Selection Of Alcohol Research Articles

One-pot synthesis of secondary amines from aldehydes and primary amines over trifunctional Au-TiO2 as a water adsorbent, acid catalyst and photocatalyst without the use of hydrogen gas

We succeeded in one-pot synthesis of N-phenylbenzylamine (PBA) from benzaldehyde (BAD) and aniline (AN) over titanium(IV) oxide having a gold (Au) cocatalyst (Au-TiO2) without the use of hydrogen gas. This process consists of two steps: 1) formation of benzylideneaniline (BAN) and water by condensation of AN and BAD, a step that is a thermal reaction and results in an equilibrium being reached, and 2) photocatalytic hydrogenation of BAN to PBA through a hydrogen transfer reaction from alcohol. Reactions under various conditions revealed that TiO2 showed bifunctionality in the condensation process as an acid catalyst and an adsorbent of water. Among the cocatalysts examined in this study, Au showed the highest performance for PBA production. Photoirradiation to the system in equilibrium containing Au-TiO2 produced PBA in a yield of about 92%. We found that TiO2 having a gold (Au) cocatalyst (Au-TiO2) works as a trifunctional catalytic material, i.e., an acid catalyst and water adsorbent for the first step and a photocatalyst for the second step. Expandability of this reaction system in production of halogen-substituted PBA and selection of alcohol was investigated.

Experimental investigation on diesel ignited dual fuel homogeneous charge compression ignition engine for the selection of suitable alcohol based fuel

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engine has fuel flexibility and can reduce NOX and soot emissions. The present work aims to investigate the dual-fuel mode HCCI engine (DF–HCCI–E) performance and exhaust emissions for different fuel types, namely, Methanol, Ethanol, Propanol, and Butanol. The CI Engine is converted into a DF-HCCI engine by attaching the carburetor to the inlet manifold for experimentation. Royal Enfield bullet 500 cc, Mikarb type carburetor was attached outside the engine cylinder to prepare the homogenous air-fuel mixture. Alcohol-based fuel (low reactivity) was supplied through the carburetor at the suction stroke time. Diesel (high reactivity fuel) was injected to start the combustion at the end of the compression stroke. It is observed that the P100+D DF–HCCI–E is suitable for low and high load conditions, while B100+D DF–HCCI–E is suitable for mid-load conditions. Results showes that Methanol has the highest cooling potential and lowest NOX emission compared to the rest of the fuels. And also, B100+D DF–HCCI–E reduced the highest smoke opacity for all load conditions compared to the rest of the ABF. Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) optimization was carried out, and it is concluded that P100+D has the best cumulative performance for low and high load conditions and M100+D has the poorest cumulative performance for all load conditions.

Optimization of clove flower oil extraction (Syzgium aromaticum L.) With Factorial Design Method

Solid-liquid extraction or commonly called leaching is the removal of the solute fraction (solute) from a solid to a liquid solvent. This extraction has become a widespread oil extraction process due to the high percentage of oil produced. Soxhletation method is an extraction method that contacts a solid and a liquid by dissolving it in the liquid phase at reflux. Clove oil is an essential oil that can be produced from distillation method on parts of the clove plant, especially the leaves and flowers of cloves. All parts of the clove plant contain oil, but the flowers contain the most oil. Because the leaves and twigs of cloves also produce oil, they also become a side income for clove farmers who harvest clove flowers for cigarettes. One of the most important ingredients in clove oil is eugenol, eugenol has many benefits from antiseptic to stimulant. Isopropyl alcohol is a unwell-known solvent specially to essential oil solvent, isopropyl alcohol is a solvent that can be recovered back into a solvent form usually using distillation method. The selection of isopropyl alcohol as a solvent is based on its high boiling point compared to other solvents and has elements of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen that can dissolve polar molecules and their alkyl groups.

