Selective Encryption Method Research Articles

A Format Compliant Encryption Method for 3D Objects Allowing Hierarchical Decryption

With the increasing popularity of 3D objects in industry and everyday life, 3D object security has become essential. While there exists methods for 3D selective encryption, where a clear 3D object is encrypted so that the result has the desired level of visual security, to our knowledge, no method exists for decrypting encrypted 3D objects hierarchically. In this paper, we are the first to propose propose a method which allows us to hierarchically decrypt an encrypted 3D object according to a generated ring of keys. This ring consists of a set of keys that allow a stronger or weaker decryption of the encrypted 3D object. Each hierarchically decrypted 3D object has a different visual security level, where the 3D object is more or less visually accessible. Based on a master key, these hierarchical keys are generated using our method during the encryption process. Our method is essential when it comes to preventing trade secrets from being leaked from within a company or by exterior attackers. It is also ecologically friendly and more secure than traditional selective encryption methods.

Selective Cancellable Multi-Biometric Template Generation Scheme Based on Multi-Exposure Feature Fusion

This article introduces a new cancellable multi-biometric system based on the combination of a selective encryption method and a deep-learning-based fusion technology. The biometric face image is treated with an automatic face segmentation algorithm (Viola-Jones), and the image of the selected eye is XORed with a PRNG (Pseudo Random Number Generator) matrix. The output array is used to create a primary biometric template. This process changes the histogram of the selected eye image. Arnold’s Cat Map is used to superimpose the PRN pixels only on the pixels of the primary image. Arnold’s cat map deformed eyes are encrypted using the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) to encrypt the biometric data stored in the database. In addition, the AES master key is used for the same person in the identity verification process to verify the biometric identity. It is created from the fingers of the right hand, and the right eye is integrated into this process using deep learning technology. The deep learning fusion process can prevent attacks on the biometric system as a whole. In order to avoid damage to the eye or fingerprint images, the design considers the other eye and fingerprint images.

A Novel Selective Encryption Method Based on Skin Lesion Detection

Due to the semitrusted cloud, privacy protection of medical images in medical imaging clouds has become a precondition. For the privacy of patients and the security of medical images in the cloud, this paper proposes a selective encryption based on DNA sequence and chaotic maps for skin lesion image. Initially, we design a transition region-based level set evolution functional which is merged into a variational level set expression with two extra energy functionals, to segment skin lesion image. Once skin lesion detection has been performed, the detected skin lesion pixels are encrypted by employing chaotic systems and DNA sequences. We apply 2D-LASM and 1D-LSS to produce the pseudorandom sequences and use the hash function of the plaintext image to calculate the secret keys of the encryption system. Results demonstrate that the proposed segmentation method is particularly suitable for the detection of skin lesion images with strong noise and complex background. Meanwhile, security analysis also reveals that this selective encryption has a large security key space and high sensitivity to the plaintext image and the secret key.

Quantum Selective Encryption for Medical Images

To trade security off for computational complexity, Selective Encryption (SE) in Image Processing denotes an approach which is capable of encrypting an image partially. In other words, it is aimed at turning the visually most important parts of images into meaningless ones, ignoring unimportant regions to have a computationally-efficient technique. Based on BRQI images, in this paper, a novel quantum selective encryption method for medical images is investigated. ROI (Region of Interest) tends to be the most vital part of medical images, which should be protected during the transmissions. The proposed method encrypts this region effectively by manipulating the bitplanes of the images according to a key. Experimental results encompassing correlation of adjacent pixels, histogram analysis and entropy rate analyzed in MATLAB environment demonstrate a good performance. Furthermore, regarding a BRQI image of 2n pixels, the time complexity is not more than O(m), where m is length of the key sequence. On no condition does it depend on size of images, bringing about being far more time-efficient compared to its classical counterpart and even earlier studied works found in the literature (full-encryption ones). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first method to introduce a quantum selective image encryption method.

SEEN: A Selective Encryption Method to Ensure Confidentiality for Big Sensing Data Streams

Resource constrained sensing devices are being used widely to build and deploy self-organizing wireless sensor networks for a variety of critical applications such as smart cities, smart health, precision agriculture and industrial control systems. Many such devices sense the deployed environment and generate a variety of data and send them to the server for analysis as data streams. A Data Stream Manager (DSM) at the server collects the data streams (often called big data) to perform real time analysis and decision-making for these critical applications. A malicious adversary may access or tamper with the data in transit. One of the challenging tasks in such applications is to assure the trustworthiness of the collected data so that any decisions are made on the processing of correct data. Assuring high data trustworthiness requires that the system satisfies two key security properties: confidentiality and integrity. To ensure the confidentiality of collected data, we need to prevent sensitive information from reaching the wrong people by ensuring that the right people are getting it. Sensed data are always associated with different sensitivity levels based on the sensitivity of emerging applications or the sensed data types or the sensing devices. For example, a temperature in a precision agriculture application may not be as sensitive as monitored data in smart health. Providing multilevel data confidentiality along with data integrity for big sensing data streams in the context of near real time analytics is a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a Selective Encryption (SEEN) method to secure big sensing data streams that satisfies the desired multiple levels of confidentiality and data integrity. Our method is based on two key concepts: common shared keys that are initialized and updated by DSM without requiring retransmission, and a seamless key refreshment process without interrupting the data stream encryption/decryption. Theoretical analyses and experimental results of our SEEN method show that it can significantly improve the efficiency and buffer usage at DSM without compromising the confidentiality and integrity of the data streams.

