Self-administration Method Research Articles

Effectiveness of integrated program on clinical care pathway for patients with heart failure upon competency of nurses

Cardiovascular disease is still the most common cause of death and disability in industrialized nations, and its prevalence is rising rapidly. Heart failure (HF) is increasingly common and incurs a substantial cost, both in terms of quality and length of life. Clinical pathways provide a means of implementing the most up-to-date guidance into clinical settings to improve the value and efficiency of the care provided. Methods: This study was conducted using the A Quasi-Experimental Time series Research design to assess the level of competency and to determine the effectiveness of clinical care pathway on management of patients with heart failure among 60 nurses (30 in Control and 30 in Intervention Group) from selected hospitals who were selected by consecutive sampling technique. The data was collected using pretested and validated tools such as background variables proforma of nurses, structured knowledge questionnaire and Observation Checklist on Practice of Integrated Program on Clinical Care Pathway for Heart Failure through self-administration method. Results: The study findings revealed that the mean knowledge score for heart failure management was significantly higher in the intervention group (25.50 ± 1.61) compared to the control group (17.87 ± 1.83). Additionally, their practice scores also were significantly higher across all components, days, and global scores in the intervention group (127.97 ± 3.43) than the control group (76.90 ± 7.60) with a p < 0.001. Conclusion: An empowerment of nurses focusing on clinical pathway could improve knowledge on heart failure, which could lead to better patient care including patient education and could reduce patient readmission for heart failure.

Awareness on Respectful Maternity Care: A Cross Sectional Study among Nurses

Maternal health refers to the health and well-being of women during pregnancy, childbirth and postpartum period. Respectful maternity care is an important aspect of promoting positive birth experiences, reducing maternal mortality and morbidity, and improving overall maternal and newborn health outcomes. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to assess the awareness on Respectful Maternity Care among 60 nurses from maternity centres who were selected by consecutive sampling technique. The data was collected using pretested and validated tools such as background variables proforma of nurses and structured knowledge questionnaire on Respectful Maternity Care during labour through self-administration method. Results: The findings of the study revealed that 91.6% of the nurses were in the category of needs improvement regarding the awareness on respectful maternity care, the global mean awareness score was 8.20/25 ± 1.73 (32.8%) and there was a significant association between the number of children and awareness on respectful maternity care during labour at P < 0.05. Conclusion: Health care professionals including nurses play vital role in the implementation of respectful maternity care practices to ensure that all women receive high-quality and dignified care during labour.

Exploring the Influence of YouTube on Digital Health Literacy and Health Exercise Intentions: The Role of Parasocial Relationships.

The purpose of this study was to analyze the mediating role of digital health literacy and the moderating effect of parasocial relationships on the relationship between the viewing experience of health exercise-related YouTube content and the intention for health exercise behavior. Based on the health action process approach, this study established a foundational theoretical model to analyze how digital health literacy mediates the impact of media viewing experience on health exercise behavior intention. Additionally, this study examined the moderating effect of parasocial relationships with YouTube creators. For empirical analysis, variables were measured using a self-administration method among 409 randomly sampled consumers of YouTube health exercise content. The collected data were analyzed using a structural equation model incorporating mediation parameters, and a multigroup model analysis was conducted to understand differences based on parasocial relationships. The results revealed that increased YouTube viewing experience enhanced cognitive, skill, and evaluative components of digital health literacy, which were significant factors in increasing health exercise behavior intention. Notably, the mediating effect of cognition played a crucial role, and the strengthening effect of parasocial relationships on this relationship was confirmed. These findings can be utilized as practical foundational data for designing digital health communication strategies, particularly in developing motivational mechanisms that encourage consumers to engage voluntarily and consistently in health behaviors based on online health information.

