Segregation In The United States Research Articles

Explaining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Travel for Food Shopping: The Roles of Income, Household Structure, and Metropolitan Residential Segregation in the United States

Explaining Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Travel for Food Shopping: The Roles of Income, Household Structure, and Metropolitan Residential Segregation in the United States

Liberating Minds: The Intellectual Legacy of Angela Davis and Its Images in Film

We propose thinking of Angela Davis's intellectual legacy from a decolonial perspective. We point out that just as the fight for civil rights and the end of racial segregation in the United States helped to consolidate the Black movement in Brazil, the circulation of anti-colonial ideas during the struggles for the decolonization of African countries in the 1950s and 60s was crucial to the circulation of abolitionist ideas and anti-racist movements in the United States and abroad. We will analyze interchanges capable of pointing out "the recognition of multiple and heterogeneous colonial differences, as well as the multiple and heterogeneous reactions of populations and subjects subordinated to the coloniality of power" (Bernardino-Costa & Grosfoguel, 2016, p. 21). Our contribution seeks to analyze Davis as a public and militant intellectual through her images in film. Beyond considering Angela Davis's image in cinema as representation, we also analyze how her intellectual and political activities were involved with the flourishing of a new Black cinema in the United States. This paper analyzes films such as Child of Resistance (1973), Free Angela and All Political Prisoners (2015), and 13th (2016).

Individual and regional differences in the effects of school racial segregation on Black students’ health

BackgroundSchool racial segregation in the US has risen steadily since the 1990s, propelled by Supreme Court decisions rolling back the legacy of Brown v. Board. Quasi-experimental research has shown this resegregation harms Black students' health. However, whether individual or family characteristics (e.g., higher family incomes) are protective against segregation's health harms—or whether segregation is more damaging in regions of the US with fewer public sector investments—remains unclear. We leverage the quasi-random timing of school districts being released from Brown-era integration plans to examine heterogeneity in the association between resegregation and Black students' health. Methods & findingsWe took an instrumental variables approach, using the timing of integration order releases as an instrument for school segregation and analyzing a pre-specified list of theoretically-motivated modifiers in the Panel Study of Income Dynamics. In sensitivity analyses, we fit OLS models that directly adjusted for relevant covariates. Results suggest resegregation may have been particularly harmful in the South, where districts resegregated more quickly after order releases. We find little evidence that the effects of school segregation differed across family income, gender, or age. ConclusionThe end of court-ordered integration threatens the health of Black communities—especially in the US South. Modestly higher incomes do not appear protective against school segregation's harms. Research using larger samples and alternative measures of school segregation—e.g., between districts, instead of within districts—may further our understanding of segregation's health effects, especially in Northern states.

Curricula for exclusion: interpreting the ideologies and forces underpinning policy developments in relation to the education of children with disabilities

ABSTRACT This paper presents the findings of a qualitative study which analysed key documents, such as curricula, laws and technical/research reports that informed curriculum development for children with disabilities in the Republic of Cyprus, from 1979 to date. The thematic document analysis sought to make meaning and interpret these developments, which are presented in three time periods: the era of segregation, the era of integration and the era of combatting inclusive education. The discussion raises issues that are significant for future policy development in Cyprus and other countries, such as the dilemma of common or special curricula for children with disabilities, the impact of external influences on curriculum development, and the consequences of ableist thinking and rhetoric that binds curricula and education policies.

Still Victimized in a Thousand Ways: Segregation as a Tool for Exploitation in the Twenty-First Century

In the thirty years since Massey and Denton's American Apartheid, sociological scholarship on segregation has proliferated, calling attention to the ways in which the social geography of the United States both drives and is shaped by racial and economic inequality. More recent work has focused on the role that institutional actors play in the reproduction of residential segregation and its disparate impacts on communities of color. In this article, we describe different conceptualizations of segregation and how it has been used as a tool for exclusion and exploitation. We review literature on housing and institutional marginalization, highlighting the historical and contemporary mechanisms that perpetuate inequality and necessitate continued research on this topic. We conclude with a discussion of additional considerations and opportunities for future research. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Sociology, Volume 50 is July 2024. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.