Performance Analysis of a Selective Encryption Algorithm for securing Text data over Mobile Ad hoc networks

In recent era security is very much desired for the messages transmitted through the network. The study shows that, even though many approaches have been proposed towards security till date, still the security loopholes also emerging, so constant advancement is crucial for data security. Since all nodes in the network work together as a team to transmit the data, the network may prone to active or passive attacks such as Eavesdropping, Jamming, traffic analysis, Denial of Service, monitoring etc. The research paper introduces a new selective encryption method termed as Selective Significant Data Encryption (SSDE). The SSDE presents adequate protection to the data encryption process by picking up only the significant content from the complete message by referring Natural Language Processing (NLP). As a result, the encryption time overhead will get reduced, and overall performance will improve. Symmetric key algorithms are generally proficient and quick cryptosystem compared to other techniques, so Blowfish system is used for encryption/decryption process. The proposed research work is compared with many conventional methods and found that this approach is more superior to other traditional means.

Selective encryption on ECG data in body sensor network based on supervised machine learning

Body Sensor Networks (BSNs) are developing rapidly in recent years as it combines the Internet-of-Things (IoT) and data analytic techniques for building a remote healthcare system. However, as BSNs are implemented on the existing wireless communication systems, the security and privacy in the BSN are facing many challenges. Performing standard encryption schemes on the health data before outsourcing at the sensors’ ends are not suitable for this BSN environment as it is costly both in energy and time consumption for the BSN sensors. Traditional lightweight encryption schemes such as Selective Encryption (SE) schemes could be used in this environment by reducing the data volume to be encrypted. In this paper, we re-define the SE schemes in a practical scenario of securely outsourcing the electrocardiogram (ECG) data in the untrusted BSN environment. Specifically, if the ECG data is outsourced for disease classification based on a machine learning model, we prove that the classic SE schemes are not the correct designs. Then, we give our SE design based on this classification use case to protect the ECG data against illegal classification at the attacker sides which further protects the patients’ data privacy. Intensive tests are experimented to prove the effectiveness of our proposed SE method.

User Selective Encryption Method for Securing MANETs

<span>Security issue is getting important day by day. At present, there are a variety of methodologies to provide protection for data confidentiality. MANETs have lots of security challenges than traditional networks like infrastructureless and self-organizing requirements. As the MANETs are dynamic networks that’s make every transmission in such networks vulnerable to many attacks and improving security level becomes a main issue. This paper introduces a user selective encryption method by operating Data Encryption Standard (DES), Triple DES (3DES), Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) and the Diffie-Hellman Key Exchange (DHKE) protocol for key management in order to improve MANET security. Through the Network Simulator-2 (NS-2), the we investigate the performance of the proposed method in terms of data transfer time and network throughput for different data sizes and different sender-to-receiver number of hops. The results show the superiority of AES over other encryption algorithms. Furthermore, the effectiveness of our proposed method is verified through comparing our results with those obtained from previous studies.</span>

Extended Selective Encryption of H.264/AVC (CABAC)- and HEVC-Encoded Video Streams

This paper proposes an extended selective encryption (SE) method for both H.264/advanced video coding (AVC) (CABAC) and High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) streams, addressing the main security issue that SE is facing: content protection, related to the amount of information leakage through a protected video. Our contribution is the improvement in the visual distortion induced by SE approaches. Previous works on both H.264/AVC (CABAC) and HEVC limit encryption to bins treated by one specific mode of CABAC—its bypass mode—which has the advantage of preserving the overall bitrate, we propose here to also rely on the encryption of the more widely used mode of CABAC—its regular mode. This allows encryption of a major codeword for video reconstruction, the prediction modes for intra blocks/units. Disturbing their statistics may cause bitrate overhead, which is the tradeoff for improving the content security level of the SE approach. A comprehensive study of this compromise between the improvement in the scrambling efficiency and the undesirable aftereffects is presented in this paper, and a specific security analysis of the proposed CABAC regular mode encryption is conducted.

