Distribution Of Selenium In Tissues Research Articles

A descriptive report of the selenium distribution in tissues from pigs with mulberry heart disease (MHD)

BackgroundMulberry Heart Disease (MHD) is a condition affecting mainly young pigs in excellent body condition. Feed efficient pigs showing high average daily gains are more likely to be affected. MHD has been described as a challenge in Norwegian pig production over the last decade despite abundant supplies of vitamin E, and selenium (Se) close to the upper limits set by the EU. From 2015 to 2017, samples from documented MHD field cases were collected and compared with controls regarding post mortem findings and Se concentrations in numerous internal and external organs were determined in order to characterize the Se distribution, and to identify any differences between MHD cases and controls.Case presentationEight MHD cases from commercial farms and a pet pig producer located in the South West and East of Norway, and three control animals originating from these farms were included in this study. MHD cases and controls were weaned pigs with an average bodyweight (BW) of 17 kg (range 9 to 46 kg BW), with the exception of one pet piglet (Mangalica, 6 kg BW) that had only received sow milk. Selenium was determined in samples from the cardiovascular, digestive, immune, endocrine, integumentary, muscular, respiratory and urinary systems using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (QQQ ICP-MS). All pigs with MHD suffered sudden deaths. Control animals were euthanized without being bled prior to necropsy and sampling. Significantly different mean Se concentrations between MHD cases and controls were found in cardiac samples as well as almost all skeletal muscles (P < 0.05). Based on the samples from ten different muscles (except the cardiac samples), mean Se concentrations in MHD cases were 0.34 (0.01) mg/ kg DM compared with 0.65 (0.02) mg/ kg DM in control pigs (P < 0.0001). In cardiac samples, mean Se concentrations from MHD cases were 0.87 (0.02) mg/ kg DM vs. 1.12 (0.04) mg/ kg DM (P < 0.0001). Additionally, significantly lower Se concentrations compared with controls were found in the liver as well as the caecum, duodenum, gastric ventricle, jejunum, kidney, skin and thymus samples.ConclusionsBased on the present work, the current common practice regarding tissue analyses in MHD cases could be refined to include other organs than liver and heart. The evident differences in mean Se concentrations in 9 out of 10 samples from the muscular system, could make such samples relevant for complementary measurements of Se concentrations to help confirm the MHD diagnosis. We find it interesting that although our limited number of sampled pigs are different in terms of genetics, size and feeding regimes, the variation of Se concentrations in a given organ was low between MHD cases. Since this report includes a limited number of MHD cases and controls, our results should be corroborated by a controlled, larger study.

Effects of selenium source and level in diet on glutathione peroxidase activity, tissue selenium distribution, and growth performance in poultry.

Today, a few differing sources of selenium (Se), i.e. inorganic, organic, and nano forms of Se, are used as feed supplements for poultry. Published research indicates that nano-Se and organic Se possess comparable efficiency to inorganic Se in increasing GSH-Px activity of plasma and various tissues, but they deposit at higher rates in various tissues. However, there are principal differences in absorption mechanisms, metabolism, and efficiency of these three forms of Se. The aim of this review was to analyze the available literature on the effects of different Se sources and levels in the diet on glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity, tissue Se distribution and growth performance in poultry. Higher levels of Se increase GSH-Px activity in the body, but this reaches a plateau even if Se concentrations in diet increase further, while the deposition of Se in tissues increases as Se content in diet increases. In addition, many studies have shown the positive effects of adding Se to diet on growth performance in poultry. Optimal Se supplementation is necessary not only for good poultry health but also to ensure and preserve meat quality during storage and to provide human beings with this microelement.

