Self-actualizing Values Research Articles

Креативные установки в контексте жизненных и профессиональных ценностей студенческой молодежи: гендерное измерение

The problem studied in the article is caused by the need to develop creative sectors of the Russian economy and generate innovative processes in all spheres of life, which require creating conditions for creative self-realization for both women and men equally. The article is devoted to the identification of the connection between students' attitudes to creative activity and their life and professional values, special attention is paid to the search for gender differences in creative attitudes of students. The empirical base of the study is the data from a survey conducted in 2024 among Russian university students (n=750). The results of the study identified the priority of essential terminal motivation of creative activity due to the high importance of selfactualization values in the structure of life and professional values of students. The following gender features of attitudes toward creative activity among students were identified: women are more involved in the development of creative projects and advanced training at courses and trainings, men – in programming, mastering and improving technologies; women are more often involved in the manifestation of creativity in creative hobbies, education, social and civic activism, men – in scientific research, politics and management. It is concluded that the institutional conditions existing in Russian society and gender role stereotypes rooted in the public consciousness influence the nature of women’s creative attitudes and their choice of areas for realizing their creative potential. Gender asymmetry in areas of employment and the “closedness” of women’s access to areas such as management and politics do not contribute to women’s desire to show their potential in them.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ САМОАКТУАЛІЗАЦІЇ ДЕРЖСЛУЖБОВЦІВ ІЗ РІЗНИМ ТИПОМ ТРУДОВОЇ МОТИВАЦІЇ

An article presents the empirical study on the peculiarities of selfactualization of civil servants with different types of work motivation. The two groups of respondents (civil servants and non-governmental workers) were compared. “Professional”, “instrumental” and “patriotic” types of work motivation were more pronounced among non-governmental employees. Civil servants-respondents were less interested in work content, they were more likely to take an uninteresting job; their motives for self-improvement were less pronounced, and therefore, they were not so interested in difficult tasks, regarded by the respondents of the other group as a professional challenge and a way for self-expression. Professional recognition was not so important for civil servants as social recognition; they were less likely to think about fair remuneration for their labor. They did not so much need “the idea” as a driving force for work, as well as recognition by others of their indispensability in organizations where they worked. At the same time, a higher percentage of civil servants (in comparison with the other group) did not seek to improve their skills and were characterized by reduced professional activity, responsibility, desire to share their skills and achievements with others. It was more difficult for civil servants (compared to non-governmental workers) to live in the present, not to postpone life “for later”; they felt more insecure, were “up in the clouds”; such self-actualizing values as goodness, beauty, integrity, truth, uniqueness, psychological hardiness, justice, achievement, order, self-sufficiency, etc., although demonstrated quite closely by both groups, were still less pronounced among civil servants. The need for knowledge was also much less expressed by civil servants, as well as autonomy, independence, a sense of freedom. Civil servants were inclined to focus on other worker’s opinions and external social standards; it was more difficult for them to establish strong and friendly relationswith others; they were more anxious and insecure comparing to nongovernmental workers. Civil servants with instrumental work motivation had neither a general benevolent attitude towards people, nor the values of self-actualization in general. In contrast, civil servants with professional work motivation not only shared such values, but also valued life “here and now”, strived for knowledge and creativity in professional work. Patriotic and lumpenized types of work motivation were expressed by civil servants indirectly. At the same time, employees with the patriotic type had very similar tendencies to self-actualization as employees with the professional type: they tended to live today, appreciated a current moment, strived for harmonious relationships with others, felt natural sympathy, trust in people, sought for new knowledge. The main features of this type, according to the respondents, were increased anxiety, self-doubt, neuroticism. All identified correlations between self-actualization indicators and lumpenized work motivation were negative for civil servants. Economic work motivation was the rarest for civil servants, respectively, the corresponding selfactualization tendencies included only a friendly and impartial attitude towards other people.