Selective Encryption Algorithm Using Hybrid Transform for GIS Vector Map

Nowadays, geographic information system (GIS) is developed and implemented in many areas. A huge volume of vector map data has been accessed unlawfully by hackers, pirates, or unauthorized users. For this reason, we need the methods that help to protect GIS data for storage, multimedia applications, and transmission. In our paper, a selective encryption method is presented based on vertex randomization and hybrid transform in the GIS vector map. In the proposed algorithm, polylines and polygons are focused as the targets for encryption. Objects are classified in each layer, and all coordinates of the significant objects are encrypted by the key sets generated by using chaotic map before changing them in DWT, DFT domain. Experimental results verify the high efficiency visualization by low complexity, high security performance by random processes.

A hybrid framework of data hiding and encryption in H.264/SVC

This paper proposed a framework which combined video data hiding method based on modifying the intra prediction mode and selective encryption method. It hides data bits by adjusting intra prediction modes while it ensures that modified prediction mode is the optimal prediction mode at the current case and hence the loss of coding performance is relatively small. The hidden bits can be some hash bits, some other key bits and other feature bits for authentication or error concealment. After that, the selective encryption is designed to support privacy protection. The experiments indicate that the proposed algorithms provide high hiding capacity, good quality of stego videos and appropriate capability of privacy protection. Moreover, the loss of PSNR, bit-rate and the delay of hiding and encryption is still acceptable.

Dynamic video encryption algorithm for H.264/AVC based on a spatiotemporal chaos system.

Video encryption schemes mostly employ the selective encryption method to encrypt parts of important and sensitive video information, aiming to ensure the real-time performance and encryption efficiency. The classic block cipher is not applicable to video encryption due to the high computational overhead. In this paper, we propose the encryption selection control module to encrypt video syntax elements dynamically which is controlled by the chaotic pseudorandom sequence. A novel spatiotemporal chaos system and binarization method is used to generate a key stream for encrypting the chosen syntax elements. The proposed scheme enhances the resistance against attacks through the dynamic encryption process and high-security stream cipher. Experimental results show that the proposed method exhibits high security and high efficiency with little effect on the compression ratio and time cost.

A Novel Selective Encryption Method for Securing Text Over Mobile Ad Hoc Network

In today's era, security is getting important day by day. But security constraints for the text data which is sent over the network is also fetching confront with the attractiveness. This paper introduces a selective encryption method named Selective significant data encryption (SSDE) for text data encryption. The SSDE provides sufficient uncertainty to the data encryption process as it selects only significant data out of the whole message. This in turn reduces the encryption time overhead and enhances the performance. The encryption part is performed by the help of symmetric key algorithm. For this purpose BLOWFISH algorithm is used. First, I introduce the concept of cryptography, and symmetric and asymmetric types of encryption methods. Then the overview of selective encryption is given which is followed by the introduction of SSDE. In this research, I proposed a method SSDE which is compared with existing methods, that is, full data encryption and Toss-A-Coin method with the simulation experimental setup based on NS 2.35.

SELECTIVE VIDEO STREAM ENCRYPTION METHODS IN TELECOMMUNICATION SYSTEMS BASED ON HIDDEN BASIC I-FRAMES

In this article the selective encryption method of video frames based on a hidden baseline I-frame. The work of this method is based on the processing-frame, taking into account the algorithm MPEG, which is implemented on the basis of the formation of different types of video sequences. The article also presents algorithms and coding and decoding the video stream using this method. A method for estimating the amount of hidden I-frame and its compressed representation without hiding under a group of frames in percentage. The analysis of changes in the volume of the compressed representation of the frame with a hidden base frame relative to the original volume of the compressed-frame depending on the different values ​​of the peak signal / noise ratio for different frame types. The methodological basis for determining the difference between the amount of compressed representations of frames using hide the underlying I-frame and no hidden as a percentage.

Fast video encryption using the H.264 error propagation property for smart mobile devices.

In transmitting video data securely over Video Sensor Networks (VSNs), since mobile handheld devices have limited resources in terms of processor clock speed and battery size, it is necessary to develop an efficient method to encrypt video data to meet the increasing demand for secure connections. Selective encryption methods can reduce the amount of computation needed while satisfying high-level security requirements. This is achieved by selecting an important part of the video data and encrypting it. In this paper, to ensure format compliance and security, we propose a special encryption method for H.264, which encrypts only the DC/ACs of I-macroblocks and the motion vectors of P-macroblocks. In particular, the proposed new selective encryption method exploits the error propagation property in an H.264 decoder and improves the collective performance by analyzing the tradeoff between the visual security level and the processing speed compared to typical selective encryption methods (i.e., I-frame, P-frame encryption, and combined I-/P-frame encryption). Experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly reduce the encryption workload without any significant degradation of visual security.