Analyses of Selenotranscriptomes and Selenium Concentrations in Response to Dietary Selenium Deficiency and Age Reveal Common and Distinct Patterns by Tissue and Sex in Telomere-Dysfunctional Mice

Background: The hierarchies of tissue selenium distribution and selenotranscriptomes are thought to critically affect healthspan and longevity.Objective: We determined selenium status and selenotranscriptomes in response to long-term dietary selenium deficiency and age in tissues of male and female mice.Methods: Weanling telomerase RNA component knockout C57BL/6 mice were fed a selenium-deficient (0.03 mg Se/kg) Torula yeast-based AIN-93G diet or a diet supplemented with sodium selenate (0.15 mg Se/kg) until age 18 or 24 mo. Plasma, hearts, kidneys, livers, and testes were collected to assay for selenotranscriptomes, selected selenoproteins, and tissue selenium concentrations. Data were analyzed with the use of 2-factor ANOVA (diet × age) in both sexes.Results: Dietary selenium deficiency decreased (P ≤ 0.05) selenium concentrations (65-72%) and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 3 (82-94%) and selenoprotein P (SELENOP) (17-41%) levels in the plasma of both sexes of mice and mRNA levels (9-68%) of 4, 4, and 12 selenoproteins in the heart, kidney, and liver of males, respectively, and 5, 16, and 14 selenoproteins, respectively, in females. Age increased selenium concentrations and SELENOP levels (27% and 30%, respectively; P ≤ 0.05) in the plasma of males only but decreased (12-46%; P < 0.05) mRNA levels of 1, 5, and 13 selenoproteins in the heart, kidney, and liver of males, respectively, and 6, 5, and 0 selenoproteins, respectively, in females. Among these mRNAs, selenoprotein H (Selenoh), selenoprotein M (Selenom), selenoprotein W (Selenow), methionine-R-sulfoxide reductase 1 (MsrB1), Gpx1, Gpx3, thioredoxin reductase 1 (Txnrd1), Txnrd2, selenoprotein S (Selenos), selenoprotein F (Selenof), and selenoprotein O (Selenoo) responded in parallel to dietary selenium deficiency and age in ≥1 tissue or sex, or both. Dietary selenium deficiency upregulated (40-160%; P ≤ 0.05) iodothyronine deiodinase 2 (Dio2) and selenoprotein N (Selenon) in the kidneys of males. Age upregulated (11-44%; P < 0.05) Selenon in the kidneys of males, selenoprotein K (Selenok) and selenoprotein I (Selenoi) in the kidneys of females, and Selenof and Selenok in the testes.Conclusions: These results illustrate tissue-specific sexual dimorphisms of selenium status and selenotranscriptomes because of dietary selenium deficiency and age.

Effects of selenium yeast level in diet on carcass and meat quality, tissue selenium distribution and glutathione peroxidase activity in ducks

The aim of this study was to assess how dietary supplementation of organic selenium affected carcass and meat quality, tissue selenium content and glutathione peroxidase activity in ducks. The study was performed on 240 one-day old ducklings of the same origin (Cherry Valley hybrid), during a 49-day period, that were fed diets supplemented with four different levels of selenium yeast (ALKOSEL® R397): groups with 0mg/kg, 0.2mg/kg, 0.4mg/kg and 0.6mg/kg added Se. Live weight, carcass characteristics, meat quality characteristics, chemical composition of meat, selenium content in plasma, feces, liver and meat, as well as plasma glutathione peroxidase activity were determined. Animals fed high Se diets (0.4mg/kg) had higher live weight (P<0.05) compared to those fed diets with inadequate (0mg/kg) or with supranutritional (0.6mg/kg) Se levels. Chemical analysis of meat revealed differences in moisture, protein and lipid content among compared groups. Breast meat from the group with the highest dietary Se (0.6mg/kg) had a higher protein content (P<0.01) compared to breast meat from groups with 0mg/kg and 0.2mg/kg added Se. Se supplementation increased significantly Se levels in plasma, liver and muscles, as well as activity of glutathione peroxidase in plasma.

Effects of dietary selenium supplementation on tissue selenium distribution and glutathione peroxidase activity in Chinese Ring Necked Pheasants

