Self-actualization Scores Research Articles

The Effect of Psychodrama on Women's Codependence, Self-Realization and Problem Solving Skill Perception

The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of psychodrama on the codependency, self-actualization and problem-solving skills of women attending Public Education Center Tailoring Courses. The study was conducted with the quasi-experimental design based on the pretest-posttest model with an experimental group. Fifteen volunteering women attending tailoring courses at Malatya Battalgazi District Public Education Center during the 2015-2016 academic year participated in the study. The study data were collected with the Composite Codependency Scale, Health-Promoting Lifestyle Profile, and Problem-Solving Inventory. These three scales were applied to the study group before the application. After the pre-test, a psychodrama group study that included 18 sessions was conducted with eight women in the study group. At the end of the application, the scales were applied as post-test measurements to the study group. To test the effectiveness of the experimental process, the dependent samples t test technique was used. The comparison of the study group pretest and posttest scores revealed a significant difference between pretest and posttest self-actualization scores; however, there was no significant difference between codependency, interpersonal control, self-sacrifice, suppression of emotions, and problem-solving skill perception pretest and posttest scores. Thus, it was observed that psychodrama had a significant effect on the improvement of the self-actualization levels of participating women; however, it did not have a significant effect on the reduction of their negative perceptions about problem-solving skills and codependency levels.

How Does Self-Realization in Nurses Affect Attitudes and Behaviors Towards Palliative Care?

Hastanın hayatının son bulduğu günlerde, hastanın ihtiyacı olan desteğin sunulması ve etkili iletişim kurulması önemlidir. Hemşirenin değişen şartlara hızla uyum sağlaması, kendini geliştirmesi ile profesyonelleşme çabaları ancak kendini gerçekleştirme basamağına ulaşıldığı zaman mümkün olabilir. Bu araştırma; hemşirelerde yaşam sonu bakıma ilişkin tutum ve davranışları belirlemek, hemşirenin kendini gerçekleştirme durumunun bu tutum ve davranışlar üzerindeki etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapıldı. İlişkisel tanımlayıcı tipte olan araştırmanın verileri “Tanıtıcı Bilgi Formu, Sağlıklı Yaşam Biçimi Davranışları Kendini Gerçekleştirme Alt Ölçeği ve Yaşam Sonu Bakıma Yönelik Tutum ve Davranışlar Ölçeği” kullanılarak toplandı. Hemşirelerin kendini gerçekleştirme puan ortalamasının 36.47±6.37, yaşam sonu tutum ve davranış ölçeği puan ortalamasının 53.79±7.23 olduğu belirlendi. Cinsiyet, medeni durum ve çalışılan klinik gibi değişkenlerin ölçek puanları üzerinde etkili olmadığı tespit edildi. Mesleği isteyerek seçme, mesleği sevme ve yaptığı işten memnun olma gibi durumların hem yaşam sonu bakım tutum ve davranışları hem de kendini gerçekleştirme puanlarında istatistiksel olarak önemli bir artışa neden olduğu belirlendi. Hemşirelerin yaşam sonu bakıma yönelik tutum ve davranışları ile bireysel gelişimleri arasında pozitif yönde güçlü bir ilişki olduğu, kendini gerçekleştiren hemşirelerin yaşam sonu bakıma yönelik daha olumlu tutum ve davranışlara sahip olduğu belirlendi.

Self-Actualizing People in the 21st Century: Integration With Contemporary Theory and Research on Personality and Well-Being

More than 70 years ago, Maslow put forward an integrated theory of human motivation that still captures the public imagination. Still, integration with modern theory and research remains elusive. The current study aims to fill this gap in the psychological literature, linking Maslow’s theory to contemporary theory and research on personality and well-being. Toward this aim, the new 30-item “Characteristics of Self-Actualization Scale (CSAS)” was developed. Scale validation showed that 10 characteristics of self-actualizing people as proposed by Maslow load on a general factor of self-actualization and demonstrate external validity. Those reporting more characteristics of self-actualization were more motivated by growth, exploration, and love of humanity than the fulfillment of deficiencies in basic needs. The characteristics of self-actualization were also associated with greater well-being across a number of indicators of well-being, including greater life satisfaction, self-acceptance, positive relations, environmental mastery, personal growth, autonomy, purpose in life, and self-transcendent experiences. Self-actualization scores also predicted work-related outcomes and creativity across multiple domains of achievement. The results provide support for Maslow’s proposed characteristics of self-actualization and basic motivational framework, bringing the concept of self-actualization so frequently discussed by the founding humanistic psychologists firmly into the 21st century.

Factors associated with glycemic status and ability to adapt to changing demands in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus: A cross-sectional study.