The Impact of the Civil Rights Movement on Educational Segregation in the United States

Purpose: the aim of the study was to investigate the impact of the civil rights movement on educational segregation in the united states
 Methodology: This study adopted a desk methodology. A desk study research design is commonly known as secondary data collection. This is basically collecting data from existing resources preferably because of its low cost advantage as compared to a field research. Our current study looked into already published studies and reports as the data was easily accessed through online journals and libraries.
 Findings: The findings reveal three notable research gaps. Firstly, while the analysis provides a comprehensive view of the Civil Rights Movement's objectives and impact on educational segregation, a conceptual gap exists in the lack of in-depth exploration into the precise mechanisms through which the movement's strategies translated into concrete changes within educational policies and practices, necessitating a more nuanced understanding of these linkages. Secondly, a contextual gap emerges as the study outlines distinct Civil Rights Movements and their implications for educational segregation, yet lacks an investigation into the interplay between these movements and the broader socio-political context that shaped their strategies and outcomes.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: Social identity theory and critical race theory may be use to anchor future studies on the impact of the civil rights movement on educational segregation in the united states. Promote culturally relevant teaching practices that acknowledge and incorporate diverse cultural perspectives into the curriculum. Diversity in School Governance: Encourage policies that promote diverse representation in school boards, administrative leadership, and decision-making bodies.

The role of neighborhood deprivation in the cervicovaginal microbiota

BackgroundLactobacillus-deficient cervicovaginal microbiota is associated with spontaneous preterm birth and is more common among Black individuals. Persistent racial segregation in the United States has led to differential neighborhood exposures by race that can affect pregnancy outcomes. The extent to which neighborhood exposures may explain racial differences in the cervicovaginal microbiota is unknown. ObjectiveWe sought to determine if neighborhood deprivation, defined as material community deprivation, is associated with a Lactobacillus-deficient cervicovaginal microbiota in a prospective cohort of pregnant individuals. Our hypothesis is that racial differences in neighborhood deprivation may explain the higher prevalence of Lactobacillus-deficient cervicovaginal microbiota in Black birthing people. Design/MethodsWe analyzed data from Motherhood & Microbiome, a prospective pregnancy cohort enrolled from prenatal clinics in a single hospital system 2013-2016 in which a Lactobacillus-deficient cervicovaginal microbiota was previously shown to be associated with spontaneous preterm birth. We geocoded addresses to obtain census tract neighborhood deprivation data from the Brokamp Nationwide Community Deprivation Index that uses weighted proportions of poverty, income, public assistance, lack of health insurance, and vacant housing. Generalized linear mixed models quantified associations of deprivation with the cervicovaginal microbiota accounting for geographical clustering by census tract and potential confounders. Due to different distributions of neighborhood deprivation and the cervicovaginal microbiota, we performed race-stratified models. Mediation analyses quantified the extent to which deprivation may contribute to racial differences in the cervicovaginal microbiota. ResultsHigher neighborhood deprivation was associated with a Lactobacillus-deficient cervicovaginal microbiota. Per standard deviation increment of deprivation, participants had 28% higher adjusted odds (aOR 1.28, 95% CI: 1.04-1.58) of a Lactobacillus-deficient microbiota. Black participants had higher odds of a Lactobacillus-deficient microbiota than White participants (aOR 4.00, 95% CI: 2.05, 8.26), and mediation analysis revealed that deprivation accounted for 22% (P=0.046) of that disparity. ConclusionNeighborhood deprivation was associated a Lactobacillus-deficient cervicovaginal microbiota and may partially explain Black-White disparities in the cervicovaginal microbiota. Mechanistic studies to explore how environmental exposures modify the cervicovaginal microbiota are warranted to identify novel opportunities for future interventional strategies to prevent preterm birth. As these findings demonstrate a potential biologic impact from neighborhood conditions, policies that drive urban planning should be explored to improve pregnancy outcomes.

Can U.S. planned communities become diverse? The case of industry-leading master-planned communities in five metro areas

ABSTRACT The history of master-planned community (MPC) development is inseparable from the history of race- and class-based discrimination and segregation in the United States. This paper investigates the place of exclusion and inclusion in planned community development practice. We undertook qualitative and quantitative analyses of the MPC development practice from the 1990s to the present. Through archival analysis and interviews, we demonstrate that, beginning in the early 2000s, MPC developers started to embrace diversity for financial success. We further confirm this trend by quantitatively analyzing U.S. Census Bureau data. We find that MPCs built since 2000 are racially and ethnically more diverse than their predecessors, with greater emphasis on middle-income households. Based on these findings, we carefully posit that American MPCs are moving toward greater diversity, a clear departure from their history of exclusion. We conclude with policy implications for various levels of the government to take advantage of this trend.

It Is Surprisingly Difficult to Measure Income Segregation.

