Segment Of Small Bowel Research Articles

Clinical, Radiological, and Surgical Risk Factors for Endoscopic Anastomotic Recurrence Following Surgery in Crohn’s Disease

Objective: This study investigated the radiological, clinical, and surgical factors linked to the risk of endoscopic recurrence following ileocolic resection for Crohn’s disease. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective analysis of data from all patients who underwent primary ileocecal resection for Crohn’s disease in a single colorectal unit between 2004 and 2020. We analyzed the potential risk factors subdivided by the clinical, radiological, and surgical factors associated with morphological recurrence, as detected by endoscopy within 2 years after surgery. Cox regression was employed to ascertain the risk factors associated with such recurrence. Results: In total, 63 patients were included, and 24 (38%) had endoscopic recurrence. The age of the patient at the time of surgery was identified as a significant clinical factor associated with the risk of recurrence (HR: 1.04; p = 0.003), indicating that the probability of recurrence increases by 1% as the surgical age increases each year. The radiological factors associated with an increased risk of recurrence included localization in the distal ileum (HR: 3.526; p = 0.015), the number of pathological small-bowel segments affected by the disease (HR: 1.15; p = 0.004), and the total length of the pathological intestinal segment (HR: 1.002; p = 0.014). The presence of granulomas (HR: 6.003; p = 0.004) and the length of the resected bowel (HR: 1.01; p = 0.003) were surgical factors associated with a higher risk of recurrence. Conclusions: This study delineated several clinical, radiological, and surgical factors that serve as predictors for the endoscopic recurrence of Crohn’s disease after surgery.

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy in the surgically altered patient.

As management of upper gastrointestinal malignancies improves, and with popularization of bariatric surgery, endoscopists are likely to meet patients with altered upper gastrointestinal anatomy. Short-term, the surgery can cause complications like bleeding, leaks, and fistulas, and longer-term problems such as intestinal or biliary anastomotic strictures or biliary stones can arise, all necessitating endoscopy. In addition, the usual upper gastrointestinal pathologies can also still occur. These patients pose unique challenges. To proceed, understanding the new layout of the upper gastrointestinal tract is essential. The endoscopist, armed with a clear plan for navigation, can readily diagnose and manage most commonly occurring conditions, such as marginal ulcers and proximal anastomotic strictures with standard endoscopic instruments. With complex reconstructions involving long segments of small bowel, such as Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, utilization of balloon-assisted enteroscopy may be necessary, mandating modification of procedures such as endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography. Successful endoscopic management of patients with altered anatomy will require prior planning and preparation to ensure the appropriate equipment, setting, and skill set is provided.

Local resection of small intestine neuroendocrine neoplasms (SI-NEN) : Current principles

Neuroendocrine tumors of the small bowel (small intestine neuroendocrine neoplasms, SI-NEN) are the most frequent tumors of the small intestine and approximately 30-40% are still surgically treatable with curative intent at the time of diagnosis. Certain surgical principles must be followed for optimal oncological outcomes and good postoperative quality of life. Based on international guidelines and own experiences, the locoregional surgical treatment of SI-NENs is presented. Locoregional SI-NENs should always be resected if technically feasible, as only this approach can achieve a long-term cure and even small primary tumors (< 10 mm) often already show lymphatic metastasis. The resectability of SI-NENs and their difficulty depend on the extent of lymphatic metastasis, which should be assessed based on preoperative imaging of the extent around the superior mesenteric artery. Currently, the surgical gold standard for SI-NENs is open surgery with bidigital palpation of the entire small intestine followed by primary tumor resection via small bowel segment resection, right hemicolectomy or ileocecal resection and vessel-sparing, and therefore organ-preserving lymphadenectomy (≥ 8lymph nodes). The guidelines consider that laparoscopic or robotic approaches are justified only for early stages of SI-NENs. Guideline-compliant surgical treatment of locoregional SI-NEN enables recurrence-free long-term survival with good quality of life.