대학 교양수업 교수자의 의사소통 유형이 학습자의 수업 태도 및 학교적응에 미치는 영향

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of communication styles of university liberal arts instructors on learners' class attitudes and school adjustment. The purpose of this study is to provide practical basic data for college students, who are adult learners, to improve their class attitude and school adjustment. In addition, it is necessary to analyze the appropriateness and effectiveness of college classes to understand the needs of learners (college students), who are education consumers, and apply them to the class scene. The subjects of this study were 4-year private university students in Gyeonggi-do, and a self-administration method was used. The results of this study are as follows: First, among the sub-factors of communication type of university liberal arts class instructors, trust type, professional type, and cooperative type had a significant effect on learner's class attitude, but control type did not have a significant effect on this study. Second, all four sub-factors of communication types of university liberal arts class instructors showed statistically significant meanings in school adjustment. The results of this study will provide implications for the importance of teacher communication in the field of university liberal arts education, learner - centered education, and maximization of school adaptation.

An automated group-housed oral fentanyl self-administration method in mice.

Social factors play a critical role in human drug addiction, and humans often consume drugs together with their peers. In contrast, in traditional animal models of addiction, rodents consume or self-administer the drug in their homecage or operant self-administration chambers while isolated from their peers. Here, we describe HOMECAGE ("Home-cage Observation and Measurement for Experimental Control and Analysis in a Group-housed Environment"), a translationally relevant method for studying oral opioid self-administration in mice. This setting reduces experimental confounds introduced by social isolation or interaction with the experimenter. We have developed HOMECAGE, a method in which mice are group-housed and individually monitored for their consumption of a drug vs. a reference liquid. Mice in HOMECAGE preserve naturalistic aspects of behavior, including social interactions and circadian activity. The mice showed a preference for fentanyl and escalated their fentanyl intake over time. Mice preferred to consume fentanyl in bouts during the dark cycle. Mice entrained to the reinforcement schedule of the task, optimizing their pokes to obtain fentanyl rewards, and maintained responding for fentanyl under a progressive ratio schedule. HOMECAGE also enabled the detection of cage-specific and individual-specific behavior patterns and allowed the identification of differences in fentanyl consumption between co-housed control and experimental mice. HOMECAGE serves as a valuable procedure for translationally relevant studies on oral opioid intake under conditions that more closely mimic the human condition. The method enables naturalistic investigation of factors contributing to opioid addiction-related behaviors and can be used to identify novel treatments.

Organizational Communication Skills and Its Associated Factors Among Healthcare Providers Working at Wolaita Sodo Health Facilities, Southern Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Communication in healthcare organizations is an important factor in quality care, patient safety, and financial function. However, there was a dearth of evidence on the organizational communication skills of healthcare providers in Ethiopia, including the current study area, Wolaita Sodo. This study is aimed at assessing the level of organizational communication skills and their associated factors among healthcare providers working at Wolaita Sodo health facilities, SNNPRS, Ethiopia. An institutional-based cross-sectional study design was conducted. A pretested and structured questionnaire was utilized using the self-administration method. The data were entered into Epi Data version 3.1 and analyzed using STATA version 17.0. Pearson correlation, a binary logistic regression analysis was carried out to identify factors associated with outcome variables. Accordingly, variables that fulfilled p-values <0.25 on the bivariate logistic regression were considered candidates for multivariate logistic regression to control for possible confounders. The odds ratios along with the 95% confidence interval were used to present the finding, and statistical significance was reported at a p-value of 0.05. In the current study, about 45.8% (95% CI: 40.9-50.7) of the health professionals experienced good organizational communication skills. Males [AOR = 2.29; 95% CI = 1.38, 3.82], who had training in communication skills [AOR = 2.30; 95% CI = 1.46, 3.63], and those working at laboratories [AOR = 3.22; 95% CI = 1.07, 9.65] were significantly associated with organizational communication skills. Less than half of the participants practiced good organizational communication skills. Sex, training on communication skills, and working units were important factors affecting the communication skills of healthcare providers. Interventions to improve the communication skills of healthcare providers should be instituted targeting females, those who have never taken training on communication skills, and those who are working at the ward.