Objectives:Type 2 diabetes mellitus studies focus on metabolic indicators and different self-reported lifestyle or care behaviors. Self-reported instruments involve conscious process therefore responses might not reflect reality. Meanwhile implicit responses involve automatic, unconscious processes underlying social judgments and behavior. No studies have explored the combined influence of both metabolic indicators and implicit responses on lifestyle practices in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. The purpose was to investigate the explained variance of socio-demographic, metabolic, anthropometric, clinical, psychosocial, cognitive, and lifestyle variables on glycemic status and on the ability to adapt to changing demands in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus in Monterrey, Mexico.Methods:Adults with (n = 30, mean age 46.90 years old, 33.33% male) and without (n = 32, mean age: 41.69 years old, 21.87% male) type 2 diabetes mellitus were studied. Glycemic status was assessed using Bio-Rad D-10 Hemoglobin A1c Program, which uses ion-exchange high-performance chromatography. Stroop 2 test was used to assess the ability to changing demands.Results:In participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus, less years of education, negative self-actualization, and higher levels of cholesterol and triglycerides explained more than 50% of the variance in glycemic status. In participants without type 2 diabetes mellitus, the variance (38.7%) was explained by total cholesterol, metabolic syndrome, high-density lipoprotein, and self-actualization scores; the latter in opposite direction. The ability to adapt to changing demands was explained by total cholesterol, malondialdehyde, insulin resistance, and triglycerides. In participants without type 2 diabetes mellitus, the contributing variables were metabolic syndrome and nutrition scores.Conclusion:Results showed significant effect on at least one of the following variables (socio-demographic, metabolic, or lifestyle subscale) on glycemic status in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. The ability to adapt to changing demands was explained by metabolic variables but only in participants without type 2 diabetes mellitus. Preference for unhealthy behaviors (implicit or automatic responses) outweighs healthy lifestyle practices in people with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Spiritual health of students in government medical colleges of Kolkata and their coping skills in a crisis situation.

The status of spiritual health of the population of India at large including that of young medical undergraduates who are the caregivers of the future and its association, if any, with coping skills in crisis situations is yet to be explored. To measure the spiritual health status of the study population, describe the coping skills used by them in crisis situations, identify the sociodemographic factors associated with their spiritual health, and to determine the association of spiritual health status of the study population and their coping skills. An institution-based cross-sectional study was performed among the third semester medical students in government medical colleges of Kolkata, West Bengal, India. The study was conducted among 362 medical students by the survey questionnaire method. The Spiritual Health Scale 2011 (SHS 2011) and the Brief COPE Scale were used to measure the spiritual health and coping status, respectively. Of all the respondents, 75.7% had refined spiritual health. The mean spiritual health score of the female students was significantly higher than that of the males. Of all the students, 66.1% showed good coping scores. Of all the respondents, 86.2% and 24.5% had higher adaptive and maladaptive coping scores, respectively. Refined spiritual categories were seen more among those students whose fathers had higher education and whose families arranged rituals at their homes. The spiritual health, self-evolution, and self-actualization scores of the respondents were significantly related to the adaptive coping scores and the fathers' education. The coping skills and hence, the spiritual health of the medical students were greatly influenced by the education of the father and cultural factor(s) like arranging annual rituals at home.

Wellbeing through self-fulfilment: Examining developmental aspects of self-actualization.

Self-actualization is described as an individual's expression of their full potential and a desire for self-fulfilment. It is the leading need in Maslow's hierarchical motivation theory (Maslow, 1943 Maslow , A. H. ( 1943 ). Conflict, frustration, and the theory of threat . Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology , 38 , 81 – 86 . [CrossRef] ) which does not specify an age range for each level, believing that individuals progress through the hierarchy at different rates. However, he recognises older adults are more likely than young adults to be concerned with higher motivation (Maslow, 1970 Maslow , A. H. ( 1970 ). Motivation and personality . New York : Harper & Row . ). Previous work has revealed that people over the age of 36 have a tendency to be concerned with higher motives and people under this age with lower motives (Reiss & Havercamp, 2005 Reiss , S. , & Havercamp , S. M. ( 2005 ). Motivation in a developmental context: A new method for studying self-actualization . Journal of Humanistic Psychology , 45 , 41 – 53 . [CrossRef], [Web of Science ®] ). This study looks at the influence of age on the level of self-actualization and discovered that on 8 out of the 12 Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) scales, participants over the age of 36 showed higher levels of self-actualization than participants under the age of 36. These results indicate the relevance of developmental issues in this matter and back up the hypothesis that there is a relationship between one's age and levels of self-actualization. However, results also showed a degree of overlap of self-actualization scores across age groups, suggesting further research may find other important factors, beyond age, which have a relationship with self-actualization.