Size and shape of plates and size of wine glasses and bottles: impact on self-serving of food and alcohol

BackgroundThe physical properties of tableware could influence selection and consumption of food and alcohol. There is considerable uncertainty, however, around the potential effects of different sizes and shapes of tableware on how much food and alcohol people self-serve. These studies aimed to estimate the impact of: 1. Plate size and shape on amount of food self-served; 2.Wine glass and bottle size on amount of wine self-poured.Methods140 adults participated in two laboratory studies—each using randomised within-subjects factorial designs—where they self-served food (Study 1) and wine (Study 2):Study 1: 3 plate sizes (small; medium; large) × 2 plate shapes (circular; square).Study 2: 3 wine glass sizes (small; medium; large) × 2 wine bottle sizes (75 cl; 50 cl).ResultsStudy 1: There was a main effect of plate size: less was self-served on small (76 g less, p < 0.001) and medium (41 g less, p < 0.001) plates, compared to large plates. There was no evidence for a main effect of plate shape (p = 0.46) or a size and shape interaction (p = 0.47).Study 2: There was a main effect of glass size: less was self-served in small (34 ml less, p < 0.001) and medium (17 ml less, p < 0.001) glasses, compared to large glasses. There was no evidence of a main effect of bottle size (p = 0.20) or a glass and bottle size interaction (p = 0.18).ConclusionsSmaller tableware (i.e. plates and wine glasses) decreases the amount of food and wine self-served in an initial serving. Future studies are required to generate estimates on selection and consumption in real world settings when numerous servings are possible.Protocol registration information: OSF (https://osf.io/dj3c6/) and ISRCTN (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN66774780).

Energy (calorie) labelling for healthier selection and consumption of food or alcohol.

Energy (calorie) labelling for healthier selection and consumption of food or alcohol.

Facilitating evidence uptake: development and user testing of a systematic review summary format to inform public health decision-making in German-speaking countries

BackgroundSystematic reviews are an important source of evidence for public health decision-making, but length and technical jargon tend to hinder their use. In non-English speaking countries, inaccessibility of information in the native language often represents an additional barrier. In line with our vision to strengthen evidence-based public health in the German-speaking world, we developed a German language summary format for systematic reviews of public health interventions and undertook user-testing with public health decision-makers in Germany, Austria and Switzerland.MethodsWe used several guiding principles and core elements identified from the literature to produce a prototype summary format and applied it to a Cochrane review on the impacts of changing portion and package sizes on selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco. Following a pre-test in each of the three countries, we carried out 18 user tests with public health decision-makers in Germany, Austria and Switzerland using the ‘think-aloud’ method. We analysed participants’ comments according to the facets credibility, usability, understandability, usefulness, desirability, findability, identification and accessibility. We also identified elements that hindered the facile and satisfying use of the summary format, and revised it based on participants’ feedback.ResultsThe summary format was well-received; participants particularly appreciated receiving information in their own language. They generally found the summary format useful and a credible source of information, but also signalled several barriers to a positive user experience such as an information-dense structure and difficulties with understanding statistical terms. Many of the identified challenges were addressed through modifications of the summary format, in particular by allowing for flexible length, placing more emphasis on key messages and relevance for public health practice, expanding the interpretation aid for statistical findings, providing a glossary of technical terms, and only including graphical GRADE ratings. Some barriers to uptake, notably the participants’ wish for actionable recommendations and contextual information, could not be addressed.ConclusionsParticipants welcomed the initiative, but user tests also revealed their problems with understanding and interpreting the findings summarised in our prototype format. The revised summary format will be used to communicate the results of Cochrane reviews of public health interventions.