Retroperitoneal hernia following laparoscopic living-donor nephrectomy: a case report and review of literature

BackgroundThe laparoscopic approach is the standard of care for living-donor nephrectomy. A rare postoperative complication is small bowel obstruction due to a retroperitoneal hernia. We present a case of an incidental finding of a retroperitoneal hernia in a patient with a history of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy.Case presentationAn adult male presented with diffuse abdominal pain, vomiting, and obstipation for 12 h. He had undergone laparoscopic donor nephrectomy two months prior. Plain abdominal radiograph revealed a dilated small bowel with homogenous opacity in the left lumbar region. Due to worsening diffuse abdominal pain and a high clinical suspicion of intestinal strangulation and ischemia after conservative management, an exploratory laparotomy was performed. Intraoperatively, an incarcerated small bowel segment herniating through an 8 cm descending mesocolon defect into the retroperitoneal space was discovered, forming a closed-loop obstruction. The bowel segment was reduced, and the mesocolon defect was repaired. The patient was discharged five days postoperatively with good recovery.ConclusionRetroperitoneal hernia following laparoscopic living-donor nephrectomy is a rare but significant complication. Mitigation to prevent mesenteric defect creation, routine inspection, and closure of the defect can reduce the risk of hernia. Non-specific abdominal pain in patients with a history of laparoscopic donor nephrectomy prompts rapid imaging evaluation to aid in the early diagnosis of possible retroperitoneal hernia and its intervention.

A130 RETROGRADE ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND-GUIDED ENTERO-ENTEROSTOMY USING A LUMEN-APPOSING METAL STENT FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF A HIGH-OUTPUT ENTEROCUTANEOUS FISTULA AND ILEAL STRICTURE IN A COMPLEX SURGICAL ABDOMEN

Abstract Background A 26-year-old male sustained significant traumatic thoracoabdominal injuries following a gunshot. He underwent several laparotomies, small bowel resections, an extended left hemicolectomy with end-colostomy formation, and a flap to close the abdomen. He subsequently developed a high-output enterocutaneous fistula (ECF) and loss of colostomy output. CT imaging confirmed an ECF from the ileum to the anterior abdominal wall and a severe ileal stricture distal to the fistula. Aims In the context of his complex surgical abdomen and proximity of the ECF to the abdominal flap, surgical re-intervention was deemed high-risk. He was placed on total parenteral nutrition and referred for endoscopic management. Methods Under fluoroscopic guidance, we injected methylene blue &amp; contrast dye from the skin side of the ECF. A dilated segment of small bowel was filled, with no downstream passage of contrast (Fig 1A). Retrograde ileoscopy was performed with an Olympus pediatric colonoscope via the patient’s colostomy. 90 cm from the ileocecal valve (ICV), we encountered a benign enteric stenosis that could not be traversed. Contrast was injected, with fluoroscopy revealing a 10 cm long tortuous stenosis (Fig 1B), extending to the previously filled loop of small bowel. Given the length and characterof the stricture, endoscopic balloon dilation and enteral stenting were technically infeasible. Results We proceeded to retrograde endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided entero-enterostomy creation. With the aid of a guidewire, and under endoscopic, fluoroscopic and endosonographic guidance, a linear echoendoscope was advanced into the ileum via the colostomy, cecum and ICV. 50 cm from the ICV, we identified an adjacent dilated loop of small bowel (Fig. 1C). Water was instilled through the ECF, with the endosonographic view demonstrating filling, thus indicating this location to be upstream from the ECF. A 19-gauge needle was punctured through, with subsequent aspiration of methylene blue (Fig. 1D). We then created an EUS-guided entero-enterostomy using a 15mm lumen-apposing metal stent (Hot-AXIOS; Boston Scientific, Massachusetts, USA; Fig. 1E). Passage of methylene blue &amp; contrast through the stent confirmed accurate deployment (Fig. 1F&amp;G). With both the ECF &amp; stricture bypassed, the patient’s colostomy output returned and ECF output diminished. Conclusions Electrocautery-enhanced lumen apposition with metal stenting is well established. It can facilitate the formation of an anchored anastomosis across non-adherent luminal structures in a single-step fashion. Herein, we have reported a novel application of this technique in the management of a complex post-surgical trauma patient with a high-output ECF and deep enteric stenosis. Figure 1: Retrograde EUS-guided entero-enterostomy Funding Agencies None

