Self-consistent Beam Research Articles

Beam dynamics framework incorporating acceleration to define the minimum aperture in two focusing schemes for proton radiotherapy linac

In this paper, a self-consistent transverse beam dynamics framework is demonstrated that incorporates acceleration into the transverse beam dynamics studies for a proton linac machine. Two focusing schemes are developed and discussed: the FODO-like scheme and the minimum aperture scheme. The FODO-like scheme is a simple scheme, requiring only one quadrupole per cavity. The scheme is analytically solved to minimize the beam size at the cavity entrance/exit and ensures a constant beam size along the lattice, with respect to adiabatic damping due to longitudinally accelerating rf cavities. The minimum aperture scheme describes the regime that matches the beam ellipse to the acceptance ellipse of a cavity, allowing for the smallest possible aperture, for a given cavity length. A simple approximation of an rf cavity map is determined to allow changes in particle energy along a lattice, and acceleration is assumed only in the longitudinal direction. Published by the American Physical Society 2024

A New Insight into High-Aspect-Ratio Channel Drilling in Translucent Dielectrics with a KrF Laser for Waveguide Applications.

A new insight into capillary channel formation with a high aspect ratio in the translucent matter by nanosecond UV laser pulses is discussed based on our experiments on KrF laser multi-pulse drilling of polymethyl methacrylate and K8 silica glass. The proposed mechanism includes self-consistent laser beam filamentation along a small UV light penetration depth caused by a local refraction index increase due to material densification by both UV and ablation pressure, followed by filamentation-assisted ablation. A similar mechanism was shown to be realized in highly transparent media, i.e., KU-1 glass with a multiphoton absorption switched on instead of linear absorption. Waveguide laser beam propagation in long capillary channels was considered for direct electron acceleration by high-power laser pulses and nonlinear compression of excimer laser pulses into the picosecond range.

Self-consistent ion beam analysis: An approach by multi-objective optimization

Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) comprises a set of analytical techniques suited for material analysis, many of which are rather closely related. Self-consistent analysis of several IBA techniques takes advantage of this close relationship to combine different Ion Beam measurements in a unique model to obtain an improved characterization of the sample. This approach provides a powerful tool to obtain an unequivocal and reliable model of the sample, increasing confidence and reducing ambiguities. Taking advantage of the recognized reliability and quality of the simulations provided by SIMNRA, we developed a multi-process program for a self-consistent analysis based on SIMNRA calculations. MultiSIMNRA uses computational algorithms to minimize an objective function running multiple instances of SIMNRA. With four different optimization algorithms, the code can handle sample and setup parameters (including correlations and constraints), to find the set of parameters that best fits simultaneously all experimental data.

PROJECT OF A BEAMLINE FOR THE NESTOR STORAGE RING LINAC TO PROVIDE NUCLEAR PHYSICS RESEARCH

The results of self-consistent beam dynamics simulation are presented for the linac of the NESTOR storage ring. Consideration is given to the influence of particle energy change at the output of the electron gun during the current pulse. The obtained data have formed the basis for the computation of the beam transport line for research in the field of high energy physics.

Computation of the matched envelope of the Danilov distribution

For the purposes of this paper, we define self-consistent beams as those which give rise to linear internal electric fields and maintain this property under any linear transport. Their analytic tractability provides valuable insights into space-charge effects, and they would possess a number of ideal properties if realized in practice. Although the Kapchinsky and Vladimirsky distribution is the most famous example, a larger class of self-consistent beams exists. Here, we focus on a particular case which we call the Danilov distribution. The beam is characterized by an elliptical shape, uniform charge density, and linear relationships between the particle positions and momenta in the transverse plane. The dynamical beam behavior is more complicated than that of the Kapchinsky and Vladimirsky distribution due to space-charge-driven linear coupling between the two transverse dimensions. There is current interest in generating the Danilov distribution experimentally; however, the beam dynamics have not yet been studied in detail. In this paper, we present an iterative method to calculate the matched envelope of the Danilov distribution in both coupled and uncoupled lattices using an existing parametrization of coupled motion. We demonstrate the method by calculating matched envelopes and studying the resulting beam properties for a few simple lattices, thus laying the groundwork for future calculations to optimize the injection of a self-consistent beam in a more complicated focusing system.