Information-based cues at point of choice to change selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco products: a systematic review

BackgroundReducing harmful consumption of food, alcohol, and tobacco products would prevent many cancers, diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Placing information-based cues in the environments in which we select and consume these products has the potential to contribute to changing these behaviours.MethodsIn this review, information-based cues are defined as those which comprise any combination of words, symbols, numbers or pictures that convey information about a product or its use. We specifically exclude cues which are located on the products themselves. We conducted a systematic review of randomised, cluster- randomised, and non-randomised controlled trials to assess the impact of such cues on selection and consumption. Thirteen studies met the inclusion criteria, of which 12 targeted food (most commonly fruit and vegetables), one targeted alcohol sales, and none targeted tobacco products.ResultsTen studies reported statistically significant effects on some or all of the targeted products, although studies were insufficiently homogenous to justify meta-analysis. Existing evidence suggests information-based cues can influence selection and consumption of food and alcohol products, although significant uncertainty remains.ConclusionsThe current evidence base is limited both in quality and quantity, with relatively few, heterogeneous studies at unclear or high risk of bias. Additional, more rigorously conducted studies are warranted to better estimate the potential for these interventions to change selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco products.Trial registrationPROSPERO. 2016;CRD42016051884.

Effect of Short Chain Alcohols on Yield of Biodiesel Produced from Pongamia Oil

The crude oil prices in world market is increasing day by day and focus is being shifted to find out substitutes of petroleum diesel and biodiesel has emerged out to be potential alternative fuel. In earlier times, biodiesel was mainly being produced from edible oils but that has led negative impact due to scarcity of food crops in developing nations. So non-edible oils are found to be suitable for biodiesel production and Pongamia oil is selected as it is 2nd in availability among non-edible oils. Main hindrance towards production of biodiesel is the technologies adopted. Up till now, only methanol and to a lesser extent ethanol has been preferred for transesterification. There is scope of using higher alcohols for production of biodiesel and as n-butanol can be obtained from renewable sources, it also holds good prospect. As per the literature, optimised reaction parameters have been studied and followed for transesterification reactions to reduce the cost of production which includes, 1% Catalyst Concentration of NaOH by weight of oil, 6:1 alcohol to oil molar ratio, 60 °C reaction temperature and 60 minutes reaction time. Yield of biodiesel prepared from different short chain alcohols (methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol and n-butanol) and fuel properties were compared for optimising the selection of alcohol.

Changing environments to change behaviour: use of the Typology of Interventions in Proximal Physical Micro-Environments tool

BackgroundReflecting widespread interest in concepts of nudging and choice architecture, increasing research and policy attention is being applied to altering aspects of the small-scale physical environment, such as portion sizes or product positioning, to change health-related behaviour at population level. However, there is a lack of clarity in characterising these interventions and no reliable framework incorporating standardised definitions, hampering both the synthesis of cumulative evidence about intervention effects and the identification of intervention opportunities. To address this shortcoming, a new tool—Typology of Interventions in Proximal Physical Micro-Environments (TIPPME)—has been developed, here applied to the selection, purchase, and consumption of food, alcohol, and tobacco products. MethodsTIPPME was developed over three phases (identifying need; developing and elaborating; and reliability testing and finalising). A large-scale systematic scoping review was conducted, which generated a provisional intervention typology. This typology was discussed in two expert workshops to identify possible improvements. A series of structured discussions between the research team were conducted, using consensus methods to agree on any proposed changes to the typology, and resulting in a preliminary version of TIPPME. Two intervention coding exercises to assess how reliably it could be used to characterise interventions were completed by researchers or practitioners with backgrounds in public health or behavioural science (n=33) and members of the research team. The first exercise involved coding 40 short intervention descriptions and the second involved coding 24 full-text papers, all taken from the intervention literature identified by the systematic scoping review. FindingsTIPPME comprises a matrix classification structure defining six intervention types (availability, position, functionality, presentation, size, information) and three spatial foci (product, related objects, wider environment). Coding exercises demonstrated strong levels of agreement between participants in applying intervention types (Fleiss' κ=0·76 [exercise 1], 0·80 [exercise 2]). InterpretationTIPPME provides a framework to reliably classify and describe an important class of interventions, and enable more systematic design, reporting, and analysis of interventions to change health-related behaviour. It makes a distinct, novel contribution to collective efforts to build the cumulative evidence-base for effective ways of changing behaviour across populations. FundingUK Department of Health Policy Research Programme (Policy Research Unit in Behaviour and Health [PR-UN-0409-10109]). DO is supported by the Medical Research Council (Unit Programme number MC_UU_12015/6). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the abstract.

