Self-control Motivation Research Articles

How external monitoring can mitigate cyberloafing: understanding the mediating and moderating roles of employees’ self-control

ABSTRACT Organisations widely adopt external monitoring to regulate employees’ cyberloafing, which refers to employees’ non-work-related internet usage during work time. Although prior studies have examined the effect of external monitoring on cyberloafing, the underlying mechanisms through which external monitoring affects cyberloafing remain unclear. Drawing on counteractive control theory and the literature on the relationship between external controls and self-control, we investigate how employees’ self-control can play an important role in understanding the effect of external monitoring on cyberloafing. Based on a survey of 227 employees, we find that external monitoring promotes employees’ self-control motivation, which in turn, decreases their cyberloafing. We further find that the above relationships were contingent upon employees’ dispositional self-control capacity. Our study makes contributions by advancing researchers’ understanding of how external monitoring affects employees’ cyberloafing. Our study also extends the counteractive control theory by introducing the concept of self-control motivation, which is a complementary dimension of self-control capacity. In addition, the findings have important implications for alleviating the potential side effect of external monitoring used in organisations.

How to Enhance Motivation to Exert Self-control : Importance of Self-control Goals

Self-control – the capacity to modify one’s behavior – is an essential capability in society and in the workplace. This study proposes a possible self-control depleted-but-driven effect through three studies that investigated the extent to which resource depletion influences motivation to exert self-control. In Study 1, depleted participants heightened their self-control motivation to perform a persistence task. Studies 2 and 3 investigated two important boundary conditions. Specifically, Study 2 demonstrated that depletion boosts self-control motivation only when one’s self-control goals are under threat. Study 3 showed that the depleted-but-driven effect occurs only when people value long-term outcomes. The last two studies suggest that self-control goals are important factors for enhancing the motivation to exert self-control after resource depletion.

The Role of Self-Control and Motivation on Exhaustion in Youth Athletes: A Longitudinal Perspective.

The depletion of self-control competencies has been explained by an external shift in motivation, and recent research has emphasized that controlled types of motivation and self-control competencies are positively associated with exhaustion in youth athletes. Using the self-determination theory (SDT) and self-control theories, this study examined associations between athletes' motivation, self-control competencies, and exhaustion experiences throughout a competitive season. A total of 321 winter sport youth athletes (173 males, 98 females, and 50 unknown gender; aged 16 to 20 years, M = 17.98, SD = 0.89) participated in this 10-week longitudinal study, including three time points. Using Bayesian structural equation modeling, associations between athletes' reported level of motivation regulations, self-control, and exhaustion throughout their competitive season were examined in two mediation models. Constructs were associated in a conceptual and consistent manner. Simple mediation models showed credible indirect and direct effects of motivation on exhaustion via self-control within amotivation, and intrinsic, integrated, identified, and external regulation analyses. These credible effects were not replicated in the focused mediation model, when controlling for self-control and exhaustion autoregressive effects. However, direction of effects in both models was consistent and congruent. Findings consistently supported the interplay between motivation and exhaustion via self-control in youth athletes over an important competition period of the year. Autonomous and controlled motivation interacted with self-control and, respectively, predicted perceived exhaustion negatively and positively. Thus, autonomous self-control motives are important in preventing negative sport participation development over time. However, simple and focused mediation models showed different results, suggesting a necessity for accurate considerations of analytical methods chosen to investigate longitudinal mediation. Specifically, future studies need to carefully consider the time interval between measurement time points when investigating changes in dynamic psychological constructs, and include autoregressive longitudinal effects in order to predict change in levels of the outcome over time.

Educational Game: A Fun and team based learning in psychiatric course and its effects on Learning Indicators

Background: Using traditional and inactive methods in medical education can cause fatigue, lack of attention, frustration, lack of motivation and decrease the level of students’ learning. games in education is one of the interactive, active and fun methods that has its own educational purpose that translates the special features and highlights the special capabilities by deepening the skills . In this article, the effect of the instructional game as a educational puzzles and the effect of this program on students ‘ self-regulation and team learning has been investigated.Method: This research is a pre test – post test semi experimental study. The population of this study was Jahrom University of Medical Sciences students and samples were 39 nursing students which studied psychiatric course. Sample was selected from available class to the teacher. Initially, the content of the course was presented as a presentation of the main content of the lecture. After the completion of the lessons, contents prepared through puzzle and this program was given to small groups in all sessions. The groups, while answering the questions, checked the collection of information and the searched for the answers, and then the correct answer was provided by the teacher. The combination of teamwork with small groups and solving puzzles which contained learned lessons provided an attractive environment in the form of teamwork. Four questionnaires included : self-directed learning readiness scale (SDLRS), Burrfurd’s self-regulatory questionnaire and a Questionnaire for assessing the value of team work and then a questionnaire of self-reflection were used in two stages (before and after) of intervention.Results: The results of the study showed that self-regulatory indicators (p = 0.17) and self-directed (including self-control motivation) and self-management (p=0.15, p=0.0, p=0.001) were meaningful after improving intervention respectively. Other results show that intervention has affected team-based learning scales (including attitudes- team learning and team-learning skills (0.73, 046, 0.62) although it is not significant. Also, the mean increase in all subdomain of selfreflection were significant (p <0.05). Other results indicated that the intervention increased the mean scores of self-regulation and self-directed of students. But it is only in self-management was significant.Conclusion:The results of the study showed that the use of instructional al game can affect the individual and participation learning by creating entertaining and interactive environment. Therefore, it is recommended that the mentioned method be used in medical science educationBangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol.17(4) 2018 p.631-637