Optimization of design parameters for SPPC longitudinal dynamics

As the second stage of the CEPC-SPPC project, SPPC (Super Proton-Proton Collider) aims at exploring new physics beyond the Standard Model. The key design goal for the SPPC accelerator complex is to reach 75 TeV in center of mass energy with a circumference of 100 km for the collider and an injector chain of four accelerators in cascade to support the collider. As an important part of the SPPC conceptual study, the longitudinal beam dynamics was studied systematically, which includes the dynamics in the collider and its complex injector chain. First, the bunch filling scheme of the SPPC complex was designed on the basis of various constraints such as the technical challenges of the kicker magnets, limited extraction energy per injection and so on. Next, the study on the longitudinal dynamics in the collider focused on the RF scheme to meet the requirements for luminosity and mitigate relevant instabilities. A higher harmonic RF system (800 MHz) together with the basic RF system (400 MHz) to form a dual-harmonic RF system was employed to mitigate collective instabilities and increase the luminosity by producing shorter bunches. In addition, the longitudinal matchings between the bunches in the different accelerator stages were studied, with special attention to the space charge effects and the beam loading effect in the two lower energy rings (p-RCS and MSS), which result in an optimization of the RF schemes. A set of self-consistent beam and RF parameters for the SPPC complex was obtained. The collider and the three proton synchrotrons of the injector chain have unprecedented features, thus this study demonstrates how a future proton-proton collider complex looks like.

Six-dimensional matching of intense beam with linear accelerating structure

Beam matching is a common technique that is routinely employed in accelerator design with the aim of minimizing beam losses and preservation of beam brightness. Despite being widely used, a full theoretical understanding of beam matching in 6D remains elusive. Here, we present an analytical treatment of 6D beam matching of a high-intensity beam onto an RF structure. We begin our analysis within the framework of a linear model, and apply the averaging method to a set of 3D beam envelope equations. Accordingly, we obtain a matched solution that is comprised of smoothed envelopes and periodic terms, describing envelope oscillations with the period of the focusing structure. We then consider the nonlinear regime, where the beam size is comparable with the separatrix size. Stating with a Hamiltonian analysis in 6D phase space, we attain a self-consistent beam profile and show that it is significantly different from the commonly used ellipsoidal shape. Subsequently, we analyze the special case of an equilibrium with equal space charge depression between all degrees of freedom. Comparison of beam dynamics for equipartitioned, equal space charge depression, and equal emittances beams is given. Finally, we present experimental results on beam matching in the LANSCE linac.

External beam Total-IBA using DataFurnace

The self-consistent Ion Beam Analysis (IBA) of cultural heritage samples using the external beam is technically demanding. We report on the calibration of an analysis of glass samples from the Rosslyn Chapel where the interest will ultimately be in the full characterisation of the weathered glass. Such an analysis requires a comprehensive Total-IBA approach using p-PIGE and He-PIXE to obtain ”bulk” and surface Na, with H-PIXE/EBS for multielemental depth profiling to 10 μm and He-PIXE/EBS for higher depth resolution near the surface; also with two PIXE detectors as usual for the high and low energy parts of the spectrum. A revised NDF v.10 code capable of a self-consistent handling of all these signals at state-of-the-art accuracy is described, together with the calibration protocols required for such an analysis. Other capabilities of the NDF code not previously discussed are also reviewed.

SHORT PULSE ELECTRON LINAC WITH FULL BEAM LOADING COMPENSATION

Acceleration of intense short-pulsed electron beams in transient mode with energy spread about a few tenths of a percent is the actual problem for RF linacs, in an instance, for an electron injector of a storage ring. In this work we study both analytically and numerically unsteady self-consistent beam dynamics in the one section RF linac fed from SLED. For compensation of the transient beam loading, resulting in beam energy spread, a method of a beam delay with respect to RF pulse is consider. In order to increase efficiency of this method we choose a homogenous dick-loaded waveguide with π/2 phase advance as an accelerating structure that characterized by the minimal frequency dispersion of group velocity. The preliminary results show that the full beam loading compensation is possible for the 1.2 A beam at its acceleration up to 60 MeV during 50 ns.

Investigations on the Effect of the Electron Beam Misalignments on a Continuously Frequency-Tunable Gyrotron

The effect of the electron beam misalignments, including the parallel shifted electron beam and the tilted electron beam on the operating frequency, the beam-wave interaction efficiency, and the frequency-tunable range for a continuously frequency-tunable gyrotron has been studied based on a self-consistent nonlinear beam–wave interaction theory. And the effect of the parallel shifted electron beam on the starting current has also been investigated based on linear theory. It is found that the misaligned electron beam has a little effect on the operating frequency and the frequency-tunable range but a significant effect on the beam-wave interaction efficiency. The misaligned electron beam has a different effect on different axial modes, the influences on the operating frequency, the frequency-tunable range, and the beam-wave interaction efficiency of a higher order axial mode are more obvious. Meanwhile, the influence of the parallel shifted electron beam on the starting current is significant; not only the order of magnitude of starting current increases, but the operating magnetic field is also changed. These results present that the effect of the misaligned electron beam is significant; the electron beam misalignments should be taken into account and avoided in the design and fabrication of a continuously frequency-tunable gyrotron.