Portion, package or tableware size for changing selection and consumption of food, alcohol and tobacco.

Overall, this review provides the most conclusive evidence to date that acting to reduce the size, availability and appeal of larger-sized portions, packages and tableware has potential to reduce the quantities of food that people select and consume by meaningful amounts. However, it is uncertain whether reducing portions at the smaller end of the size range can be as effective in reducing food consumption as reductions at the larger end of the range. Our findings highlight the need for further research that aims to reduce uncertainties about these effects and address identified gaps in the evidence base, including not having enough evidence for longer-term effects and the absence of evidence about alcohol products.

Emotional reactivity to incentive downshift as a correlated response to selection of high and low alcohol preferring mice and an influencing factor on ethanol intake

Losing a job or significant other are examples of incentive loss that result in negative emotional reactions. The occurrence of negative life events is associated with increased drinking (Keyes, Hatzenbuehler, & Hasin, 2011). Further, certain genotypes are more likely to drink alcohol in response to stressful negative life events (Blomeyer et al., 2008; Covault et al., 2007). Shared genetic factors may contribute to alcohol drinking and emotional reactivity, but this relationship is not currently well understood. We used an incentive downshift paradigm to address whether emotional reactivity is elevated in mice predisposed to drink alcohol. We also investigated if ethanol drinking is influenced in High Alcohol Preferring mice that had been exposed to an incentive downshift. Incentive downshift procedures have been widely utilized to model emotional reactivity, and involve shifting a high reward group to a low reward and comparing the shifted group to a consistently rewarded control group. Here, we show that replicate lines of selectively bred High Alcohol Preferring mice exhibited larger successive negative contrast effects than their corresponding replicate Low Alcohol Preferring lines, providing strong evidence for a genetic association between alcohol drinking and susceptibility to the emotional effects of negative contrast. These mice can be used to study the shared neurological and genetic underpinnings of emotional reactivity and alcohol preference. Unexpectedly, an incentive downshift suppressed ethanol drinking immediately following an incentive downshift. This could be due to a specific effect of negative contrast on ethanol consumption or a suppressive effect on consummatory behavior in general. These data suggest that either alcohol intake does not provide the anticipated negative reinforcement, or that a single test was insufficient for animals to learn to drink following incentive downshift. However, the emotional intensity following incentive downshift provides initial evidence that this type of emotional reactivity may be a predisposing factor in alcoholism.

Intervention in HCM: patient selection, procedural approach and emerging techniques in alcohol septal ablation.

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a highly heterogeneous disease with varied patterns of hypertrophy. Basal septal hypertrophy and systolic anterior motion (SAM) of the mitral valve (MV) are the key pathophysiological components to left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction in HCM. LVOT is associated with higher morbidity and mortality in patients with HCM. Percutaneous septal reduction therapy with alcohol septal ablation (ASA) can lead to a significant improvement in left ventricle haemodynamics, patient symptoms and perhaps prognosis. ASA delivers pure alcohol to an area of myocardium via septal coronary arteries; this creates damage to tissue akin to a myocardial infarction. The basal septal myocardium involved in SAM–septal contact is the target for this iatrogenic infarct. Appropriate patient selection and accurate delivery of alcohol are critical to safe and effective ASA. Securing the correct diagnosis and ensuring suitable cardiac anatomy are essential before considering ASA. Pre-procedural planning and intra-procedural imaging guidance are important to delivering precise damage to the desired area. The procedure is performed worldwide and is generally safe; the need for a pacemaker is the most prominent complication. It is successful in the majority of patients but room for improvement exists. New techniques have been proposed to perform percutaneous septal reduction. We present a review of the relevant pathophysiology, current methods and a summary of available evidence for ASA. We also provide a glimpse into emerging techniques to deliver percutaneous septal reduction therapy.