Initial evidence of delay discounting’s predictive utility for alcohol self-administration in ecologically valid contexts among young adults who drink heavily

BackgroundWhile delay discounting is robustly associated with alcohol use disorder, whether discounting predicts real-time alcohol use behaviors is unclear. Existing support comes from laboratory studies using intravenous alcohol self-administration methods, thus limiting ecological validity and generalizability. The present study evaluated whether delay discounting predicted real-time alcohol use in naturalistic settings with and without probabilistic negative consequences for consuming larger amounts of alcohol. MethodsThis secondary analysis utilized data from three laboratory alcohol self-administration studies with young adults who engaged in frequent heavy drinking (N=206, 45% female). Participants completed a delay discounting measure before an alcohol self-administration session in an actual or simulated bar with (n=187) or without (n=19) probabilistic negative consequences (compensation loss) tied to performance on cognitive and psychomotor tasks after alcohol self-administration. Bootstrapped (unstandardized) coefficient estimates and 95% confidence intervals were utilized due to the sample size discrepancy. ResultsMultiple regressions revealed that delay discounting did not significantly predict estimated blood alcohol concentration (eBAC) or number of drinks consumed when procedures included probabilistic negative consequences. Among participants who completed procedures without probabilistic negative consequences, delay discounting was positively associated with peak eBAC. ConclusionCounter to hypotheses, steeper delay discounting did not predict real-time alcohol use in contexts with probabilistic negative consequences, whereas preliminary evidence suggests that delay discounting predicts real-time alcohol use behaviors in contexts without probabilistic negative consequences. The specific discounting task may have impacted study findings, thus future research should consider how the sign (gain vs. loss), outcome certainty, and delay relate to alcohol consumption.

Proteomic Analysis Reveals the Neurotoxic Effects of Chronic Methamphetamine Self-Administration-Induced Cognitive Impairments and the Role of Melatonin-Enhanced Restorative Process during Methamphetamine Withdrawal.

Cognitive flexibility is a crucial ability in humans that can be affected by chronic methamphetamine (METH) addiction. The present study aimed to elucidate the mechanisms underlying cognitive impairment in mice chronically administered METH via an oral self-administration method. Further, the effect of melatonin treatment on recovery of METH-induced cognitive impairment was also investigated. Cognitive performance of the mice was assessed using an attentional set shift task (ASST), and possible underlying neurotoxic mechanisms were investigated by proteomic and western blot analysis of the prefrontal cortex (PFC). The results showed that mice-administered METH for 21 consecutive days exhibited poor cognitive performance compared to controls. Cognitive deficit in mice partly recovered after METH withdrawal. In addition, mice treated with melatonin during METH withdrawal showed a higher cognitive recovery than vehicle-treated METH withdrawal mice. Proteomic and western blot analysis revealed that METH self-administration increased neurotoxic markers, including disruption to the regulation of mitochondrial function, mitophagy, and decreased synaptic plasticity. Treatment with melatonin during withdrawal restored METH-induced mitochondria and synaptic impairments. These findings suggest that METH-induced neurotoxicity partly depends on mitochondrial dysfunction leading to autophagy-dependent cell death and that the recovery of neurological impairments may be enhanced by melatonin treatment during the withdrawal period.

A Study on the Clinical Profile and Outcome of Cerbera Odollam Poisoning in a Tertiary Care Centre in Kerala

Background: Cerebera Odollam is a small plant/shrub which grows wild over many parts of Kerala. It is the most common plant suicidal agent in the coastal areas of southern Kerala. This is an attempt to study the clinical profile and outcome of C.odollam poisoning in my institution. Objectives: To study the clinical profile with respect to age, sex, methods of self-administration, circumstances of poisoning, dosage, clinical features, ECG changes, treatment and various determinants of outcome of Cerebera Odollam poisoning in a tertiary care centre in Kerala.