Injection of a self-consistent beam with linear space charge force into a ring

One major concern in the design and operation of high-intensity rings is beam loss due to beam halo. Another issue of importance in applications involving fixed targets is the uniformity of the beam energy deposition on the target. Both of these issues could be favorably addressed by a hard-edged beam with uniform transverse density. This paper presents a detailed feasibility study for painting such a beam into a high-intensity proton ring. For the purposes of this paper, we define self-consistent beams to be ellipsoidal, or elliptical in 2D, distributions that have uniform density and linear space charge force and that retain these properties under all linear transformations. Because of their linear space charge forces and linear transport properties, self-consistent distributions may undergo very little halo formation if realized in practice. Because of their uniform density, they would have smaller maximum space charge tune shifts than peaked density distributions, and they would be attractive for high-intensity fixed target applications. Self-consistent distributions involve very special relationships between the phase space coordinates, making them singular in some respects and difficult to realize experimentally. The most famous self-consistent distribution is the Kapchinsky-Vladimirsky distribution, but now many other self-consistent distributions have been discovered. One such, the 2D rotating distribution, can be painted as a coasting beam into a ring having an appropriately designed and tuned lattice. For bunched beams, if the bunch length is sufficiently long, it is expected that the coasting beam assumption will be a good approximation during painting. However, it is unknown how robust self-consistent distributions will be under real world transport in the presence of nonlinearities and collective effects. This paper studies these issues for a particular case of interest by applying realistic detailed computational models to the simulation of painting a self-consistent rotating beam into the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) ring. As a result, we propose a case that can be carried out with only a minor modification of the SNS hardware.

Evolutionary Integro-Differential Equation Solution of Self-Consistent Beam Dynamics in Dielectric-Filled Wakefield Accelerating Structure

Self-coordinated transverse dynamics of the high current relativistic electronic bunches used for generation of wake fields in accelerating structures with dielectric filling is investigated. The Laplace transform method is used to find the analytical solution of the problem of self-consistent beam dynamics.

Saturation of the Hosing Instability in Quasilinear Plasma Accelerators.

The beam hosing instability is analyzed theoretically for a witness beam in the quasilinear regime of plasma accelerators. In this regime, the hosing instability saturates, even for a monoenergetic bunch, at a level much less than standard scalings predict. Analytic expressions are derived for the saturation distance and amplitude and are in agreement with numerical results. Saturation is due to the natural head-to-tail variations in the focusing force, including the self-consistent transverse beam loading.

A particle-core model for inhomogeneous and mismatched charged particle beams

This work presents a particle-core model for an inhomogeneous and mismatched nonneutral charged particle beam. The beam is azimuthally symmetric, initially cold, and is confined by an external constant magnetic field inside a cylindrical conducting pipe. The core description is based on a previous developed Lagrangian approach. The relaxation time and the phase-space topology of the particle-core model is in reasonable agreement with full self-consistent N-particle beam numerical simulations.

Development of High Power Electrostatic Accelerators for Nuclear and Medical Purposes in Argentina

We highlight some of the results of an ongoing program at the National Atomic Energy Commission (CNEA) in Argentina to develop low energy (0.2 to 2.5 MeV), high current (30-100mA) proton and deuteron electrostatic accelerators for nuclear and medical applications. This activity aims at developing: 1) Low-energy (200 keV) high-current (100mA) deuteron accelerators for D(d,n) and T(d,n) for neutron production for various nuclear applications, among them the injection of a subcritical reactor. 2) The development of a 700kV folded tandem for neutron production using the 9Be(d,n) reaction. 3) The development of a folded 1.2-1.4 MV tandem for epithermal neutron production through the 7Li(p, n) reaction. At the same time this machine can be operated as single-ended with a positive ion source at the terminal to produce 1.4 MeV deuteron beams for the 9Be(d, n) reaction. Development and progress have been made in the areas of mechanical, electromechanical and electronics components (structures, alternators,HV supplies, control systems, etc), ion sources, accelerator tubes, 3D electrostatic and selfconsistent beam transport simulations, high power neutron production targets.