P212 Evaluation of the accuracy of MR-Enterography and CT-Enterography in the preoperative measurement of small bowel segments affected by Crohn's Disease: a single center experience

Abstract Background The surgical treatment of Crohn's Disease (CD) must deal with heterogeneous intra-operative scenarios, multiple disease locations and the risk of short bowel syndrome related to repeated surgery. A precise preoperative assessment of the exact extension of the disease is essential to avoid extensive surgeries and to plan the best strategy. The aim of our study is to evaluate the accuracy of the pre-operative radiological assessment for predicting the intra-operative measurement of the affected bowel. Methods Consecutive patients underwent either first or repeated surgeries for ileocecal or ileal CD from November 2017 to April 2023 with an available preoperative radiological assessment trough (at most 3 months before) MR-Enterography (MR-E) or CT-Enterography (CT-E) were retrospectively included. Radiological examinations were performed according to standard protocols and each of them was independently reviewed by two experienced radiologists and the length of pathological small bowel segments were measured using a vessel analysis software. Radiological measurements were compared, using Pearson correlation coefficient, with those acquired by a single surgeon intra-operatively on the still vascularized pathologic small bowel segment. Results We included 81 patients (44% male), with a median age of 42 years [range 18-81], undergoing first (92%) or repeated surgery for fistulizing (34%) or stenosing CD. The median length of radiological measurements was 27 cm [range 3-205] while the median length of intra-operative measurements was 30 cm [range 5-165]. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze the variation between the measurements and there was a statistically significant positive correlation between radiological measurements and intra-operative in-vivo small bowel lenght (r2 = 0.962; p &amp;lt; 0.01). Conclusion MR-E and CT-E allow precise and accurate measurements of the extent and location of intestinal tracts involved by CD. Such information is extremely important to properly plan the surgical strategy and to be able to quantify the risk of short bowel syndrome in cases of extensive disease or repeated surgery.

Capsule endoscopy: beyond the small bowel.

Capsule endoscopy (CE) is considered the first-line for the investigation of OGIB after conventional non-diagnostic endoscopic examinations. A detection rate of lesions outside the small bowel segment has been reported to range from 3.5% to >30%. Our primary objective was to analyze the role of CE in identifying lesions outside the small bowel segment that were not identified on conventional endoscopy in patients suspected of OGIB. In our study, CE appears to be effective and safe in diagnosing OGIB, also proving to be a tool in identifying lesions outside the small intestine segment.

Mesenteric and Omental Lymphatic Cysts in Children: A 23-Year Retrospective Descriptive Study from Central India

Introduction: Lymphatic cystic malformations occur in the mesentery of the small and large bowel, omentum and retroperitoneal area and are rare, benign, intra-abdominal cystic lesions. Aim: To review the demographics, clinical presentation and surgical outcomes of children’s mesenteric and omental lymphatic cystic lesions. Materials and Methods: A single-institution, retrospective descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Paediatric Surgery, Gandhi Medical College and Associated Hospitals, Bhopal, India, from January 1, 2000, to December 31, 2023. It included cases of lymphatic cystic lesions in infants and children below 12 years of age involving the mesentery of the small and large bowel and omentum. The details collected from the case records were the age, sex, clinical presentation, radiological investigations carried out, operative findings and the outcome of the operative intervention executed for mesenteric and omental lymphatic cysts in children. The results obtained from the present study are expressed in numbers and percentages. Results: The present study analysed 18 children aged ≤12 years who underwent surgery for lymphatic cysts of the mesentery of the small bowel (n=14), large bowel/mesocolon (n=1) and omentum (n=3) during the study period. There were 11 boys and 7 girls. More than four-fifths (n=15) of the children were ≤5 years old at the time of diagnosis and operative therapy provided. One-third (n=7) of the cases clinically presented with the clinical features of intestinal obstruction. The cysts involved the mesentery of the small bowel in three-fourths (n=14) of the cases. The complete excision of the lymphatic cysts was possible in three-fourths (n=14) of the cases. In 10 children, resection of the adjacent/involved small bowel segment was also required during the operative procedures. Fifty percentage of the cases revealed volvulus of the small bowel caused by mesenteric cysts involving the small bowel. More than half of the cases required resection of the adjacent/involved segment of the small bowel along with excision of the mesenteric cysts. Conclusion: Mesenteric cysts are rare abdominal pathology with diverse clinical presentations ranging from vague abdominal pain and lump to an acute abdomen. Early referral to higher centres, diagnosis and prompt surgical excision of the mesenteric cysts can prevent volvulus, one of the most common complications and requirements of an emergency surgical procedure.