Beneficial Academic Orientations and Self-Actualization of College Students

This study tested the prediction that individual differences in self-actualization would be associated with six academic orientations which influence college students' adjustment to their studies. Volunteer undergraduates, solicited from courses in the sciences and liberal arts and invited to complete internet measures of the academic orientations and self-actualization were 137 men and 311 women (M age=21.1, SD=4.8). Statistically significant bivariate correlations obtained between scores on self-actualization with all six orientations: creative expression, reading for pleasure, academic efficacy, and, inversely, structure dependence, academic apathy, and mistrust of instructors. Regression analysis showed that four orientations were independently related to self-actualization scores. The role of these four orientations in actualizing students' adjustment was discussed, and implications were drawn about the interpretation of scores on the four orientations.

Self-actualization of youth in a summer camp.

The self-actualization scores of 57 youths who attended a summer day camp for gifted students were assessed using the Reflections Of Self by Youth (ROSY). Significant sex differences were confirmed. Contrary to Lewis's significant difference (1996) in mean self-actualization between Grades 7 and 8, self-actualization scores in this study were uncorrelated with grade.

Cognitive-affective preparation for homelessness: quantitative and qualitative analyses of childhood out-of-home placement and child abuse in a sample of homeless men.

Patterns of homelessness were examined against histories of childhood out-of-home placement and abuse in a sample of 146 homeless men. It was speculated that out-of-home placement and abuse influenced needs for love and belonging and were related to preparation for adult homelessness. Main effects of a 2 x 2 (placement by abuse) multivariate analysis of variance were significant with longer periods of time since first homeless and greater lengths of a current episode of homelessness associated with childhood out-of-home placement. Homeless men who had experienced abuse as a child had more episodes of homelessness than those who had not experienced abuse. Mean Brief Index of Self-actualization scores were not different for those with out-of-home placement or abuse; however, self-actualization scores were minimally lower with greater number of homeless episodes but not with total time homeless. Case histories supported the quantitative findings that loss of feelings of belonging in childhood were preparatory for chronic homelessness.

Scores on self-actualization for gifted junior high school students.

Self-actualization scores of 47 gifted students in Grades 7 and 8 were assessed using the Reflections of Self by Youth (ROSY), the Maslowian Scale, and the Personal Orientation Inventory. No gender differences were observed. Students in Grade 7 scored significantly higher on the ROSY; students in Grade 8 scored significantly higher on the Maslowian Scale Psychological subscale and Total score. Scores on the Maslowian Scale Fundamentals and Self-actualization subscales and Personal Orientation Inventory were not different for any group. Correlations among the three measures of self-actualization are presented.

Self-Actualization and Empathy as Predictors of Marital Satisfaction

The relationships between marital satisfaction, self-actualization, and empathy scores were tested for 30 intact couples. Analyses indicated that both satisfaction and empathy scores were independent predictors of marital satisfaction scores for men, but not for women. Implications were discussed.

Self-Actualization in Junior High Students: A Pilot Study

The self-actualization scores of 63 junior high students were measured with the Reflections of Self By Youth (ROSY) and the Maslowian Scale. 14 students identified as gifted did not score significantly higher than their more intellectually average peers; however, gifted girls scored slightly higher on the ROSY and two Maslowian Scale subscales. Seventh-grade students scored significantly higher only on the Maslowian Scale-Psychological subscale. Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices identified 10 students among the average group who scored between the 90th and 99th percentiles suggesting some gifted students may have been unidentified.

Associations among Somatotype, Temperament and Self-Actualization

Based on a sample of 45 subjects, 28 men and 17 women, examination was made of the relationships among body type according to Sheldon's methodology, temperament as measured by Cortes and Gatti, and self-actualization as assessed by the Personal Orientation Inventory developed by Shostrom. No significant associations between somatotype and temperament but some significant results were found by examining the self-actualization scores and the body type/temperament match or mismatch. Significant findings were seen on the Spontaneity, Self-regard, Inner-directed, and Feeling Reactivity scales.

Effect of Neurolinguistic Programming Training on Self-Actualization as Measured by the Personal Orientation Inventory

Neurolinguistic programming training is based on principles that should enable the trainee to be more "present"-oriented, inner-directed, flexible, self-aware, and responsive to others, that is, more self-actualized. This study reports within-person changes on self-actualization measures of the Personal Orientation Inventory following a 24-day residential training in neurolinguistic programming. Significant positive mean changes were found for 18 master practitioners on nine of the 12 scales and for 36 practitioners on 10 of the 12 scales. Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that training increases individual self-actualization scores.

Effects on self-actualization of paperbacks about psychological self-help.