Influence of finite radial geometry on the growth rate of ion-channel free electron laser

The influence of finite radial geometry on the instability of a tenuous relativistic electron beam propagating in an ion-channel in a waveguide is investigated. The instability analysis is based on the linearized Vlasov-Maxwell equations for the perturbation about a self-consistent beam equilibrium. With the help of characteristic method the dispersion relation for the TE-mode is derived and analyzed through the numerical solutions. It is found that the positioning of the beam radius Rb relative to the waveguide radius Rc, and the ion-channel frequency can have a large influence on the maximum growth rate and corresponding wave number.

Ion beam analysis of a-C:H films on alloy steel substrate

An a-C:H thin film deposited by plasma immersion ion implantation and deposition on alloy steel (16MnCr5) was analyzed using a self-consistent ion beam analysis technique. In the self-consistent analysis, the results of each individual technique are combined in a unique model, increasing confidence and reducing simulation errors. Self-consistent analysis, then, is able to improve the regular ion beam analysis since several analyses commonly used to process ion beam data still rely on handling each spectrum independently. The sample was analyzed by particle-induced x-ray emission (for trace elements), elastic backscattering spectrometry (for carbon), forward recoil spectrometry (for hydrogen) and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (for film morphology). The self-consistent analysis provided reliable chemical information about the film, despite its “heavy” substrate. As a result, we could determine precisely the H/C ratio, contaminant concentration and some morphological characteristics of the film, such as roughness and discontinuities.

Nonlinear dynamics of inhomogeneous mismatched charged particle beams

This work analyzes the transversal dynamics of an inhomogeneous and mismatched charged particle beam. The beam is azimuthally symmetric, initially cold, and evolves in a linear channel permeated by an external constant magnetic field. Based on a Lagrangian approach, a low-dimensional model for the description of the beam dynamics has been obtained. The small set of nonlinear dynamical equations provided results that are in reasonable agreement with that ones observed in full self-consistent N-particle beam numerical simulations.

Extension of the Finite Integration Technique including dynamic mesh refinement and its application to self-consistent beam dynamics simulations

An extension of the framework of the Finite Integration Technique (FIT) including dynamic and adaptive mesh refinement is presented. After recalling the standard formulation of the FIT, the proposed mesh adaptation procedure is described. Besides the linear interpolation approach, a novel interpolation technique based on specialized spline functions for approximating the discrete electromagnetic field solution during mesh adaptation is introduced. The standard FIT on a fixed mesh and the new adaptive approach are applied to a simulation test case with a known analytical solution. The numerical accuracy of the two methods is shown to be comparable. The dynamic mesh approach is, however, much more efficient. This is demonstrated with the full scale modeling of the complete rf gun at the Photo Injector Test Facility DESY Zeuthen (PITZ) on a single computer. Results of a detailed design study addressing the effects of individual components of the gun onto the beam emittance using a fully self-consistent approach are presented.

Advances in validating gyrokinetic turbulence models against L- and H-mode plasmas

Robust validation of predictive turbulent transport models requires quantitative comparisons to experimental measurements at multiple levels, over a range of physically relevant conditions. Toward this end, a series of carefully designed validation experiments has been performed on the DIII-D tokamak [J. L. Luxon, Nucl. Fusion 42, 614 (2002)] to obtain comprehensive multifield, multipoint, multiwavenumber fluctuation measurements and their scalings with key dimensionless parameters. The results of two representative validation studies are presented: an elongation scaling study performed in beam heated L-mode discharges and an electron heating power scan performed in quiescent H-mode (QH-mode) discharges. A 50% increase in the elongation κ is observed to lead to a ∼50% increase in energy confinement time τe and accompanying decrease in fluctuation levels, qualitatively consistent with a priori theoretical predictions and nonlinear GYRO [J. Candy and R. E. Waltz, J. Comput. Phys. 186, 545 (2003)] simulations. However, these simulations exhibit clear quantitative differences from experiment in the predicted magnitudes and trends with radius of turbulent fluxes and fluctuation levels which cannot be fully accounted for by uncertainties due to transport stiffness. In the QH-mode study, local nonlinear GYRO simulations that neglect fast ion effects show a similar proportional response to the applied electron cyclotron heating as the experiment, but overpredict the magnitudes of transport and fluctuation levels by a factor of 10 or more. Possible sources of this overprediction, namely nonlocal effects and self-consistent fast beam ions, are identified and discussed.