The Impact of Service Quality on Customer Loyalty through Customer Satisfaction in Mobile Social Media

In today’s emerging and competitive mobile social media market, companies continuously endeavor to improve service quality and customer satisfaction in order to gain a competitive advantage and ensure long-term sustainability. The objective of this study is to identify the relationship between service quality, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty in mobile social media. Moreover, this study examines the role of customer satisfaction as a mediator. The proposed research model consists of four dimensions of mobile service quality (usefulness, convenience, design, and security/privacy) as well as customer satisfaction and customer loyalty. The survey used the self-administrated method. A total of 256 responses were used in the data analysis. We estimated the hypothesized relationships of the research model using a structural equation modeling technique. The results are as follows: first, usefulness, convenience, design, and security/privacy significantly and positively affect customer satisfaction. Second, customer satisfaction has a significant and positive impact on customer loyalty. Third, customer satisfaction mediates the relationship between service quality and customer loyalty; in particular, convenience, design, and security/privacy are completely mediated while usefulness is partially mediated. These results can serve as a valuable reference for mobile social media providers to manage services and improve service quality and customer satisfaction.

인도네시아 프로농구 소셜미디어 마케팅과 팬 인게이지먼트, 브랜드 인지도, 브랜드 이미지 및 브랜드 충성도와의 구조적 관계

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the structural relationship between social media marketing and fan engagement, brand awareness, brand image, and brand loyalty in Indonesian professional basketball.BR Method: The subjects of this study were selected as fans of the Indonesian Basketball League in Indonesia, and 305 samples were collected. The samples were extracted using the convenient sampling method, and the questionnaires were answered using the self-administration method, in which respondents read and respond to the contents by themselves. The research survey was conducted from March 21, 2021, to March 24, 2021, using an online questionnaire (Google Form). Among the collected questionnaires, seven questionnaires that were deemed unreliable - due to poor responses, unfinished questionnaires, and duplicate entries - were excluded from the analysis. A total of 298 valid samples were selected for analysis. Data processing was performed using SPSS 26.0 and AMOS 26.0 to verify the fit of the model and to test the individual hypotheses.BR Results: First, it was found that informativeness and interaction among the sub-factors of social media marketing had a significant effect on fan engagement, however, customization did not have a significant effect on fan engagement. Second, it was found that fan engagement had a significant effect on brand awareness, brand image, and brand loyalty. Third, it was found that brand awareness did not have a significant effect on brand image, but it was found to have a significant effect on brand loyalty. Fourth, it was found that the brand image did not significantly affect brand loyalty.BR Conclusion: The result of this study shows that social media marketing of Indonesia Professional Basketball affects brand loyalty through fan engagement, brand awareness, and brand image. Therefore, social media marketing can contribute to improving brand loyalty for Indonesia Professional Basketball. It is recommended to establish a social media marketing strategy and utilize the informativeness and interaction of social media marketing based on the findings of this study.

Awareness, Perceived Benefits and Barriers of Usage of Open Access Scholarly Publishing among Faculty

Introduction: Information and communication technologies has brought innovation to scholarly publishing. Now, open access is a subject of much concern among academics and are important sources for scientific research and development. Despite the benefits of open access, faculty are still unaware of the usage of open access. Methods and materials: A descriptive correlational study among 100 nursing facultywas conducted using a rating scale on awareness of open access in scholarly publishing and perceived benefits and constraint factors to effective use of open access through the self-administration method. Data was analyzed using SPSS-24. Results: Therewasa significant difference in the mean awareness scores on open access scholarly publications between undergraduate(29+5.93) andpostgraduatefaculty(37+6.26)at (p