Recent studies have shown that U.S. Census- and American Community Survey (ACS)-based estimates of income segregation are subject to upward finite sampling bias (Logan et al. 2018; Logan et al. 2020; Reardon et al. 2018). We identify two additional sources of bias that are larger and opposite in sign to finite sampling bias: measurement error-induced attenuation bias and temporal pooling bias. The combination of these three sources of bias make it unclear how income segregation has trended. We formalize the three types of bias, providing a method to correct them simultaneously using public data from the decennial census and ACS from 1990 to 2015-2019. We use these methods to produce bias-corrected estimates of income segregation in the United States from 1990 to 2019. We find that (1) segregation is on the order of 50% greater than previously believed; (2) the increase from 2000 to the 2005-2009 period was much greater than indicated by previous estimates; and (3) segregation has declined since 2005-2009. Correcting these biases requires good estimates of the reliability of self-reported income and of the year-to-year volatility in neighborhood mean incomes.

تحليل الخطب السياسية حول العنصرية للرئيس دونالد ترامب خلال فترة رئاسته

This paper attempts to illuminate the ways in which racist ideology is represented and articulated in everyday discourse. Since racism has been and continues to be, a driving force behind segregation in the United States, American rhetoric has been selected as the data for this investigation. This research analyses the speeches of US President Donald Trump on racism towards Muslim people through linguistic, social, and cultural perspectives. The study is an attempt to cast light on the strategies that are used express racism in the President’s speeches. To achieve the research objectives, the researcher used the qualitative approach. The data was collected from six major speeches on racism made by President Donald Trump and downloaded from YouTube and the Euronews Arabic online channel. Fairclough model (1995) is used as the main analysis model in this research. The results show that the self-other schema was heavily evident in Trump's speech, in which he effectively portrayed himself as a national hero who wants to rescue America from suffering and disaster while painting Muslims in a bad light. This study also revealed Trump's transparent effort to promote his virtuous persona by using a number of rhetorical methods meant to instill undesirable traits to Muslims, such as pronounced Islamophobia. The results show that Trump utilizes demagogic language to establish a gap between Muslims and Americans, which he then uses to metaphorically exclude individuals of other ethnic identities, particularly Muslims.

Longitudinal disparities in air pollution exposure by racial residential segregation in the United States: a meta-analysis of harmonized multi-cohort

Longitudinal disparities in air pollution exposure by racial residential segregation in the United States: a meta-analysis of harmonized multi-cohort

Dividing Lines: Racial Segregation across Local Government Boundaries

We describe the empirical relationship between local government boundaries and residential segregation in the United States. First, we study recent changes in the distribution of segregation within and between local governments in all metropolitan areas, using census block data on residential demographics over the period 1990–2020. We find that segregation across local government boundaries explains a substantial share of racial stratification, which has changed only little over the last thirty years. Next, we use spatial regression discontinuity methods to distinguish between household sorting due to neighborhood amenities and public goods provided by local governments. The prevalence of demographic discontinuities at local government boundaries suggest that between-jurisdiction segregation patterns cannot be explained solely by proximity to neighborhood amenities. We discuss implications for policy, showing that both between-jurisdiction segregation and jurisdictional discontinuities can partly explain the correlation between total segregation and racial gaps in educational outcomes. (JEL H41, H75, I24, I26, J15, R23)

MINORITY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE HOSPITALITY INDUSTRY DURING THE AGE OF SEGREGATION

In the era of segregation, African Americans and other minority travelers often ran into institutionalized racism that legally prevented them from booking into and utilizing motels and hotels, restaurants and nightclubs, salons, and gas stations. The purpose of this review was to examine minority contributions to the hospitality industry during the age of segregation. I relied on a modified systematic review method and reviewed current literature on the phenomenon. Findings showed that it was mostly the African American community who opened their homes and hearts to these weary travelers, serving the African American community and other minorities in times of need.

Dropping Voices: Southern Black Agrarian Revolt in Charles Chesnutt’s Fiction

This essay places Charles Chesnutt’s work at the intersection of race and class in order to address the still debated question of Chesnutt’s relation to the black working-class and reinterpret his now canonical fiction as deeply entwined with the political and economic life of the black agrarian masses of the US South. I argue that the conjure tales’ centrality to turn-of-the-century American literature is in its full-throated representation of the economic demands of the black agrarian masses. Furthermore, when Chesnutt ‘dropped’ Julius as his ‘mouthpiece’ his writing ultimately left behind the masses and began to speak in the accents of metropolitan self-making. I address a range of Chesnutt’s works to demonstrate the key developments in how Chesnutt imagined racial uplift and how the black agrarian masses were to be employed in razing American apartheid. This essay then gives evidence to show Chesnutt’s growing skepticism of large dispersed political movements of the masses like Black Populism in favor of the concentrated exemplars of outstanding individuals.