Intestinal cystic lymphangioma.

A 7-year-old girl, coming from a rural area in Cameroon, presented to the emergency department with a 3-months history of abdominal pain. Her family also reported vomiting and minimal food intake for two weeks. Physical examination showed a palpable and mobile abdominal mass. An ultrasound showed a large intrabdominal multicystic lesion of about 10cm, close to the intestine and with no solid lesions in other organs. A laparotomy was scheduled and a mobile mass dependent on the jejunum was found. The mass caused an intestinal obstruction and was composed of several large cysts with whitish fluid. Excision of the mass and resection of a short segment of small bowel were performed. Intestinal cystic lymphangioma is a rare congenital malformation that normally presents with abdominal pain and distension. Abdominal ultrasonography is the procedure of choice for the diagnosis. Intestinal resection and anastomosis (while the cyst is normally intimate attached to the bowel) is an effective treatment.

Gallstones ileus in young patient with incidental finding a small bowl carcinoid tumour

Gallstone ileus in young patient with incidental finding carcinoid of small bowel identified during exploration for proximal stones, both pathologies have no known pathological reasons to be associated with each other. We present a case of a 45-year-old male who presented with small bowel obstruction as an emergency. At laparotomy we found gall stone impacted in mid ileum and during exploration to exclude multiple proximal stones, small carcinoid identified in mid jejunum. Segmental small bowel resection was performed without disturbing the biliary pathology. Gallstone ileus may manifest in the younger population, and in the course of searching the small bowel to eliminate the presence of multiple stones proximal to the site of the impacted gallstone ileus other pathology may detected for which we incidentally identified asymptomatic carcinoid such case has never been reported before. Importance of a thorough laparotomy is emphasized.

Diffusely Invasive Mucormycosis of the Small Bowel in a Patient with Microbiologic Cultures and Tissue Biopsies Negative for Fungal Organisms

Abstract Introduction/Objective Invasive mucormycosis can be a swiftly fatal medical emergency occurring in patients with uncontrolled diabetes. This angioinvasive fungus causes tissue necrosis, hemorrhage, and thrombosis and often develops in the sinonasal cavities where it can extend directly to the CNS or spread systemically to visceral sites like the GI tract. Here, we describe a patient whose small bowel resection shortly before death, revealed diffusely invasive mucormycosis despite that blood and body fluid cultures and tissue biopsies were negative for fungal organisms. Methods/Case Report Our patient is a 39 year old male with a history of uncontrolled diabetes, brought to our hospital in cardiac arrest and found to have fentanyl in his system. His labs showed severe metabolic and electrolyte derangements including diabetic ketoacidosis. His blood cultures revealed bacteremia but no fungal growth, and he was placed on antibiotics for sepsis. The patient developed compartment syndrome of his bilateral forearms, which were amputated and showed necrotic skeletal muscle but no fungal infection. The patient also developed facial necrosis concerning for mucormycosis, but nasal endoscopic and facial skin biopsies were negative for mucor. However, his abdominal CT showed diffuse mural thickening of his small bowel concerning for bowel ischemia, which prompted an exploratory laparotomy that revealed large segments of necrotic jejunum and ileum. While peritoneal fluids collected during the surgery yielded no fungal growth on culture, resected segments of necrotic small bowel showed massive presence of mucor with broad, pauci-septate, ribbon-like hyphae branching at right angles. Small bowel and mesenteric vessels showed angioinvasion by mucor with vasculitis and fibrin thrombi causing ischemic enteritis. Mucor was also noted diffusely invading small bowel muscularis propria, adventitia, and mesenteric fat, and small bowel also showed ulceration, hemorrhage, and transmural and mesenteric fat necrosis. Unfortunately, a few days after his surgery, the patient expired from multi-organ failure and septic shock before he could receive anti-fungal therapy for mucormycosis. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion Mucormycosis is a rapidly growing, angioinvasive, and potentially lethal fungal infection that must be promptly recognized. This report documents an unusual case of invasive mucormycosis of the small bowel that went undetected in a severely ill patient whose blood and peritoneal cultures and tissue biopsies were all negative for fungal organisms.