테니스라켓 브랜드이미지-자아이미지일치성과 기능적일치성, 브랜드신뢰, 브랜드태도 및 재구매의도의 구조적 관계

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of tennis racket brand image and consumer self-image congruence on functional congruity, brand trust, attitude toward brand and repurchase intention.BR Method: In order to accomplish the purpose of the study, we selected a sample population of male and female subjects who were over 20 years old who were tennis club members living in C-city and A-city, South Chungcheong Province. Sampling was conducted from January 19th to February 24th, 2019 for a total of 300 people who had experienced purchasing tennis rackets. As a sampling method, convenience sampling method was used and a self-administration method was used, which is a method for respondents to read and answer questions themselves. A total of 280 copies of the collected data were used as final validity samples, except for 20 copies which were deemed inadequate to be appropriate for the purposes of the data. Data processing was done using SPSSWIN Ver. 23.0 and AMOS Ver. 18.0 and after verifying the fit of the model, individual hypotheses were verified. The results of the study are as follows.BR Results: First, actual self-image congruence, which is one of the subfactors of brand image and self-image congruence in tennis racket, had a positive effect on functional congruity. Second, actual self-image congruence, which is one of the subfactors of brand image and self-image congruence in tennis racket, had a positive effect on brand trust. Third, functional congruity had a positive effect on brand trust. Fourth, functional congruity had a positive effect on attitude toward brand. Fifth, functional congruity had a positive effect on repurchase intention. Sixth, brand trust had a positive effect on attitude toward brand. Seventh, brand trust had a positive effect on repurchase intention. Eighth, attitude toward brand had a positive effect on repurchase intention.BR Conclusion: The result shows that the brand image and consumer self-image congruence in the tennis racket affect the repurchase intention through the structural relationship with functional congruity, brand trust, and attitude toward brand.

Impact of Nested Vark (Visual, Auditory, Read, Kinesthetic) Strategies on Parental Attachment, Anxiety, Maternal and Fetal Outcome Among First Time Childbearing Couples: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

The transition to parenthood is not only a tremendous joy but also great stress to a mother (especially a primigravida) both physically and psychologically. The purpose of this research is to improve confidence in first-time childbearing couples, increase parental attachment, alleviate anxiety and promote the maternal and neonatal outcomes of delivery. In a randomized controlled trial design, simple randomization was utilized to enroll 300 first-time childbearing couples who have completed the 24th week of gestation (150 in control and experimental arms). Nested refers to fully contained antenatal exercises, kick chart monitoring, and the use of a preggy imitator. VARK strategies indicate visual (information exhibited through demonstration), auditory (preference for information that is heard or spoken through lectures), read (information displayed as words, text-based input and output), and kinesthetic (preference for gathering information through experience and practice, simulated real, through concrete personal experiences) strategies along with routine care were executed on the experimental group. Data was collected using Condon’s Parental Attachment Scale and Perinatal Anxiety Scale during the pre-test at the 24th week and post-tests at the 32nd, 33-34, and 36-38 weeks of gestation respectively, after the intervention through the self-administration method. Maternal and fetal outcomes were identified through medical records within 24 to 48 hours after delivery. The pre-test parental attachment mean score was significantly increased in post-test (Mothers: 61.44±3.27 to 77.89±32.44, fathers: 51.44±1.93 to 58.89±24.86) the for experimental group after the intervention compared to the control group (Pre-test score mother: 61.41±2.98 to 66.43±31.55, father: 51.24±3.95 to 49.30± 23.55) at p <0.001. The pre-test anxiety mean score was significantly reduced after intervention (mother: 44.60±3.92 to 16.57± 8.18, father: 22.55±3.41 to 6.28±4.47) for the experimental group compared to the control group (mother=46.22±5.12 to 25.03± 13.89, father=22.62±3.39 to 17.92± 9.92) at p <0. 001. The study findings recommend VARK strategies to be advocated with existing hands-on childbirth preparation classes for childbearing couples.

Differences in Sports Injury Types According to Taekwondo Athlete Types (Sparring, Poomsae, and Demonstration).

