Segment Of Reality Research Articles

Abstracting Objects on the Example of the Concept "Color". The Phenomenological Aspect

The features of abstracting objects in three segments of reality differing in "size" are investigated: "situation", "co-existence" (situations) and "universe". At the same time, abstraction of objects can be of two types: "internal" and "external". In the first case, it is an idealization according to an intrinsic property, in the second case, it is a distraction from some external aspects set in the corresponding segment of reality, in the region of being in which the object has meaning. The purpose of the work is to identify the features of abstracting objects with a phenomenological approach. The general concept is due to the interval methodology. It is noted that with the phenomenological approach, the nature of abstraction depends entirely on the "size" of the corresponding segment of reality (in the methodology, the abstraction interval). The presented innovations are described in detail on the example of the concept "color". The difference between the concept of "color" (as a result of "internal" abstraction) and the concept of "color" ("external" abstraction) is revealed. The role of a specific color, categories of color and chromaticity in the intending of objects of color reality is differentiated. The abstraction of color in different segments of reality is studied, in particular, a specific color in a "situation", a category of color in a "co-existence" and, finally, chromaticity in a "universe". The special role of gray (achromatic) color in vision is revealed. The abstraction of gray color plays an important role in the perception of colors both in everyday life and in aesthetics (painting).

A field method of studying the tropes in compliments to female representatives in the speech of Chinese youth

This paper is devoted to the lexical-semantic characteristics of lexical units of feminine compliments with the use of tropes in modern Chinese speech of young people youth. “Trope” is understood as a word or a phrase that is used in a way that is different from its usual meaning. This paper uses the semantic field method, divided feminine compliments in Chinese youth speech into 6 lexical-semantic groups. Particular attention is paid to the original objects of tropes in LSG in order to analyze the model of tropes (in particular, metaphor and metonymy). In addition, the paper compared similar lexical units with the use of tropes in Chinese and Russian youth speech. The novelty of the research lies in the fact that this paper built up a semantic field of positive characteristics of the female gender in Chinese youth speech, made an attempt to identify lexical-semantic characteristics of tropes in youth speech. As a result of the study, the following conclusions are made: 1) Tropes are important methods of developing the meaning of words / phrases, which are observed with high frequency in youngs speech. 2) The formation of tropes is closely connected with segments of reality around youth, which reflect the peculiar worldview of youth, subcultures and pop-cultures they are interested in, as well as the development of society as a whole.

"Documentalism" of the "Long 1980s" Poster as a Visual Historical Source: "Artistic" and "Non‑Artistic" Forms

The article studies posters of the late 1980s – early 1990s (the so‑called period of the “long 1980s”) as a visual historical source. In analyzing the problem, the author points out that the illustrative model dominates among the visual representation models of the history at that time. In the historical and cultural focus, it is a parallel story that has no narrative tasks of its own and acts as a visual “animator” of the text. Its characteristic features are low representativeness and “closeness” of visual ideas. As a consequence, the text replaces the meaning and significance of the poster’s illustrative material. The poster becomes a starting point for creating parallel text that does not consider its artistic basis and principles. Pseudo‑text provokes the artificiality of the visual in relation to the text. During this period, the attitude towards the poster as a “silent” source is established. Historians are practically not interested in the artistic nature of the poster, since it does not become an object of analysis. This method is generally common in the traditional historiography of the second half of the twentieth century. The facts established on the basis of a documentary “trace” are interpreted as self‑sufficient (that is they do not require an artistic imperative). Such practice downgrades the documentary status of visual historical sources within the framework of historical analysis. The author is considering some new models for the analysis of the visual historical source that are oriented towards the historiographical paradigm of poster research. The present study analyzes the poster as a source of interpretation of events. Thus, the meaning of a visual document has several levels: 1) the level of fact (it indicates the existence of a certain segment of reality); 2) the level of context (it describes reality through facts, events and phenomena); 3) the level of interpretation (it gives an assessment to the events and expresses a certain attitude towards them).

Inštrumentálny realizmus ako možné východisko teoretickej reflexie vyučovania matematiky

The aim of the paper is to present an epistemological position called instrumental realism and to show how this position can be used as a tool for the analysis of different approaches to mathematics education. Instrumental realism is based on the conviction that any successful study of a particular segment of reality must on the one hand take into account the specific features of the particular segment of reality that we are studying. On the other hand, it must take into account the particular epistemic tools, by means of which we approach this segment of reality. In the case of physics, biology, or psychology, these two requirement do not seem controversial. Nevertheless, in the case of mathematics to speak about mathematical reality that we study or about the instruments that we use is much less obvious. Instrumental realism thus opens a new perspective on knowledge acquisition, that, as we believe, has many important consequences for mathematics education.

Towards a semantically enhanced interoperability service utility to support small-medium enterprises

The interoperability service utility ISU concept aims to support mainly small-medium enterprises SMEs to seamlessly adapt, collaborate and interoperate with each other within today's competitive business environment. In this paper, we propose a complete implementation of an ISU, its architecture, knowledge management and services' provision mechanisms. We have especially enhanced its knowledge management ability by integrating MENTOR, a methodology based on the development of a common, top-level 'reference ontology', serving as an intermediary in the communications between SMEs, harmonising not semantically coincident ontologies that represent the same segment of reality. The result of our work is the development of an intelligent system that serves as a utility software component that establishes interoperability among communicating enterprises. It is verified through the application of the proposed ISU in the everyday transactions of two enterprises in the furniture manufacturing sector.