Unusual Cause of Small bowel Intussusception

Abstract Introduction/Objective Intussusception is uncommon in adults. When it occurs it is usually secondary to a mass lesion. The purpose of this report is to highlight an unusual cause of intussusception. Methods/Case Report A 48-year-old female presented with right lower abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and bloating. She didn’t have a bowel movement in 3-4 days. CT of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated long segment small bowel intussusception in the right abdomen with a lead point mass. The patient subsequently underwent surgical resection. Grossly the specimen consisted of a 30cm segment of small bowel remarkable for two mucosal nodules measuring 1.9 cm and 1.0 cm in greatest dimension. Microscopically the nodules were composed of sheets of discohesive epithelioid cells with marked nuclear pleomorphism and prominent nucleoli, underlying the normal mucosa. Immunohistochemical studies revealed that the tumor cells to be positive for SOX-10 and MART-1and negative for pan-cytokeratin and DOG1. Diagnosis of malignant melanoma was rendered. Results (if a Case Study enter NA) NA Conclusion Intussusception due to malignant / metastatic melanoma is rare but should be on the differential for patients with symptoms of small bowel obstruction and intussusception with a lead point mass.

Force-adjustable parallel-occlusion grasper.

During laparoscopic surgery, the operating surgeon grasps sections of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), including delicate structures, with long (270mm) 5mm diameter graspers. These grasping instruments increase the risk of iatrogenic damage due to crushing of the grasped tissue. This risk is increased significantly by diseases such as bacterial peritonitis and inflammatory bowel disease and reduced but not abolished by using parallel-closing laparoscopic instruments. This study describes the design and laboratory testing of fully developed and tested smart graspers capable of reducing the grasping force used for inflamed tissues and hollow viscera. In an ISO 13485-certified mechanical laboratory and CAD machine workshop, the authors have designed, developed, and evaluated a smart gasper capable of exerting a preselected uniform grasping force on the gastrointestinal tract and other structures/ tissues, through a mechanism incorporated in the handle of the instrument. This enables the control and graded reduction of the grasping force by the incorporation of a compression spring. The authors named the new instrument the force-adjustable parallel-occlusion grasper (FA-POG) because, in addition to applying a uniform force on the grasped bowel/tissue, it also enables the surgeon to select the force before grasping, depending on its physical condition, and pathological state. FA-POG differs from traditional pinch-occlusion grasper in two respects: it exerts a uniform force on the grasped tissue/bowel and enables the operating surgeon to select and apply a predetermined uniform grasping force, ranging from 1 to 5 N, depending on the pathological condition of the bowel/structure. The ISO 13485-certified and fully developed prototype has been subjected to various grasping in-vitro tests using freshly harvested porcine small-bowel segments obtained from a local abattoir, using Instron tensiometry. The authors designed and α/β tested a parallel-occlusion gasper that enables the operating surgeon to select the force before grasping. This grasper design consists of end-effectors jaws with a 4-bar linkage mechanism for wide, uniform parallel-occlusion force, surpassing traditional scissor-type laparoscopic graspers. It incorporates a force-level controller knob, based on a spring-loaded mechanism, enabling surgeon-preselected grip force to prevent excessive grasping. The authors validated the design experimentally using porcine small-bowel segments, optimizing teeth for maximum grip friction to minimize slippage.