The objective of this study was to determine the concentration of total selenium (Se) and the proportions of total Se comprised as selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys) in the postmortem tissues of female pheasants (Phasianus Colchicus Torquator) offered diets that contained graded additions of selenised-enriched yeast (SY) or a single comparative dose of sodium selenite (SS). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and tissue glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity of breast (Pectoralis Major) were assessed at 0 and 5 days postmortem. A total of 216 female pheasant chicks were enrolled into the study. Twenty-four birds were euthanased at the start of the study, and samples of blood, breast muscle, leg muscle (M. Peroneus Longus and M. Gastrocnemius), heart, liver, kidney and gizzard were collected for determination of total Se. Remaining birds were blocked by live weight and randomly allocated to one of four dietary treatments (n = 48 birds/treatment) that either differed in Se source (SY v. SS) or dose (control (0.17 mg total Se/kg), SY-L and SS-L (0.3 mg/kg total Se as SY and SS, respectively) and SY-H (0.45 mg total Se/kg)). Following 42 and 91 days of treatment, 24 birds per treatment were euthanased, and samples of blood, breast muscle, leg muscle, heart, liver, kidney and gizzard were retained for determination of total Se and the proportion of total Se comprised as SeMet or SeCys. Whole blood GSH-Px activity was determined at each time point. Tissue GSH-Px activity and TBARS were determined in breast tissue at the end of the study. There were increases in both blood and tissues to the graded addition of SY to the diet (P < 0.001), but the same responses were not apparent with the blood and tissues of selenite-supplemented birds receiving a comparable dose (SY-L v. SS-L). Although there were differences between tissue types in the distribution of SeMet and SeCys, there were few differences between treatments. There were effects of treatment on erythrocyte GSH-Px activity (P = 0.012) with values being higher in treatments SY-H and SS-L when compared with the negative control and treatment SY-L. There were no effects of treatment on tissue GSH-Px activity, which is reflected in the overall lack of any treatment effects on TBARS.

High-resolution imaging of selenium in kidneys: a localized selenium pool associated with glutathione peroxidase 3.

Recent advances in quantitative methods and sensitive imaging techniques of trace elements provide opportunities to uncover and explain their biological roles. In particular, the distribution of selenium in tissues and cells under both physiological and pathological conditions remains unknown. In this work, we applied high-resolution synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy (XFM) to map selenium distribution in mouse liver and kidney. Liver showed a uniform selenium distribution that was dependent on selenocysteine tRNA([Ser]Sec) and dietary selenium. In contrast, kidney selenium had both uniformly distributed and highly localized components, the latter visualized as thin circular structures surrounding proximal tubules. Other parts of the kidney, such as glomeruli and distal tubules, only manifested the uniformly distributed selenium pattern that co-localized with sulfur. We found that proximal tubule selenium localized to the basement membrane. It was preserved in Selenoprotein P knockout mice, but was completely eliminated in glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPx3) knockout mice, indicating that this selenium represented GPx3. We further imaged kidneys of another model organism, the naked mole rat, which showed a diminished uniformly distributed selenium pool, but preserved the circular proximal tubule signal. We applied XFM to image selenium in mammalian tissues and identified a highly localized pool of this trace element at the basement membrane of kidneys that was associated with GPx3. XFM allowed us to define and explain the tissue topography of selenium in mammalian kidneys at submicron resolution.

Evaluation of selenium status and its distribution in organs of free living foxes (Vulpes vulpes) from an Se deficient area

The objective of the study was to determine selenium status and its distribution in the organs of free living foxes from selenium deficient areas of north-western Poland. Samples of organs harvested from 40 foxes shot during the 2008-2009 hunting seasons served as experimental material. Selenium concentration in the organs was determined spectrofluorometrically. Selenium distribution in tissues depends largely on its dietary content. Our study indicated that concentrations of selenium in the examined organs followed the order: kidney>liver>spleen>lung>heart and kidneys were the organ with the highest retention of this element. Mean selenium concentration in fox kidneys was 0.60 +/- 0.15 microg/g wet weight. Several times less selenium on average was found in the liver (0.27 +/- 0.09 microg/g w.w.), lungs (0.17 +/- 0.06 microg/g w.w.), spleen (0.19 +/- 0.06 microg/g w.w.) and heart (0.13 +/- 0.05 microg/g w.w.). All the animals studied were deficient in selenium.