PERSONAL TRAITS SUPPORTING POSITIVE RELATIONS WITH OTHERS

The article examines the psychological qualities and characteristics that support positive relations with others as they are understood in C. Ryff 's model of psychological well-being and compares them with those personal qualities that usually understood as supporting an individual 's personal autonomy. To solve this task, we used the corresponding scale from the Ryff 's Scales of Psychological Well-being; the Test of Meaningful Life Orientation of D. A. Leontiev; Test-Questionnaire of Self-Attitude of V. V. Stolyn, S.R. Panteleyev; Self-Efficacy Scale proposed by R. Schwarzer and M. Jerusalem (adapted by V. G. Romek), S. Maddi 's Hardiness Scale (adaptated of D. A. Leontiev et al.), the Self-Actualization Test (CAT), the self-expression scale from the self-determination test of Osin E. et al. In total, 150 respondents - students of Kyiv universities participated in the research. The study data show that there are strong correlations between positive relations with others and such personal traits as life process and life results and other indicators of meaningfulness of life; self-expression, which reveals whether life is experienced as consistent with one 's own desires, needs and values; self-respect and expected attitudes of others and several other indicators of self-attitude and general scale of self-attitudes; self-actualizing value and psychological hardiness. The predictors of successful positive relations are commitment, expected attitudes of others, self-expression and self-respect, existing life goals and positive life results. High locus of control on self and control as a factor of psychological hardiness can prevent from development of warm, good and deep relations. The obtained results show that there is a line of personal characteristic that support personal autonomy and positive relations with others, namely, self-expression, self-respect, life-goals. That is why we cannot argue the idea that personal autonomy and positive relations with others are totally opposite personal traits and that need in autonomy can is fulfilled by neglecting relationships with others.

THE DYNAMICS OF PERSONAL SELF-ACTUALIZATION INDICES IN THE TRANSITIVE SOCIETY

The aim of the study is to reveal the influence of psychosocial factors, which are known under the umbrella notion "perestroika (rearrangement) of the Russian society" in modern science on personal characteristics of young people and to give the quantitative assessment of this influence. First of all, we have assessed the dynamics of self-actualization values as a crucial factor in the formation of personalities in youth days. Methods: the E. Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory (the POI) and R. Cattell's Personality Factor Questionnaire (the 16-PF). We have compared two groups of subjects: the second year medical students born in 1973 (n = 88, the "pre-perestroika generation") and in 1997 (n = 140, the "post-perestroika generation"). Results. We have revealed that the indices of accepting self-actualization values (the SAV scale of the POI test), empathy to the feelings and needs of other people (the Fr POI scale), freedom in spontaneous responding (the S POI scale) as well as some other indices were significantly higher in the "post-perestroika generation". The number of correlations between the SAV scale of the POI test and the scales of R. Cattell's Personal Questionnaire has doubled. However, we have found the signs of soft maladaptation in the problems of time relationships (the Ti/Tc POI). Conclusions. The values of personal self-actualization in the "post-perestroika generation" have strengthened its strategic role and became more "ecological" with respect to personality (more accelerated in the structure of personality traits). Assurance degradation in the experience of the whole time perspective as well as impairment in ability to accept one's points of weakness have become a kind of payment of for these changes (the Sa POI scale). Overall, we have revealed the positive influence of the "perestroika" processes in the Russian society on the formation of young people's personality.

Radne vrijednosti srednjoškolaca u početku i na svršetku školovanja u proizvodnim i neproizvodnim stručnim usmjerenjima

The data about hierarchical structure of working values were obtained from 112 pupils in job oriented schools and 164 pupils in non-job oriented schools. The investigation was conducted at the beginning and at the end of their professional training. Comparative analysis of the working values lists showed that pupils from job oriented school« gave relatively more significance (the first things on the list) to those values which defined their utilitaristic orientations. The pupils from non-job oriented schools gave more significance to the self-actualization values and orientation. Significance correspondence in the hierarchy of values can be found only at the beginning but not at the end of their schooling. The results obtained indicate a possible influence of purposeful education on the hierarchical rank of working values in high school education.