The objective of this study was to investigate the range of injuries according to the competition format type of Taekwondo (sparring, poomsae, and demonstration) and compare the level of injuries to provide basic data for preventing injuries among Taekwondo athletes. Data were collected through a survey of 472 Taekwondo athletes using convenience sampling and self-administration methods. The most frequently injured body part was the ankle for sparring (54.03%) and demonstration (55.09%) athletes and the pelvis for poomsae (36.36%) athletes (x² = 111.556, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). The most frequent injury type was sprain for poomsae (36.40%) and demonstration (52.30%) athletes and fracture for sparring (49.40%) athletes (x² = 127.752, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). The most frequently reported cause of injury was excessive training and chronic fatigue (x² = 50.251, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). All three types of athletes showed a higher proportion of injury at the training location than at the competition location. The period for the return to training was ≤1 week for sparring (40.80%) and poomsae (64.10%) athletes but 2-3 weeks for demonstration (27.8%) athletes (x² = 45.582, <i>p</i> &lt; 0.001). Diverse strategies, ranging from wearing protective gear to adopting a conditioning strategy and psychological training, are needed for each competition format of Taekwondo to prevent injuries in daily training.

스포츠 부정부패의 부패인식이 청렴도와 유발요인 및 행위요인에 미치는 영향

The domain of the sports field is continuously increasing in Korea. Korea is powerful sports country that has produced many world-class athletes and strives for the positive role in various domains.BR However, sports do not only show positive aspects but negative events that undermine the fair play and fairness of sports continue to occur. Corruption such as violence, sexual assault, match fixing, doping, admissions bribery, accounting fraud of sports organizations, and conflicts in the process of selection has ultimately shaken the foundation of sports by lowering trust in sport.BR Currently, sports corruption is becoming a hot potato. In this regard, it is the time when research is urgently needed to raise the national dignity that has fallen due to sports corruption and enhance the national status. Therefore, this study is significant in developing honest sportsmen. The purpose of this study is to explore corruption perception for sports corruption and examine its effect on integrity, triggering factors, and behavior factors for proper knowledge as a honest sportsman.BR The final samples were extracted using the convenience sampling of non-probability sampling for sampling of participants and a self-administration method was applied to complete a questionnaire. To practice social distancing and prevent infectious diseases due to COVID-19, a survey was conducted for two months via the on-line survey platform of N company. 300 questionnaires were responded. Unfaithful 14 responses were excluded and finally 286 responses(95.3%) were used for the analysis.BR The results are as follows. First, corruption perception for sports corruption had a significant effect on integrity. Second, corruption perception for sports corruption had a significant effect on triggering factors. In conclusion, the findings provide theoretical implications that corruption perception for sports corruption plays an important role in integrity, trigging factors, and behavioral factors.

Knowledge, practice and perceived barriers towards chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting in prophylaxis guideline adherence among nurses in oncology units at selected hospitals, in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, a cross-sectional study

BackgroundChemotherapy-induced emesis can be prevented by the use of recommended guidelines for antiemetic regimens but a research study indicates that in Ethiopia the use of standard antiemetic drug guidelines is very limited.ObjectivesTo assess knowledge, practice, and perceived barriers towards chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting in prophylaxis guideline adherence among nurses in oncology units.MethodsA cross-sectional study design was conducted among 81 oncology nurses selected in the two public hospitals of Addis Ababa, from March 1 to 30, 2020. The study participants were selected by using the population census method from the source population of nurses in oncology units. Data has collected by using semi-structured questionnaires with the self-administrated method. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software version 24. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression including bivariate and multivariate were conducted to examine the association between independent and outcome variables. The level of significance was determined at a p-value < 0.05 and a 95% confidence interval.ResultSeventy-nine nurses participated with a 96% of response rate. All participants were aged greater than 24 with a mean age of 28.8 ± 6 years and nearly two-thirds of the respondents (60.8%) were females. Nurses were not trained in chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting management shows 54.4%. nurses’ knowledge of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting prophylaxis Guidelines was 78.5%. The means score of oncology nurses’ practice toward guideline recommendation was 41.8%. Knowledge of nurses associated with the use of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting prophylaxis guideline recommendations working in the outpatient department, inpatient ward, and chemotherapy administration unit has a significant association with chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting management knowledge. In the multiple logistic regression analysis, nurses who have trained for chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting management were 1.64-fold more aware than those who were not trained.ConclusionThe study reveals that nurses working in the oncology unit of the study hospitals have a poor practice of Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting. Therefore, recommended providing Training for the Nurses working in the oncology unit and encourage them to apply standard guidelines.