Popularity as a Moderator of Peer Selection and Socialization of Adolescent Alcohol, Marijuana, and Tobacco Use

This study examined prospective associations between late adolescents’ friendships and substance use (alcohol, marijuana, tobacco) using a stochastic actor‐based modeling approach and the moderating role of popularity. Participants were 450 adolescents (53% female, M age = 15.5 years) who completed surveys in grades 10 and 11. Results of a single multivariate model indicated that peer selection based on similar tobacco use was a more robust predictor of changes in friendship than selection based on similar alcohol and marijuana use; and peer socialization of alcohol use predicted more changes in adolescent‐drinking behaviors. Popularity moderated selection based on alcohol use; popular adolescents were more likely to select friends with high levels of drinking behaviors. Popularity did not moderate peer socialization.

Production of Biodiesel by Enzymatic Transesterification: Review

Problem Statement: The research on the production of biodiesel has increased significantly in recent years because of the need for an alternative fuel which endows with biodegradability, low toxicity and renewability. Plant oils, animal fats, microalgal oils and waste products such as animal rendering, fish processing waste and cooking oils have been employed as feedstocks for biodiesel production. In order to design an economically and environmentally sustainable biodiesel production process, a proper understanding of the factors affecting the process and their relative importance is necessary. Approach: A comprehensive review of the literature on the subject of biodiesel production was carried out. Traditionally biodiesel has been produced using either acid or base catalysts. The multi-step purification of end products, wastewater treatment and energy demand of the conventional process has lead to search for alternative option for production of biodiesel. The use the enzyme lipase as a biocatalyst for the transesterification reaction step in biodiesel production has been extensively investigated. Lipase is produced by all living organisms and can be used intracellularly or extracellularly. Conclusion: To date, the most popular microbes used for their lipases have been filamentous fungi and recombinant bacteria. A summary of lipases used in transesterification and their optimum operating conditions is provided. In addition to the choice of lipase employed, factors which make the transesterification process feasible and ready for commercialization are: enzyme modification, the selection of feedstock and alcohol, use of common solvents, pretreatment of the lipase, alcohol to oil molar ratio, water activity/content and reaction temperature. Optimization of these parameters is necessary in order toreduce the cost of biodiesel production. Use of no/low cost waste materials as feedstocks will have double environmental benefits by reducing the environmental pollution potential of the wastes and producing an environmentally friendly fuel.

Pyrazole NNRTIs 4: Selection of UK-453,061 (lersivirine) as a Development Candidate

We prepared three discreet cohorts of potent non-nucleoside HIV reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) based on the recently reported 3-cyanophenoxypyrazole lead 3. Several of these compounds displayed very promising anti-HIV activity in vitro, safety, pharmacokinetic and pharmaceutical profiles. We describe our analysis and conclusions leading to the selection of alcohol 5 (UK-453,061, lersivirine) for clinical development.

How important are parents during the college years? A longitudinal perspective of indirect influences parents yield on their college teens' alcohol use

Building on previous findings supporting the continuing influence of parents on their teens after they have gone to college [Turrisi, R., Jaccard, J., Taki, R., Dunnam, H., & Grimes, J. (2001). Examination of the short-term efficacy of a parent intervention to reduce college student drinking tendencies. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 15(4), 366–372.; Turrisi, R., Padilla, K., & Wiersma, K. (2000). College student drinking: An examination of theoretical models of drinking tendencies in freshman and upperclassmen. Journal of Studies on Alcohol, 61, 598–602. [28]], this study examined the possible indirect influence that parents may have on their teen's alcohol use through the selection of alcohol using peers in college. Friend use served as a mediator of the relationship between parenting characteristics and alcohol use in a longitudinal college sample. As part of a larger study, 392 incoming college freshmen were assessed for their perceptions of their parent's parenting practices, and peer alcohol use. Results from SEM indicated that friend alcohol use (first semester freshman year) mediated the relationship between parental knowledge about what their teen was doing in his/her free time (baseline pre-matriculation to college) and individual use in college (second semester freshman year). Findings suggest that even at this late stage of early adulthood parents continue to exhibit influence on the choices their teens make as far as friends, which in turn influences their teens' drinking in college. Implications for prevention are discussed.