Strategies and types of social and psychological adaptation of international students studying in London

Results of the research on adaptation of foreign students of the technical and humanitarian directions of training studying in London in the number of 32 people are presented. The strategies of adaptive behaviour of foreign students are defined: positive (types of adaptability, interactivity), conformal (conformal and aloof types) and negative (depressive and nostalgic types of adaptation) – and interrelations of the revealed strategies with life sense, values and personal traits. The positive strategy, including adaptive and interactive types of adaptation, is characterized by 35 interrelations of these types of adaptation with personal and valuable-sense scales that demonstrates the comprehension of their life and orientation at self-actualization values. The nostalgic and depressive types defining the negative strategy of adaptation (37.5 per cent) don not promote socialization, self-actualization and effective social and psychological adaptation of foreign students. The nostalgic type of adaptation has 16 interrelations with research variables, and 13 of them are negative – with Personal traits, 1 positive – with Personal traits (neuroticism) and 2 negative – with Self-actualization and Values (prestige). It is defined that only the foreign students accepting the negative strategy of adaptation have an emotional unbalance and emotional discomfort.

Using the Existential Criterion for Assessing the Personality of Overprotective and Overly Demanding Parents in the Families of Patients Who Have Sought Psychological Counseling for Parent–Child Problems

The article presents the results of applying the existential criterion of normal and abnormal personalities for assessing the personality of overprotective and overly demanding parents in 176 families of patients who have sought psychological counseling. It is shown that the position of overprotective parents is one-sided in relation to the existential dichotomy of providing care and allowing independence, while the position of overly demanding parents is one-sided in relation to three classic existential dichotomies: nature and culture, self-actualization and conventional values, and determinism and self-determination. We used L.N. Sobchik's diagnostic test to identify the features of interpersonal relationships that existed between grandparents and the parents when they were children. We also used Max Lüscher's test to diagnose parents' personality. The results of these tests suggest that overprotective and overly demanding parents have largely developed such unilateral positions under the “excessive interference” of the upbringing choices of their parents. They acquired these practices irrationally, and subsequently they reproduced these overprotective and overly demanding approaches when the time came to raise their own children. Based on the existential criterion, the above attributes of the analyzed overprotective and overly demanding parenting patterns are indicative of abnormal personality traits.

Psychological characteristics of self-realization of students with disabilities

The article presents the results of the study aimed at identifying of psychological characteristics of self-realization of students with disabilities. It was found that self-realization successfulness for the studied students with disabilities is determined by their desire for self-development and expansion of their potential; existence of positive integral self-attitude that determines their internal activities; availability and awareness of self-actualization values, life goals, emotional richness and comprehensive interpretation of their life processes; balanced time perspectives

9/11 Impact on Teenage Values

Did the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on the U.S. cause the values of teenagers in the U.S. to change? Did their previously important self-esteem and self-actualization values become less important and their survival and safety values become more important? Changes in the values of teenagers are important for practitioners, managers, marketers, and researchers to understand because high school students are our current and future employees, managers, and customers, and research has shown that values impact work and consumer-related attitudes and behaviors. Further, studies that compared higher to lower performing for-profit and not-for-profit companies have found that higher performing organizations had strong values that permeated their organizations [Collins J. C., and J. I. Porras: 1994, Built to Last: Successful Habits of Visionary Companies (New York, Harper Business); O’Reilly, C. A. and J. A. Chatman: 1996, in B. M. Staw and L. L. Cummings (eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 18 (JAI Press, Greenwhich, CT), pp. 157–200; O’Reilly, C. A.: 1989, California Management Review 31(4), 9–25; Posner, B. Z., and W. H. Schmidt: 1996, Public Personnel Management, 25(3), 277–298; Rousseau, D.: 1990, Group and Organization Studies 15(4), 448–460; Schein, E. H.: 2004, Organizational Culture and Leadership. San Francisco, Jossey Bass)]. While one study of adults found value changes, no known studies have explored if the values of teenagers also changed post-9/11. This study filled that research gap by exploring the values of a random sample of 1000 U.S. teenagers in grades 9 to 12 pre- and post-9/11, using a demographic questionnaire and the Rokeach Value Survey. The research results indicated that teenage survival, safety, and security values (a world at peace, freedom, national security, and salvation) increased in importance while their self-esteem and self-actualization values (a sense of accomplishment, inner harmony, pleasure, self-respect, and wisdom) decreased in importance, mirroring the changes for adults. The meaning of these findings for practitioners, managers, marketers and researchers was discussed.