BS P01 Case Report: Emergency Laparotomy for Retrograde Intussusception after Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass

Abstract Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is a common operation performed to treat obesity and associated co-morbidities. When done with weight management programs, it is associated with 60% excess weight loss. A rare complication is retrograde intussusception (RI), which can require emergency surgery due to risk of bowel ischaemia and necrosis. We report a case of a 66-year-old female who developed intermittent then acute RI, requiring urgent laparotomy for reduction of the intussusception and small bowel resection of the perforated invaginated segment. Her case is compared to the literature available, and a pathophysiological mechanism aiming to explain post-RYGB RI is proposed. Methods We compare the case of a patient with RI post-RYGB, to the available literature. The literature search was done on PubMed: “retrograde intussusception AND Roux-en-Y”. Results were limited to English language and human species. Paediatric and Maternity journals were excluded. The patient is a 66-year-old female who had a laparoscopic RYGB for obesity in 2018; and lost 106% excess weight. In 2022, she presented with laparoscopic evidence of a resolved intussusception. In 2023, she was re-admitted with CT and laparotomy-confirmed RI and small bowel obstruction at the jejuno-jejunal anastomosis. She was managed with small bowel resection and anastomosis. Results The non-specific clinical presentation of RI makes prompt diagnosis challenging. Usually, patients have abdominal pain and lack peritonism. Severe cases may present with bowel ischaemia, as the intussuscepted segment can have compromised vascularity. Hence, prompt diagnosis and timely management is essential to reduce morbidity and mortality. CT-AP is the diagnostic imaging test of choice, but delay in diagnosis of &amp;gt;48h may increase mortality to 50% due to delayed intervention. The surgical management is emergency surgery with gentle reduction of the intussusception. Resection of the invaginated small bowel segment with anastomosis may be indicated if there is bowel ischaemia. Conclusions We report the case of a patient with RI post-RYGB, with evidence of gut dysmotility prior to intussusception. The literature suggests that dysmotility disorders could underpin RI, as 80% of cases are anti-peristaltic. Obesity has a strong association with slow gastric and intestinal motility, likely due to impaired gut-brain biochemical messaging and altered gut microbiota. RYGB will disrupt these pathways, and we hypothesize that this may lead to further motility dysregulation. However, further research is necessary to provide supporting evidence. Nevertheless, this report provides a helpful reminder to prompt urgent investigation in patients who present with non-specific abdominal pain post-RYGB.

Characterizing the Suture Pullout Force for Human Small Bowel.

Performing a small bowel anastomosis, or reconnecting small bowel segments, remains a core competency and critical step for the successful surgical management of numerous bowel and urinary conditions. As surgical education and technology moves toward improving patient outcomes through automation and increasing training opportunities, a detailed characterization of the interventional biomechanical properties of the human bowel is important. This is especially true due to the prevalence of anastomotic leakage as a frequent (3.02%) postoperative complication of small bowel anastomoses. This study aims to characterize the forces required for a suture to tear through human small bowel (suture pullout force, SPOF), while analyzing how these forces are affected by tissue orientation, suture material, suture size, and donor demographics. 803 tests were performed on 35 human small bowel specimens. A uni-axial test frame was used to tension sutures looped through 10 × 20 mm rectangular bowel samples to tissue failure. The mean SPOF of the small bowel was 4.62±1.40 N. We found no significant effect of tissue orientation (p = 0.083), suture material (p = 0.681), suture size (p = 0.131), age (p = 0.158), sex (p = .083), or body mass index (BMI) (p = 0.100) on SPOF. To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting human small bowel SPOF. Little research has been published about procedure-specific data on human small bowel. Filling this gap in research will inform the design of more accurate human bowel synthetic models and provide an accurate baseline for training and clinical applications.