Self-help psychology books contain claims that they can help individuals solve personal and social problems. However, there is little research on the efficacy of these books although theory and data from traditional, and behavioristic, bibliotherapy suggests that they might be valuable. This study examined the effects of self-help paperbacks on self-actualization scores in a 2 X 3 design that varied presence or absence of a pretest on the Personal Orientation Inventory and an intervening treatment condition which involved reading either one of two self-help books or reading no book. Self-actualization was measured by a posttest on the inventory. Significant effects were found for the pretest and treatment conditions on both the Inner-directedness and Time competence scales. The presence of a pretest, and both self-help books, led to higher self-actualization scores. These findings support the hypothesis that reading self-help psychology books may be associated with increased self-reported scores of mental health.

Effects of meditation vs professional reading on students' perceptions of paraprofessional counselors' effectiveness.

Effects of meditation vs relevant professional reading on students' perceptions of paraprofessional counselors' effectiveness (as measured by the Session Evaluation Questionnaire) were examined in a two-group crossover design. Subjects were 10 undergraduate students in social work (the “counselors”) and 30 students in introductory psychology (the “clients”). “Counselors” either meditated regularly for 3 wk. or read transcripts of therapy sessions for 3 wk., then met with “clients” in unstructured interview sessions. Following the session, the meditators were switched to the reading condition and the readers switched to the meditation condition for another 3 wk. A manipulation check showed a positive effect of meditation on self-actualization of the social work students in the form of preventing a decline in self-actualization scores in the reading condition, a decline which occurred only in the group who read first without prior meditation. However, the positive effects of meditation on self-actualization scores were not reflected in evaluations by the student-“clients.”

Levels of Self-Actualization of Adaptors and Innovators

Unexpectedly both high adaptors and innovators have low self-actualization scores.

Role Transformation of Special Care Unit Nurses

To investigate whether special care unit nurses have characteristics different from nurses who work in nonintensive care settings and whether SCU nurses make more effective role transformations than non-SCU nurses, this posthoc descriptive study utilized data from 213 new graduate nurses in their first jobs in eight medical centers across the United States. The 213 nurses were a subsample of 307 new graduate nurses in a parent study that tested effect of a bicultural orientation program in role transformation. The nurses in the subsample worked in one of four nursing areas: medical--surgical, medical--surgical specialty, parent--child, and SCU. They were pretested at six weeks of employment regarding their: professional, bureaucratic, and service role conceptions; total role deprivation; professional, bureaucratic, and bicultural role behavior; self-esteem; and degree of self-actualization. SCU nurses had significantly higher self-actualization scores initially than medical--surgical nurses. Posttesting at nine months of employment included all of the above variables plus measures of empathy and change-agent activity. Performance ratings and resignations were examined at one year of employment. Analyses of variance of the difference scores and posttest-only scores showed no significant differences by type of unit except for self-actualization. To examine the relationship between the degree of specialization and the variables under study, units were rank ordered according to degree of specialization. Nurses working on units which required the most specialization had significantly higher increases in bicultural scores and self-esteem and trends toward higher increases in bureaucratic role conception and higher performance ratings. However, SCU nurses also had the most decrease in professional role conception scores, least increase in self-actualization scores, least amount of empathy with co-workers, and least amount of effective change-agent activity--all undesirable occurrences.

Factors Related to Self-Actualization

Summary This study of 58 male and female graduate-level counseling students found, as expected, females tending to score as more self-actualizing (i. e., to score higher) than males on the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI). Also, as anticipated, the students' self-actualization scores were inversely correlated with the degree of undesirability they subjectively associated with their height and weight. Contrary to prediction, however, greater androgyny—measured with the Bem Sex-Role Inventory—was related to lower POI self-actualization scores. Some of the social implications of these findings are indicated.

Self-Actualization in Glossolalic and Non-Glossolalic Pentecostals

Studied self-actualization in Roman Catholic college students: 34 glossolalic Neo-Pentecostals (G), 33 non-glossolalic Neo-Pentecostals (P), and 35 non-Pentecostal non-glossolalists (N). Each person completed the Midi-Mult and the Personal Orientation Inventory. After blind screening for psychopathology on the basis of Midi-Mult scores, 11 G, 12 P, and 10 N were eliminated. Groups of 20 each, equated for sexual composition, age, grade average, and year in school, were formed from the remainder. Comparison of overall self-actualization scores revealed G to be significantly (p<.01) more self-actualized than N on the TC score. Midi-Mult screening was omitted and homogeneous groups of 28 each were compared. G was again significantly (p<.01) more self-actualized than N on TC, as well as on I + TC (p<.01) and on I (p<.02), which were the only POI scores compared. P also had significantly higher scores than N on I(p<.05) and TC(p<.05) and on I + TC(p<.01). No differences between P and G were significant.