Self-Determination and the Neurology of Mindfulness

Self-actualization is one of the keystones of humanistic psychology which, as a reaction to the reductionist values of behaviorism and psychoanalysis, also silently ignored brain research, subsuming it under the same rubric. Now comes mindfulness, a fairly new movement, with its openness to brain research and such cutting-edge notions as the adaptive unconscious—“thin slicing” unconscious perceptions for immediate decision making. The integration of mindfulness with emerging brain research leads to the possibility of modifying brain structure through conscious awareness, thereby restoring self-determination to its proper role. Another incipient movement in humanistic psychotherapy, deep empathy, is explained in terms of mindful human connection and limbic brain function. Just as emotion, thought, and brain structure mutually affect one another, so do therapist and client. Mindfulness, emotional connection, and deep empathy all contribute to mental well-being and a physiologically nurtured brain and help us transcend the numbing “consensus trance” that blinds us to the deeper aspects of life. Mindfulness and the new awareness of mind-brain interaction bring us back to the self-actualization values of the beginnings of humanistic psychology.

A cognitive and behavioral hierarchical decision‐making model of college students' alcohol consumption

AbstractThis study examined college students' drinking behaviors from a consumer behavioral perspective. A consumer‐oriented, cognitive, and behavioral‐hierarchical decision‐making model was developed and tested with the use of structural equation modeling. Questionnaires were collected from undergraduate students ( n = 269) attending a large state university in the southwestern United States. Results indicated that personal values can serve as significant predictors of the attitudes college students have toward alcohol use, which in turn can predict intentions to drink. Results also indicated that intentions to drink are strongly related to actual alcohol consumption, and that gender‐predicted attitudes and alcohol use during the past month influences intentions to drink. However, the structure of the model was similar after controlling for gender differences in alcohol use and for the stability of past behavior. The model delineated the specific roles played by personal values (self‐actualizing values vs. social–hedonic values) and attitudes toward the physical and psychological consequences of drinking. Overall, social–hedonic values and psychological consequences predicted actual alcohol consumption far better than did self‐actualizing values and physical consequences, respectively. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

A Preliminary Study Exploring the Value Changes Taking Place in the United States since the September 11, 2001 Terrorist Attack on the World Trade Center in New York

This study was a preliminary exploration of the value changes taking place in the United States since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attack on the World Trade Center in New York, which was a significant emotional event or cultural upheaval. Rokeach told us that “a person's total value system may undergo change as a result of socialization, therapy, or cultural upheaval . . .” (Rokeach, The Nature of Human Values, 1973, p. 37). The researchers explored the value changes of 500 aviation industry employees before the attack and 500 after the attack. The statistically significant research results showed a total of twenty-seven of thirty-six values changed. Before the attack respondents valued much higher self-esteem and self-actualization values like A Sense of Accomplishment and Self-Respect. After the attack respondents placed a much higher value importance on survival, safety and security values like A World at Peace, Freedom, Family Security, National Security, Mature Love, Salvation, and True Friendship.