Evaluation of small bowel wall thickness with double balloon enteroscopy

Objectives: Double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) is an endoscopic method used for the evaluation of small bowel segments. Its advantage over other small bowel evaluation methods is that it allows treatment in addition to the detection of lesions. In this study, we evaluated the results of patients with small bowel abnormalities, especially wall thickness, on radiologic imaging who underwent double-balloon enteroscopy.&#x0D; Methods: The data of patients who were found to have wall thickness and stenosis in the small intestine on radiological imaging and who underwent DBE between January 2007 and December 2018 at Ankara City Training and Research Hospital were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with inadequate endoscopic images or medical records were excluded from this study.&#x0D; Results: The study included 112 patients. Of the patients, 69 (61.6%) were male and 43 (38.4%) were female. The mean age of the population was 45.59 ± 17 years. Abdominal pain was the main presenting symptom. The procedure was performed anterograde (oral) in 79 patients, retrograde (anal) in 25 patients, and both approaches in 8 patients. Various complications developed after 20 procedures, and no mortality was observed. Radiologically, small bowel wall thickness was most commonly detected on computed tomography, and the majority of the lesions detected were in the jejunum (63.9%). In 48 DBE procedures, no lesion was detected in the small intestine. The ulcer was the most common lesion detected during DBE (25.6%), and the majority were detected in the ileum. Crohn's disease was the most common pathology detected in the samples. Malignancy was the second most common pathology, and jejunal lymphoma was the most common malignancy.&#x0D; Conclusion: DBE should be used more frequently in clinical practice to evaluate radiologically detected small bowel lesions because of the possibility of biopsy and its high diagnostic accuracy.

Distribution of small bowel involvement and its association with clinical outcomes in patients with Crohn's disease.

We aimed to evaluate the distribution of small-bowel involvement in Crohn's disease (CD) and its association with clinical outcomes. This study included CD patients who underwent computed tomography (CT) at initial diagnosis from June 2006 to April 2021. Two abdominal radiologists reviewed the CT images, and independently rated the presence of "bowel wall thickening," "stricture," and "fistula or abscess" in the small bowel segments of jejunum, distal jejunum/proximal ileum, distal ileum, and terminal ileum, respectively. Based on findings of the image review, each patient's "disease-extent imaging score" and "behavior-weighted imaging score" (a higher score indicative of more structuring or penetrating disease) were calculated. Major clinical outcomes (emergency department [ED] visit, operation, and use of corticosteroids or biologics) were compared according to the 2 scores and L4 involvement by the Montreal classification. The proportions of involvement in the jejunum, distal jejunum/proximal ileum, distal ileum, and terminal ileum were 2.0%, 30.3%, 82.2%, and 71.7%, respectively, identifying 30.3% of patients as having L4 disease and 69.7% of patients as having involvement of multiple segments. Clinical outcomes were not significantly associated with the disease-extent imaging score or L4 involvement. However, significant differences were noted for the ED visits and the use of biologics, according to the behavior-weighted imaging score. Moreover, in multivariable analysis, disease behavior was the only factor associated with all clinical outcomes (ED visit, hazard ratio [HR] 2.127 [1.356-3.337], P = .001; operation, HR 8.216 [2.629-25.683], P < .001; use of corticosteroid, HR 1.816 [1.249-2.642], P = .002; and use of biologics, HR 2.352 [1.492-3.708], P < .001). Initial disease behavior seems to be a more critical factor for clinical outcomes of CD than the extent or distribution of small-bowel involvement on CT.

Management of Small Bowel Neuroendocrine Tumours: 10 Years' Experience at a Tertiary Referral Centre.