대학생 e-스포츠 참여유형과 중독 성향, 대학 생활 적응의 관계 연구

The purpose of this study is to analyze the relationship between college students' e-sports participation type, addiction tendency, and college life adaptation to establish a correct and safe college student e-sports culture perception, and to verify the relationship that it affects. The purpose of this is to increase college students' adaptation to college life, to derive the elements necessary for college students to grow into independent adults, and to provide basic data that helps them fulfill their roles as mature members of society. The subjects of this study were extracted through the self-administration method targeting university students from 4-year private universities in Gyeonggi-do. The results of the study were first, that the number of participation, time of participation, and duration of participation in college e-sports were more favorable for college life adaptation and sociality than many students. Second, it was found in this study that students with good college credits had a smoother adaptation to college life than students with low grades. Third, mobile was the most used and utilized place for college student e-sports. In addition, the house was used as a space to enjoy e-sports with friends, and other Internet PC rooms were used. In order for college students to smoothly adapt to college life, it is necessary to conduct proper education on games with interest at home and at school so that they can enjoy e-sports and live. At this time, a safe game culture can be created only by instructing people to control themselves not to be excessive.

Determinants that Affect Females’ Attitudes Toward Online Shopping in the Western Region of Saudi Arabia

This research aims to determine the factors that influence females’ attitude toward online shopping in Saudi Arabia. The potential and main theory that is selected for this study is the Theory of Acceptance Model (TAM) which studies online shopping acceptance of new technology through two important variables which are perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness. Furthermore, this research has included the factors of site quality, site credibility, and customer fashion lifestyle. The self-administrated method has been used to distribute the questionnaire for the respondents, who are selected by utilizing the judgement sampling technique. 320 questionnaires were valid for analysing. SPSS and Smart PLS software have been employed for analysing the data of study. The finding of the present pointed out that perceived ease of use, site quality, and customer fashion lifestyle have a significant positive relationship with females’ attitude toward online shopping. In contrast, usefulness and site credibility were not statistically significant. This study has significantly contributed to literature on the shopper’s attitude toward online shopping. On the other hand, the findings of this study represented a guideline for e-retailers in Saudi Arabia to increase and maintain online shoppers for the long term and compete with other competitors. Finally, study limitations are discussed, and future study directions are proposed.

The Analysis of Brand Extension Reputation on the Intention in Choosing Private University in Indonesia

Brand reputation is important when choosing an education. Universities that already have a brand reputation can more easily attract prospective new students. There is a phenomenon where Private Universities are using extended brand reputation to compete. The purpose of this research is to analyze the impact of brand extension reputation on the intention in choosing private universities. The quantitative research method of Structural Equation Modeling uses a structured questionnaire. The questionnaires have been distributed to the students, and have been completed by email. It is a self-administrated method. The survey was conducted on students at one of Aperti (Aliansi Perguruan Tinggi) BUMN (Badan Usaha Milik Negara) with a total sample of 400 respondents using quota sampling. The results showed that the parent brand of BUMN had a significant influence on the extended brand of Aperti BUMN, which impacted student intention when choosing the university. Brand extension reputation has an indirect effect on intention through output expectation