Biodiesel fuel from vegetable oil by various supercritical alcohols.

Biodiesel was prepared in various supercritical alcohol treatments with methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, or 1-octanol to study transesterification of rapeseed oil and alkyl esterification of fatty acid at temperatures of 300 and 350 degrees C. The results showed that in transesterification, the reactivity was greatly correlated to the alcohol: the longer the alkyl chain of alcohol, the longer the reaction treatment. In alkyl esterification of fatty acids, the conversion did not depend on the alcohol type because they had a similar reactivity. Therefore, the selection of alcohol in biodiesel production should be based on consideration of its performance of properties and economics.

Involvement of endogenous digitalis-like factors involuntary selection of alcohol by rats

This study tested the hypothesis that endogenous digitalis-like factor (DLF) is involved in the development of alcohol dependence in rats. In 33 male Wistar rats in conditioned place preference (CPP) experiment, ethanol evoked increase in time spent in the ethanol-associated compartment (702 ± 82 in ethanol-treated vs. 426 ± 86 sec in the controls). Digoxin pretreatment (125 μg/kg, i/p) did not affect the time spent in the water-associated compartment (476 ± 80 sec), but prevented the acquisition of ethanol CPP (385 ± 112 sec in ethanol-paired side, P < 0.05). In a two bottle choice test, where rats (n = 6 per group) chose between drinking water and 9% ethanol, immunization against two putative DLFs, marinobufagenin and ouabain (MBG and OLC) resulted in a 60% increase of ethanol consumption. Acute intragastric administration of 9% ethanol to the rats was associated with increased OLC in cerebrospinal fluid, and stimulated urinary excretion of MBG and OLC. Thus, in rats, digoxin, which mimics the effects of DLFs, suppresses the free choice of alcohol, while immunization against DLFs is associated with alcohol seeking behavior.

Predictive factors for alcoholic relapse in the selection of alcohol- dependent persons for hepatic transplant

Liver Transplantation and SurgeryVolume 3, Issue 3 p. 280-291 Original ArticleFree Access Predictive factors for alcoholic relapse in the selection of alcohol- dependent persons for hepatic transplant T P Beresford, T P BeresfordSearch for more papers by this author T P Beresford, T P BeresfordSearch for more papers by this author First published: 30 December 2003 https://doi.org/10.1002/lt.500030314Citations: 31AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume3, Issue3May 1997Pages 280-291 RelatedInformation

Bombesin reduces alcohol choice in nutritive expectancy and limited-access procedures

Bombesin is a bioactive tetradecapeptide found in nerves of the brain and gut and previously shown to inhibit intake of ethanol in forced-choice, one-bottle tests in water-deprived rats. In the present experiments, intraperitoneal bombesin (4–100 μg/kg) reduced selection of alcohol in two-bottle choice tests with water. In an application of the “nutritive expectancy” procedure, weight-reduced rats received access to 4% w/v ethanol and water. Bombesin injection suppressed the intake of ethanol, but not of water, in rats with prior ethanol experience. In an application of the “limited access” procedure, nondeprived rats received access to 6% w/v ethanol and water in nonhome cages during either the light or the dark phase of a 12:12 h lighting cycle. Bombesin injection lowered the intake of ethanol, but not of water, in both phases of the lighting cycle and in both sexes. Water deprivation is not necessary for bombesin to inhibit alcohol intake and this effect cannot be explained by hypodipsia, nonspecific debilitation, or conditioned aversion. Endogenous bombesin-like neuropeptides may specifically reduce choice of alcohol by signaling satiation with ethanol.