Eating healthy to impress: How conspicuous consumption, perceived self-control motivation, and descriptive normative influence determine functional food choices

Functional foods are promoted as products that provide specific health benefits beyond basic nutrition. While a number of studies show that the motivation behind the purchase of such products is oriented towards health concerns, we argue that consumers' choice of functional food can also be driven by less health-related hedonic or social motives, such as a tendency for indulgence vs. self-control or the motivation to impress and show off. This proposition has not been systematically and empirically tested before. Hence, the aim of the present study is to reveal the relationship between conspicuous consumption, perceived self-control motivation, susceptibility to descriptive normative influence and the consumption of functional foods. Our results (N = 900) suggest that conspicuous consumption and susceptibility to descriptive normative influence are positively associated with functional food distinctiveness evaluation while perceived self-control motivation is negatively associated with such evaluation. Moreover, results further revealed the indirect effects of susceptibility to descriptive normative influence, conspicuous consumption and perceived self-control motivation on self-reported purchase rates of functional foods via the functional food distinctiveness evaluation. The findings support the relevance of social and hedonic motives for policy makers and marketers in the functional foods industry for marketing and health promotion.

Grade Point Average System of Assessment: the Implementation Peculiarities in Russia

The paper analyzes the specificity, as well as flaws and faults of implementing the Grade Point Average (GPA) system of students’ personal assessment in Russian higher schools. Nowadays, the above system is regarded as the basic functional element of educational process organization at the world’s leading universities. The author summarizes the foreign experience and demonstrates the advantages of the GPA system in comparison with the traditional domestic scale of assessment: full records of student’s assessment, objectivity, activation of responsibility for the results achieved, and self-control motivation. The standard GPA model is demonstrated, its application systemizing both the Russian and European requirements to the higher school graduates. The author suggests his own version of the assessment scale estimating and comparing the quality of education in Russian universities and worldwide. The research findings can be of interest to the specialists in the sphere of quality measurement and educational management.

Why Do External Rewards Crowd Out Intrinsic Motivation While Self-Rewards Do Not?

Rewards often help to exercise self-control. However, whether a person receives an external or a self-reward may have different implications for her future self-control motivation. Recent research suggests that external rewards may improve self-control in the short-run but lead to a decrease of motivation to resist temptation in the long-run. Self-rewards often demonstrate reversed effects. The present paper provides a theoretical model explaining the observed differences in the effects of external and self-rewards. It is shown that psychological property of disappointment aversion may explain these differences in the situation when abstention costs are not perfectly known. The model exploits the dual-self approach to the self-control problem in combination with the principal-agent framework.

Future Selves and Self-Control Motivation

Self-control is well established as a predictor of crime and deviance. Little is known, however, about the motivation to exert self-control, or the degree to which individuals perceive self-control to be relevant or necessary. This is because the “self” in self-control theory is under-theorized. We argue that self-control over criminal and deviant behavior is influenced by the desired and feared conceptions people have of themselves in the future. We argue that people's projections of their future selves engender commitments to lines of action, which mobilize the motivation to exercise self-control. By developing a more detailed conception of the “self” in self-control theory, we hope to orient criminology more fully to the importance of individuals' projected future selves and intended lines of action for understanding the relationship between self-control and criminal behavior.

자율성지지 맥락에서 코치 - 선수관계척도개발과 구조적 타당화 검증

This research aims to validate two coach-athlete relationship scales for applying domestic college athlete; one developed by Jowett and Ntoumanis (2004) and the other developed by Kim, Kihyeong and Park, Junggil (2008) and improved through translation, editing, a preliminary study, open study, and pilot study. We collected the data from 326 athletes (164 on Individual event, 162 on team event) belonging to 28 different colleges. We constructed the coach-athlete relationship scales consist of 15 questionnaires and 3 factors (dedication, friendship, and complementariness) through evaluating questionnaires, exploratory factor analysis, internal consistency reliability analysis, test-retest reliability analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. The results of evaluating questionnaires method, internal consistency analysis and test-retest analysis were assumed to be stable and consistent enough to be reliable. Confirmatory factor analyses are so appropriate as to reveal its high convergent validity and discriminant validity. The result of the comparative study between main players and substitutes reveals that main players got higher points on 3 factors (dedication, friendship, and complementariness), and indicates that a relationship between individual event players and team event players had no significance. Criterion-related validities indicate that coach-athlete relationship has a strong influence with positive correlation on immersion, self-control motivation, durability, and satisfaction after training.

Reasons for quitting: Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation for smoking cessation in a population-based sample of smokers

An intrinsic-extrinsic model of motivation for smoking cessation is extended to a population-based sample of smokers ( N = 1,137), using a previously validated Reasons for Quitting (RFQ) scale. Psychometric evaluation of the RFQ replicated the model that includes health concerns and self-control as intrinsic motivation dimensions and immediate reinforcement and social influence as extrinsic motivation dimensions. Compared to volunteers, the population-based sample of smokers reported equivalent health concerns, lower self-control, and higher social influence motivation for cessation. Within the population-based sample, women compared to men were less motivated to quit by health concerns and more motivated by immediate reinforcement; smokers above age 55 expressed lower health concerns and higher self-control motivation than smokers below age 55. Higher baseline levels of intrinsic relative to extrinsic motivation were associated with more advanced stages of readiness to quit smoking and successful smoking cessation at a 12-month follow-up. Among continuing smokers, improvement in stage of readiness to quit over time was associated with significant increases in health concerns and self-control motivation.