Neuroendocrine tumours (NET) arising from the small bowel are clinically challenging and are often diagnosed at advanced stages. Disease control with surgery alone can be demanding. Multimodal treatment concepts integrating surgery and non-surgical modalities could be of benefit. Retrospective review of consecutive adult patients with SB NET treated at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust between 1 January 2010 and 31 December 2019. Data regarding clinicopathological characteristics, treatments, and disease trajectory were extracted and summarised. Overall and progression/recurrence-free survival were estimated at 5 and 10 years. 154 patients were identified, with a median age of 64 years (range 33-87); 135/154 (87.7%) had stage III/IV disease at diagnosis. Surgery was used in 125 individuals (81.2%), typically with either segmental small bowel resection (60.8%) or right hemicolectomy (33.6%) and mesenteric lymphadenectomy for the primary tumour. Systemic and/or liver-directed therapies were used in 126 (81.8%); 60 (47.6%) had more than one line of non-surgical treatment. Median follow-up was 67.2 months (range 3.1-310.4); overall survival at 5 and 10 years was 91.0% (95% CI: 84.9-94.7%) and 82.5% (95% CI: 72.9-88.9%), respectively. Imaging-based median progression-free survival was 42.7 months (95% CI: 24.7 to 72.4); 5-year progression-free survival was 63.4% (95% CI: 55.0-70.6%); 10-year progression-free survival was 18.7% (95% CI: 12.4-26.1). Nineteen patients (12.3%) reached 10 years follow-up without disease recurrence and therefore were considered cured. Most patients with SB NET present in a metastasised stage. Multimodal treatment concepts may be associated with excellent clinical outcomes. Future work should explore optimal approaches to treatment sequencing and patient selection.

1072 Diaphragm Disease: NSAID-Induced Small Bowel Strictures. the Challenges of Surgical management

Abstract Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used commonly, yet there is little literature surrounding NSAID-induced small bowel strictures, particularly those requiring surgery. We present the case of a 42-year-old female treated surgically over six years. This patient had used NSAIDs for several years; she was referred due to weight loss, anaemia and abdominal pain. Computerised topography (CT) scan showed small bowel obstruction. Initial treatment was laparotomy with small bowel resection. Histology revealed six strictures in the jejunum with incomplete obstruction – attributed to NSAIDs. Despite counselling her NSAID usage persisted and over the next two years she was treated for jejunitis and had a perforated duodenal ulcer repaired. At this point the patient ceased NSAID use, however the next twelve months saw three presentations with small bowel obstruction, all managed conservatively. This case is concordant with literature suggesting strictures can continue to develop despite NSAID cessation. She was placed on the surgical waiting list but symptoms worsened – anaemia requiring transfusions; hypokalaemia requiring IV replacement and 38-kilogram weight loss. She received total parenteral nutrition before surgery. She underwent another bowel resection with anastomosis. Initially she regained weight and biochemistry stabilised, however further obstruction developed the next year at the anastomosis site. This case highlights the difficulties managing this disease – nutrition, haematology and strictures developing years after NSAID cessation. It raises questions over surgery, choice of anastomosis and how to manage this ongoing dilated small bowel segment.

Muscle hypertrophy and neuroplasticity in the small bowel in short bowel syndrome

Short bowel syndrome (SBS) is a severe, life-threatening condition and one of the leading causes of intestinal failure in children. Here we were interested in changes in muscle layers and especially in the myenteric plexus of the enteric nervous system (ENS) of the small bowel in the context of intestinal adaptation. Twelve rats underwent a massive resection of the small intestine to induce SBS. Sham laparotomy without small bowel transection was performed in 10 rats. Two weeks after surgery, the remaining jejunum and ileum were harvested and studied. Samples of human small bowel were obtained from patients who underwent resection of small bowel segments due to a medical indication. Morphological changes in the muscle layers and the expression of nestin, a marker for neuronal plasticity, were studied. Following SBS, muscle tissue increases significantly in both parts of the small bowel, i.e., jejunum and ileum. The leading pathophysiological mechanism of these changes is hypertrophy. Additionally, we observed an increased nestin expression in the myenteric plexus in the remaining bowel with SBS. Our human data also showed that in patients with SBS, the proportion of stem cells in the myenteric plexus had risen by more than twofold. Our findings suggest that the ENS is tightly connected to changes in intestinal muscle layers and is critically involved in the process of intestinal adaptation to SBS.