School Attendance Boundaries and the Segregation of Public Schools in the United States

School segregation is determined both by residential sorting and local policies, such as the drawing of attendance boundaries and school siting. This paper develops an approach to understanding the relative importance of these factors by calculating the distance-minimizing assignment of students to schools and assessing whether actual assignments differ systematically by race. Using census data and attendance boundary maps for nearly 1,600 school districts, I find that attendance boundaries create 5 percent more integration than a distance-minimizing baseline, while school siting plays almost no role. Residential segregation alone explains more than 100 percent of school segregation in the United States. (JEL H75, I21, I28, J15, R23)

The moving image as an instrument of oppression and resistance in Jim Crow Era Jacksonville, Florida, 1907–1917

ABSTRACT This paper will examine the contrasts in racial representations in films produced in Jacksonville at the cusp of the segregation era. These tensions will be examined by exploring how motion picture consumption factored into the politics of race in one of the largest cities in the New South during cinema’s silent era. This will be accomplished by exploring how the marginalized and disenfranchised attempted to assert agency in public and private spaces despite living in an environment of white supremacy and social inequities. By tracing the lived experiences of African American moviegoers in a Southern city at the onset of the Jim Crow Era, a broader comprehension of the early American film industry’s dismissiveness of – and at times outright insensitivity toward – acts of political terror against African Americans can be better understood.

The Role of Suburbanization in Metropolitan Segregation After 1940.

The three decades from 1940 through 1970 mark a turning point in the spatial scale of Black-White residential segregation in the United States compared with earlier years. We decompose metropolitan segregation into three components: segregation within the city, within the suburbs, and between the city and its suburbs. We then show that extreme levels of segregation were well established in most cities by 1940, and they changed only modestly by 1970. In this period, changes in segregation were greater at the metropolitan scale, driven by racially selective population growth in the suburbs. We also examine major sources of rising segregation, including region, metropolitan total, and Black population sizes, and indicators of redlining in the central cities based on risk maps prepared by the Home Owners Loan Corporation (HOLC) in the late 1930s. In addition to overall regional differences, segregation between the city and suburbs and within suburbia increased more in metropolitan areas with larger Black populations, but this relationship was found only in the North. In contrast to some recent theorizing, there is no association between preparation of an HOLC risk map or the share of city neighborhoods that were redlined and subsequent change in any component of segregation.

Racial Diversity and Segregation: Comparing Principal Cities, Inner-Ring Suburbs, Outlying Suburbs, and the Suburban Fringe

This article uses 2020 Census data to document recent trends in suburbanization, ethnoracial diversity, and residential segregation in the United States. It considers variation across inner-ring suburbs, outlying suburbs, and exurban areas at the metropolitan (metro) fringe. Suburbanization has recently continued, albeit more slowly than the 1990s and 2000s. Nearly two-thirds of all metro residents now live in the suburbs, fueled by change among ethnoracial minorities. For the first time, a majority of metro Blacks reside in suburbs. America’s suburbs, especially inner-ring suburbs, have experienced extraordinary increases in racial diversity. Declines continue in metro segregation, and segregation remains lower in the suburbs than principal cities, especially in outlying and fringe areas. For suburban Asians and Hispanics, however, exposure to Whites has declined since 1990. The suburban fringe remains the least diverse component of metro America. The fringe is less segregated than other metro areas, but has experienced patterns (such as growing Black-White segregation) contrary to national trends.

Age‐race‐ethnicity segregation in the United States: Where do minority older adults stand?

AbstractA recent study shows that among the three age groups of youth, adult and older adult, youth‐older adult has the highest age segregation while youth‐adult has the lowest. Similar to many previous age segregation studies, racial‐ethnic differences, an important population axis in segregation studies, were not considered. Prior studies are also limited to using two‐group measures, failing to compare multiple groups together. We explore the complexity in measuring intersectional segregation focusing on the two axes of age and race‐ethnicity and propose a conditional approach to measure age segregation by racial‐ethnic groups, and racial‐ethnic segregation by age groups. Using this approach, we empirically study the 2010 age‐race‐ethnic segregation at the county and state levels in the United States, using census tracts as the basic units. Both the two and multigroup dissimilarity indices were used. Results show that the racial‐ethnic axis had been a stronger force in segregation than the age axis. Results also show disparities of racial‐ethnic segregation across age groups with the highest levels present among older adults and in urban counties. For all three age groups, segregation levels involving Natives and Asians tend to be higher than those without them. In contrast, age segregation was the highest between youths and older adults, and the levels varied across racial‐ethnic groups with Natives at the highest levels. Although age segregation was significantly different between urban and rural counties, higher segregation in urban areas were mostly involving Whites as opposed to higher segregation in rural counties involving minority racial groups. Studying age segregation should not be colour blinded, as nonwhite older adults in rural counties were more likely to experience higher levels of age segregation than other groups.

Postscript: Time Doesn't Heal All Wounds

Postscript: Time Doesn't Heal All Wounds