Influence of dietary nano elemental selenium on growth performance, tissue selenium distribution, meat quality, and glutathione peroxidase activity in Guangxi Yellow chicken

This experiment was designed to investigate the effect of feed supplementation with nano elemental Se (Nano-Se) on growth performance, tissue Se distribution, meat quality, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity in Guangxi Yellow chicken. Four treatments (control, T-1, T-2, and T-3 treatment groups) with 3 replicates of 30 chickens each were carried out. Diets for the control, T-1, T-2, and T-3 groups consisted of the basal diet supplemented with, respectively, 0.00, 0.10, 0.30, and 0.50 mg/kg of Nano-Se. Improved final BW, daily BW gain (DWG), feed conversion ratios, and survival rate (P < 0.05) were observed in the groups supplemented with Nano-Se as compared with the control groups after 90 d of feeding. The groups that received Nano-Se showed higher (P < 0.05) hepatic and muscle Se contents, drip loss percentage, inosine 5'-monophosphate content, and GSH-Px activities in the serum and liver than that did the control groups. For the T-2 and T-3 groups, a significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in final BW, DWG, muscle Se content, breast drip loss, and GSH-Px activities in the serum and liver compared with the T-1 group. However, no significant differences were observed in final BW, DWG, and GSH-Px activities in the serum and liver between the T-2 and T-3 groups. It could be concluded from this study that supplementing diets with 0.30 mg/kg of Nano-Se for was effective in increasing the growth performance and feed conversion ratios of chickens, the Se content of tissues, and the quality of the meat.

Selenium distribution in tissues and monitor materials after long-term selenium supplementation investigated by neutron activation analysis

The effects of long-term selenium supplementation on the selenium body status were investigated in humans and rats. Selenium was determined in human muscle biopsies and monitor materials and in rat tissues by neutron activation analysis. The results showed that the body selenium load is raised by additional supply of selenomethionine or selenomethionine-containing yeast but not proportionally to the intake. The surplus selenium can serve as an endogenous source to maintain the selenoprotein levels during insufficient supply. Highly significant correlations between the muscle selenium concentrations and those in blood, blood fractions, hair and nails indicate that the selenium status can be assessed by analysis of these monitor materials.

유기셀레늄 혼합제 급여가 비육말기 거세한우의 성장, 도체성적, 체내 셀레늄 분포 및 경제성에 미치는 영향

본 연구는 유기태 셀레늄 급여가 한우의 생산성에 미치는 영향을 연구하기 위하여 유기태 셀레늄 혼합제의 첨가량을 달리하여 비육말기 거세한우에 급여하였을 때 나타나는 성장, 육질, 체내 셀레늄 분포 및 경제성을 분석 평가하고자 실시하였다. 총 45두의 비육후기 거세한우를 유기태 셀레늄 혼합제 급여 수준에 따라 15 두씩 3개의 시험구에 임의배치 하고 사료 건물 중 셀레늄 함량을 0.5ppm 수준이 되도록 유기셀레늄 혼합제를 급여한 시험구(0.5ppm OSM구), 1.0ppm 수준으로 처리한 시험구(1.0ppm OSM구) 및 대조구(혼합제 무첨가 관행사육구)로 나누어 4개월간 사양시험을 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 3개의 시험구간 총 증체량, 일일 증체량 및 사료 섭취량의 통계적 유의성은 없었다(p>0.05). 도체중량, 배최장근면적, 등지방두께, 육량지수, 육색지수, 지방색, 연도, 성숙도 등에서도 시험구간 유의적 차이가 인정되지 않았다(p>0.05). 그러나 상대적으로 유기태 셀레늄과 함께 미생물 제제가 많이 공급된 1.0ppm OSM 구에서 사료효율(사료요구량과 증체당 TDN), 도체등급 및 육질등급이 다른 시험구보다 좋은 성적을 나타냈다. 각 조직의 셀레늄은 유기태 셀레늄 급여에 의해 함량이 증가되었는데 0.5ppm OSM 구에서는 간과 우둔 그리고 1.0ppm OSM 구에서는 신장, 간, 등심 및 우둔의 셀레늄함량이 대조구보다 높았다(p<0.05). 조직 내 셀레늄 함량은 전반적으로 1.0ppm OSM 구에서 가장 높게 나타났으며, 각 조직간 셀레늄 함량은 신장, 간, 등심 그리고 우둔 순으로 높았다. 사양시험 종료시 도체 경락가를 기초로 경제성을 평가하였을 때 1.0ppm OSM 구가 대조구에 비하여 수익성이 5.5% 정도 높았다. 결론적으로, 유기셀레늄 혼합제의 급여와 급여수준은 사료섭취량, 증체량 그리고 도체특성에 큰 영향을 주지 않았지만 각 조직의 셀레늄 함량을 증가시켰다. 또한 유기셀레늄 혼합제를 1.0ppm 수준으로 사용하였을 때 육우 판매수입이 증가하였다. This study fulfilled to investigate the feed efficiency, tissue selenium distribution, carcass characteristic and economic value in finishing Hanwoo steers fed organic selenium mix (OSM) which included seleno-yeast, rumen culture and other microbial supplements. Forty five finishing Hanwoo steers were tested for 4 months dividing to three feeding groups: OSM add as 0.5 ppm Se of DM feeds (0.5 ppm OSM), OSM enriched add as 1.0 ppm Se of DM feeds (1.0 ppm OSM) and basal diet without OSM (control). The total weight gains, the average daily gains and the feed intakes were not differ in treatments (p > 0.05). No differences (p > 0.05) were noted for hot carcass weight, loin eye area, backfat thickness, meat yield index, meat color, fat color, tenderness and maturity. However, the 1.0 ppm OSM showed better performances for feed requirement, TDN per gain, meat yield grade and meat quality grade compared to other groups. Tissue selenium distribution was increased by organic selenium feeding: higher Se concentration in liver and rump of 0.5 ppm OSM (p < 0.05), and kidney, liver, sirloin and rump of 1.0 ppm OSM (p < 0.05) than the tissues of control group. Generally, tissue selenium was the highest value in 1.0 ppm OSM and showed higher concentrate in order; kidney, liver, sirloin and rump. The income over feed cost was 1.06-fold higher in 1.0 ppm OSM than control group. In conclusion, organic selenium mix supplementation and its amounts were not influenced to feed intake, body gain and carcass characteristic but significantly increased tissue selenium. Therefore, these results suggest that finishing Hanwoo steer fed an enriched organic selenium mix with proper probiotics is able to produce “high-Se” beef as high bioavailable form as well as create a beneficial opportunity on Hanwoo farm.