Confidentiality of a selectively encrypted H.264 coded video bit-stream

It is an assumption that selective encryption does not strongly protect confidentiality owing to the partial visibility of some video data. This is because, though encryption keys may be difficult to derive, an enhanced version of selectively encrypted video sequence might be found from knowledge of the unencrypted parts of the sequence. An efficient selective encryption method for syntax elements of H.264 encoded video was recently proposed at the entropy coding stage of an H.264 encoder. Using this recent scheme as an example, the purpose of this paper is a comprehensive cryptanalysis of selectively encrypted H.264 bit-streams to contradict the previous assumption that selective encryption is vulnerable. The novel cryptanalysis methods presented in this paper analyze the ability of an attacker to improve the quality of the encrypted video stream to make it watchable. The conclusion is drawn that if the syntax elements for selective encryption are chosen using statistical and structural characteristics of the video, then the selective encryption method is secure. The cryptanalysis is performed by taking into account the probability distribution of syntax elements within the video sequence, the relationship of syntax elements with linear regression analysis and the probability of successfully attacking them in order to enhance the visual quality. The results demonstrate the preservation of distorted video quality even after considering many possible attacks on: the whole video sequence; each video frame; and on small video segments known as slices.

A Tunable Encryption Scheme and Analysis of Fast Selective Encryption for CAVLC and CABAC in H.264/AVC

Recently, two fast selective encryption methods for context-adaptive variable length coding and context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding in H.264/AVC were proposed by Shahid In this paper, it was demonstrated that these two methods are not as efficient as only encrypting the sign bits of nonzero coefficients. Experimental results showed that without encrypting the sign bits of nonzero coefficients, these two methods can not provide a perceptual scrambling effect. If a much stronger scrambling effect is required, intra prediction modes, and the sign bits of motion vectors can be encrypted together with the sign bits of nonzero coefficients. For practical applications, the required encryption scheme should be customized according to a user's specified requirement on the perceptual scrambling effect and the computational cost. Thus, a tunable encryption scheme combining these three methods is proposed for H.264/AVC. To simplify its implementation and reduce the computational cost, a simple control mechanism is proposed to adjust the control factors. Experimental results show that this scheme can provide different scrambling levels by adjusting three control factors with no or very little impact on the compression performance. The proposed scheme can run in real-time and its computational cost is minimal. The security of the proposed scheme is also discussed. It is secure against the replacement attack when all three control factors are set to one.

The study of selective encryption of motion vector based on the S-Box for the security improvement in the process of video

The Selective Encryption method encrypts the important and requisite parts of data. Since the method does not encrypt the whole of data, the amount of computation is small,which makes it faster and the resources can be used efficiently. The existing selective algorithms have vulnerabilities to the plain text attack and the image restoration attack using the motion vector. They are also vulnerable to the attack in storing and transmitting of the random table data using in encrypt and scramble. In this paper, we propose the selective encryption algorithm of motion vector based on S-Box to remove the vulnerabilities of the existing selective algorithms. The motion vectors generated by the end of motion estimation function of video encoding/decoding xored with S-Box table, are replaced to certain location by using mapping table. The S-Box and mapping table are generated by the secret key through the Rivest Cipher 4 (RC4) encryption algorithm. The proposed algorithm enhances the resistance against attacks through the reinforcement of video security, and thus, reduces the vulnerabilities of the existing algorithms such as I-Frame selective encryption and MVEA. Even though the level of security of the proposed algorithm is higher than the bit scrambling algorithms, it has much better security and higher processing rate than others selective algorithms.

Two-level chaos-based video cryptosystem on H.263 codec

Chaos-based video encryption algorithms are designed based on selective encryption method. Different from many prevailing MPEG-based video encryption designs, this paper lays out a scheme for a two-level H.263-based video cryptosystem, which skillfully combines the traditional selective encryption algorithm with permutation and subsequent masking operation of the coded H.263-based stream. Lastly, the implementation of the proposed cryptosystem on a local area network (LAN) strongly illustrates the efficiency and feasibility of the two-level chaos-based cryptosystem for practical use in many respects, including processing speed, compression ratio, quality of reconstructed image and security level.

Encryption and watermarking for the secure distribution of copyrighted MPEG video on DVD

This paper presents a complete system for the secure distribution of a copyrighted MPEG-1/2 video stored on a DVD-ROM disc. A combined selective watermarking and encryption method that operates in the compressed MPEG domain is introduced. Watermarking resistant to a number of attacks is used for copyright protection. The video quality deteriorates significantly due to encryption, thus restraining unauthorized viewers from viewing it. The video can only be viewed using the developed Secure MPEG Player, which performs real-time decryption of the encrypted video. The decryption requires a secret key that is extracted from the DVD-ROM disc in a cryptographically secure manner.