The hierarchical influence of personal values on mall shopping attitute and behavior

The primary objective of this study was to employ a value-attitude-behavior model in order to investigate the role personal values play in the patronage of regional shopping malls. A secondary objective was to examine whether one's ethnic group membership and ethnic identification serve as important factors that influence personal values as well as attitudes and patronage behavior in the context of regional shopping malls. The sample of regional mall shoppers consisted of white and Hispanic consumers residing in ten metropolitan cities of the southwest. Structural equation modeling indicated that both self-actualizing and social affiliation personal values were positively related to a favorable attitude toward regional shopping malls, and that the social affiliation value played a greater role in influencing attitude than did the self-actualizing value. Individual attitudes toward shopping malls, in turn, were a direct predictor of mall shopping behavior and mediated the relationship between personal values and attitudes. The findings indicate that, independent of ethnic group membership, both self-actualizing and social affiliation values can be used effectively to position regional malls in such a way as to reinforce these views and to provide a strong means for shoppers to satisfy these needs.

Kaimo mokytojų vertybinės orientacijos

Straipsnyje pristatomas tyrimas, kurio tikslas – ištirti profesijos mokytojų, dirbančių įvairių pakopų žemės ūkio mokyklose, ir LŽŪA trečio kurso studentų, pasirinkusių profesijos mokytojo specializaciją, vertybinių orientacijų struktūrą, rasti bendrus dėsningumus. Abiejų tiriamųjų grupių terminalinių vertybių analizė parodė, kad dominuoja materialiosios vertybės, hierarchijos viršūnėje - sveikata ir laimingas šeimyninis gyvenimas. Postmaterialiosios arba savęs aktualizavimo vertybės atsiduria hierarchijos apačioje. Profesijos mokytojų instrumentinių vertybių struktūroje saviraiškos vertybės užima šiek tiek aukštesnę vietą nei konformistinės. Ši tiriamųjų grupė atiduoda pirmenybę tokioms instrumentinėms vertybėms kaip išprūsimas, racionalumas, jautrumas, nepriklausomybė. Tuo tarpu studentų grupėje dominuoja racionalumas, jautrumas, savikontrolė, pakantumas. Gautus rezultatus galima aiškinti tuo, kad tiriamiesiems būdinga socialinė apatija, konformistinis, pasyvus prisitaikymas prie aplinkybių, užsisklendimas siaurame šeimos rate. Instrumentinių vertybių analizė teikia vilčių, kad inteligentijos atstovams kaime būdingas nedidelis poslinkis aktyvumo, saviraiškos link. Ugdymo sistemoje turėtų būti skiriama daugiau dėmesio saviraiškos ir savęs aktualizavimo vertybių formavimui, nes to reikalauja šiandieninė sudėtinga socialinė-ekonominė situacija.

Effects of Soberizing Group Seminar on the Self-actualization among Alcoholic Inpatients

This study was designed to examine the effects of a soberizing group seminar on the self—actualization among alcoholic inpatients. The soberizing group seminar (SGS) in this study intends to increase the level of self—actualization, and thus to encourage social adjustment after being discharged from a hospital. Forty inpatients under the diagnosis of alcoholics were selected from three private, mental hospitals between April and J une 1993. With an exception of one patient who was discharged after joining the SGS once, 23 corr또)rised the experimental group and the control group included 16 for parallel group design with pre—and post—test. The SGS was developed by modifying the human potential seminar for alcoholics. In each hospital, the SGS was applied 12 times during the 4 weeks of data collection to the experimental group only by a researcher and an assistant, who were trained for administering a group therapy. Self - actualization was measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory(POI) before and after holding each SGS, respectively.The data were analyzed by using paired t—test and Repeated Measures ANOVA. The results are following.1. The experimental group showed a significant increase after treatment in all the item scores of the POI such as Time - Competence /Time - Incompetence (Tc /Ti), Inner—directed /Other—directed Support Scaled /O), Self—Actualizing Value (SAV), Existentiality(Ex), Feeling Reactivity(Fr), Spontaneity(S), Self—Regard (Sr), Self—acceptance(Sa), Nature of Man—Constructive(Nc), and Capacity for Intimate Contact(C). On the contrary, the control group revealed no significant difference in the item scores of the POI between the two tests.2. With regard to the changes of the item scores of the POI, those scores for Tc /Ti, SAV, Ex, Sr, Sa, Nc and C were significantly higher in the experimental group than those in the control group.The above findings indicate that the soberizing group seminar was effective in increasing the level of self - actualization among alcoholic inpatients.Hence, the seminar can be adopted as a nursing intervention at the recovery stage of alcoholic patients. The seminar, in particular, can be a channel for nurses to contact with those patients frequently, to improve personal relations with them, and to plan follow-up care after discharge.

