effect of personal beliefs on the relationship between learned resourcefulness and adaptive functioning was validated in adults with depression. The findings from this study may provide the basis for developing a useful nursing intervention constituting resourcefulness skills with positive personal beliefs to help patients with depression improve their ability to function well in their daily activities. Research has shown that patients with depression have difficulty with performing daily tasks and meeting their own personal care needs. According to Beck's cognitive theory of depression, such deficits in adaptive functioning are affected by disturbances in specific personal beliefs that reflect the process of regulating cognitions. Rosenbaum's learned resourcefulness theory proposed that adaptive functioning is influenced by learned resourcefulness, while learned resourcefulness is associated with the process regulating cognitions. This study aims to test the mediating effect of personal beliefs on the relationship between resourcefulness and adaptive functioning. The study involved a cross-sectional design. Participants consisted of 187 adults with depression in southern Taiwan. The data were collected through four instruments: Cognitive Triad Inventory, Self-Control Schedule, modified Community Living Skills Scale, and a demographic questionnaire. Both resourcefulness and personal beliefs were significant predictors of adaptive functioning, and personal beliefs mediated the effect of learned resourcefulness on the adaptive functioning of the adults with depression. The results validate the role played by personal beliefs in effecting learned resourcefulness and adaptive functioning among adults with depression and provide direction for designing nursing interventions that consider personal beliefs when teaching resourcefulness skills to adults with depression.

Learned Resourcefulness, Danger in Intimate Partner Relationships, and Mental Health Symptoms of Depression and PTSD in Abused Women

The study investigated the relationships among learned resourcefulness, dangerousness in abusive relationships, and symptoms of depression and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in a sample of abused sheltered women. A cross-sectional descriptive research design was utilized and 42 women met criteria for participation. Data were collected over a ten-month period from June 2010 to March 2011 using the following instruments: (1) demographic data collection form, (2) Self-Control Schedule (SCS), (3) Danger Assessment (DA), (4) Index of Spouse Abuse (ISA), (5) Beck Depression Inventory, Second Edition (BDI-II), and (6) Posttraumatic Stress Diagnostic Scale (PDS). Results indicated that 74% of the sample reported symptoms of depression and 67% met criteria for PTSD. In addition, there was 62% comorbidity between depression and PTSD. High levels of danger and low levels of resourcefulness were associated with increased symptoms of depression and PTSD. Further research is necessary, but results of the study suggest that resourcefulness may be an important consideration for abused women in reducing the impact of violence and abuse on mental health issues.

Learning Effects of Self-Controlled Practice Scheduling for Children and Adults: Are the Advantages Different?

The benefit of providing learners control over their repetition schedule during multi-task learning has been limited to adult samples. Recently, differences in self-controlled strategies, such as frequent requests for knowledge of results by children (10 years) compared to adults have been reported. The purpose of the present experiment was to assess the benefits of a self-controlled repetition schedule during multi-task learning for children compared to adults. Twenty-four children (M age = 11.7 yr., SD = 2.0) and 24 adults (M age = 22.0 yr., SD = 2.2) completed 36 acquisition (12 per sequence) and 12 retention trials (4 per sequence) over two days for a key-pressing task. Half the adults (n = 12) and half the children (n = 12) chose the order in which to practice the three sequences during acquisition. The remaining participants practiced under the repetition schedule of a self-controlled counterpart. The dependent variables were the total time to complete the trial and the success of the motor trial (successful or unsuccessful). No differences were observed in the total number of times participants switched from one sequence to another in acquisition for the children and adults in the self-controlled condition. In retention, the proportion of error trials did not differ between the children and adults. The main effect for self-controlled vs yoked conditions indicated superior learning for the self-controlled conditions independent of age.

Learned Resourcefulness, Social Support, and Perinatal Depression in Chinese Mothers

Postnatal depression is a major health problem that can have detrimental effects on infants' psychosocial development; however, there are few longitudinal studies on the protective role of learned resourcefulness against the development of postnatal depression. The aims of this study were to examine the relationships among learned resourcefulness, social support, stress, and depressive symptoms across the perinatal period and to determine the mediating role of learned resourcefulness and social support between stress and depressive symptoms in the perinatal period. A longitudinal design was used. A convenience sample of 170 first-time Chinese mothers completed the assessment during pregnancy and were followed up at 6 weeks and 6 months postpartum. The Self-Control Schedule, Medical Outcomes Study Social Support Survey, Social Readjustment Rating Scale, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale were used. Path analysis was employed. Learned resourcefulness had a direct impact on depressive symptoms and mediated the effect of stress on depressive symptoms during pregnancy and at 6 weeks postpartum. Social support had a direct impact on depressive symptoms and mediated the effect of stress on depressive symptoms during pregnancy. Learned resourcefulness and social support directly predicted depressive symptoms at 6 months postpartum. Learned resourcefulness and social support serve to protect against the development of depressive symptoms and mediate the relationship between stress and depressive symptoms in the perinatal period. Culturally competent healthcare should be developed to equip women with learned resourcefulness skills and foster support network to combat the stress of new motherhood, thereby minimizing the risk of perinatal depression.

Component Processes of Executive Function—Mindfulness, Self-control, and Working Memory—and Their Relationships with Mental and Behavioral Health

We examined the interrelationships between higher-order cognitive functions-mindfulness, self-control, and working memory-that appear to be component processes that underlie executive function (EF) and their association with indicators of mental and behavioral health. Data were collected from first-year medical students attending a large private university in California (N=31) via a computer-based questionnaire which was administered via email hyperlink. Results indicate that self-control schedule (SCS) scores were significantly correlated with the negative dimension of positive and negative affect schedule scores (r=-0.59, p<0.05), psychological well-being scale scores (r=0.46, p<0.05), and mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS) scores (r=0.35, p≤0.10). The planful behavior dimension of the SCS was correlated with MAAS scores (r=0.38, p<0.10), automated operation span task scores (r=0.51, p<0.05), and total SCS scores (r=0.72, p<0.01). Large and significant inverse correlations were found between current meditation practice and alcohol use (r=-0.56, p<0.05) and AUDIT scores (r=-0.48, p<0.05). Findings from this pilot study suggest that an overlap exists between some component processes of EF; however, the majority of variance in the components is not shared. Moreover, these higher-order cognitive processes appear to have protective relationships with substance use and are positively associated with self-reported meditation practice.