Effect of vitamin B 12 on performance and tissue selenium content in rats fed sub-toxic levels of selenite

The effects of vitamin B 12 status on growth and tissue selenium distribution were studied in Sprague-Dawley rats chronically exposed to subtoxic levels of selenite. Vitamin B 12 status was monitored by urinary methylmalonic acid excretion and by liver and plasma vitamin B 12 levels. Selenite absorption was unaffected by dietary level of vitamin B 12. A significant ( P < 0.05) interaction of vitamin B 12 and selenium was found on growth of rats fed vitamin B 12 deficient or control diets. In vitamin B 12 depleted rats, there were significant histologic changes in the liver that were characterized by micronodules and regeneration, bile duct reduplication, mild cirrhosis, necrosis of individual hepatocytes and other minor histologic changes. There was no gross or histologic evidence of liver toxicity in rats supplemented with vitamin B 12. Rats pair-fed 9 mg/kg selenium with vitamin B 12 had significantly lower liver and kidney selenium levels and significantly higher blood selenium levels compared to rats fed the diet without vitamin B 12. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that vitamin B 12 deficiency limits selenium methylation and excretion, resulting in higher tissue selenium levels and subsequent toxicity.

Role of Selenium in Neural Physiology of Avian Species: 1. The Distribution of Selenium in Tissues of Chickens, Turkeys and Coturnix

THE existence of extra-retinal photoreceptors in the brain has been suggested by numerous workers, e.g., Oishi et al. (1966) and Menaker (1968). However, microscopic examination of the pineal and of the brain reveal no pigmented photoreceptors. The suggestion that retinal selenium may have an important role as a photon receptor and energy transformer (Aberg, 1966) suggested to us that other neural areas may be high in selenium. Present technological application of the element in photocells appear to involve only the elemental forms, and it was thought that a general survey of tissues for selenium concentrations without regard to oxidation-reduction status might provide a starting point for an investigation of a possible role of the element in certain aspects of avian physiology. This is a report on the relative distribution of selenium in not only the pineal but also in other avian tissues.Although toxic aspects of excess selenium in animal…

Distribution of selenium in tissues of normal and dystrophic chickens.

IN our earlier work on dystrophic chickens we determined the selenium content of fresh eggs from normal and dystrophic birds1. We found about 11 µg of selenium per egg and no difference between the normal and dystrophic state.