Personal Orientation Inventory Correlated with Physical Health

Predicting 92 subjects' physical health status from their scores on the Personal Orientation Inventory using regression analysis showed that those who obtained high self-regard scores and high self-actualizing value scores also reported better physical health. Those subjects who reported poorer physical health also scored high on the synergy scale.

Does Gender Schema Mediate between Sex-Role Identity and Self-Actualization?

This study examined the relationship between the Bern Sex-role Inventory and Self-actualization as measured by the Personality Orientation Inventory. To examine both relationships between sex-role groups and individual scales of the inventory and to assess the relative contributions of masculinity and femininity scores to the Personality Orientation Inventory, 64 men and 116 women undergraduates were tested. There were significant main effects for Bern sex-role groups on the POI scales of Inner-directed, Self-actualizing Value, Feeling Reactivity, Acceptance of Aggression, and Capacity for Intimate Contact. Multiple regression analyses for men and women separately on each personality subscale showed all significant beta weights for femininity were negative and all significant correlations for masculinity were positive. There were more significant beta weights for the women than for the men. The college students' scores indicate high femininity is detrimental to self-actualization and high masculinity is conducive to self-actualization, as measured by POI scales.

DOES GENDER SCHEMA MEDIATE BETWEEN SEX-ROLE IDENTITY AND SELF-ACTUALIZATION?

This study examined the relationship between the Bern Sex-role Inventory and Self-actualization as measured by the Personality Orientation Inventory. To examine both relationships between sex-role groups and individual scales of the inventory and to assess the relative contributions of masculinity and femininity scores to the Personality Orientation Inventory, 64 men and 116 women undergraduates were tested. There were significant main effects for Bern sex-role groups on the POI scales of Inner-directed, Self-actualizing Value, Feeling Reactivity, Acceptance of Aggression, and Capacity for Intimate Contact. Multiple regression analyses for men and women separately on each personality subscale showed all significant beta weights for femininity were negative and all significant correlations for masculinity were positive. There were more significant beta weights for the women than for the men. The college students' scores indicate high femininity is detrimental to self-actualization and high masculinity is conducive to self-actualization, as measured by POI scales.

Family Background, Socioeconomic Attainment, and the Ranking of Self-Actualization Values

Abstract This paper examines the interrelationships connecting family background, socioeconomic attainment, and the evaluation of a set of life goals that focus on the concept of self-actualization. Based on a national sample of Canadians from 1981, the findings suggest modest class differences in the perceived importance of self-actualization, with those from the higher strata somewhat more likely to stress this value orientation. Multivariate analyses are performed to assess how much of the class difference in value rankings is attributable to the current socioeconomic attainments of the respondents and how much can be traced, alternatively, to the respondents' earlier class status, as indicated by the socioeconomic backgrounds of their parents. The findings suggest that respondent's education has the greatest direct effect on value differences among the past and current socioeconomic variables considered. However, parents' educational and occupational statuses are found to have appreciable indirect influences on respondents' self-actualization attitudes, lending provisional support to an intergenerational transmission interpretation of value differences between classes. Age is also revealed to have a notable influence on the general pattern of results when it is introduced into the analysis. Consideration is given to the implications of the findings for understanding the adoption and retention of dominant values by individuals in differing class positions or socioeconomic circumstances.

Personality and Self-Actualizing Profiles of Assertive People

This study tested the hypothesis that assertive and nonassertive people have different personality profiles and self-actualizing values. Results indicated that assertive and nonassertive groups differed significantly, in terms of their personality profiles based on the Personality Research Form, and their self-actualization profiles based on the Personal Orientation Inventory, supporting the tested hypothesis.