Not a locked box: the everyday art of the Aalto atelier

The schism between our admiration of the artefacts of the great architectural practices of the twentieth century, and our lack of knowledge as to how those achievements were manifest, is one of the most enduring characteristics of modern architecture. Modern architectural practice and its sustaining historiography has typically focused on the image of the designed object at the expense of the skills and conditions that shaped it; a focus on reputation rather than comprehension. Indeed those constituting contingencies of design are more often seen as obstructing the architectural vision and true reality of experience; hence the fixation on a singular (and possibly post-rationalised) first ‘spark’ of conception and the photogenic qualities of the realised, and usually uninhabited, object. Dalibor Veseley is right to state that ‘instrumentality (techne) must always be subordinated to symbolic representation (poiesis), because techne refers only to a small segment of reality, while poiesis refers to reality as a whole'. Nevertheless, in the current climate the statement is likely to be understood as further legitimising the continuing neglect of what architects actually do.

MENTOR: an enabler for interoperable intelligent systems

A community with knowledge organisation based on ontologies will enable an increase in the computational intelligence of its information systems. However, due to the worldwide diversity of communities, a high number of knowledge representation elements, which are not semantically coincident, have appeared representing the same segment of reality, becoming a barrier to business communications. Even if a domain community uses the same kind of technologies in its information systems, such as ontologies, it doesn't solve its semantics differences. In order to solve this interoperability problem, a solution is to use a reference ontology as an intermediary in the communications between the community enterprises and the outside, while allowing the enterprises to keep their own ontology and semantics unchanged internally. This work proposes MENTOR, a methodology to support the development of a common reference ontology for a group of organisations sharing the same business domain. This methodology is based on the mediator ontology (MO) concept, which assists the semantic transformations among each enterprise's ontology and the referential one. The MO enables each organisation to keep its own terminology, glossary and ontological structures, while providing seamless communication and interaction with the others.

Cokelore (Fine and Best)

Urban legends as a part of folklore frequently refer to large corporations creating what is known as the „mercantile legends“. „Coca-cola“ as one of those companies that has drawn the biggest attention of the folklore thought, for whose staple product the legends claim it disintegrates metal and bones, as well as that due to inattention during the filling of the bottles mice or some other rodent can be found in them. By analyzing the mostly widespread legends surrounding Coca-cola as a drink and „Coca-cola“ as a company, such as Mormon ownership, disintegrating powers and bottled mice, the thesis that urban legends can be formed as unconstructed social problems, forms its credibility. On the other hand, if the narratives refer to the consequences of the previously constructed social problems, they will comprise the meanings that correspond to some other segments of reality which can , again, on a specific level of abstraction be seen as unconstructed social problems.

Connectedness and Citizenship: Redefining Social Integration

Connectedness and Citizenship: Redefining Social Integration

The Human Animal in Fiction

The Human Animal in Fiction

Norms and the Categories of Inaccurate Thinking

Two ways of thinking can be distinguished. The accurate way, based on causality and explanation, recognizes its ignorance on many items, but tries to organize and foster its knowledge on a solid basis. The innacurate way, based on indeterminacy, chance and free will, assumes with resignation there are segments of reality which cannot be known at all and does not try to go further on those items. Moral and legal discourses run the second way. That assumption tends to prevent them from fostering knowledge and leads normative sciences to irrationality and perplexity.

What We Wish to Study in the Child (or about Adult "Egocentrism")

Any scientific investigation begins by hammering out some initial notion about that segment of reality with which the investigator proposes to deal. The investigation itself is a process of mutual influence between the factual material obtained during the course of the investigation and this initial notion. Not only are the facts obtained capable of altering the investigator's initial position but this position can itself have an essential influence on how those facts are interpreted. In this sense, difficulty in interpreting factual material is a key problem in any science. Numerous examples are known in which a limited congeries of facts migrates from one conception to another, acquiring a new tenor and a new meaning in each case.

Diffusion Theory and Planning

for any theory is to understand some segment of reality. If it is beyond man's capability to change this reality, his environment, then at least with his knowledge of it he can better adapt to it. In other cases where man does have some power over the environment, the understanding of it points the way for directed change or planning. If diffusion concerns the spread of a phenomenon through a population over space and through time, then planners would presumably find diffusion valuable to at least two kinds of planning problems: (1) dissemination of knowledge and encouraging use of existing or planned facilities or services and, more generally, (2) inculcating in a population some desired change in attitudefor example with respect to willingness to integrate, or maintenance of property. In this paper we will be concerned with the usefulness of diffusion theory, in its present state, for resolving such problems, and with how diffusion theory can be generalized or improved to make it more clearly useful. The paper is divided into three parts. We first deal with the significant aspects of the application of diffusion theory to past phenomena. Next, we treat the application of diffusion theory to the planning process, and finally, we discuss some potentially valuable generalizations of diffusion theory and their consequences for the usefulness of the theory, particularly to planning. DIFFUSION IN THE DESCRIPTION OF PAST EVENTS

The Dawn of Language*

ABSTRACT Current studies in anthropology, archeology, prehistory, and biology point to the conclusion that man, language, and culture all began at the same time, some two million years ago, in southeast Africa. The dawn of language for the race is recapitulated for the individual as each child, in the first two years of life, seizes upon ihe knack of putting sounds together in a systematic way that permits him to symbolize, in communicable form, the segments of reality around and within him. The universal occurence of this remarkable phenomenon strongly suggests that only a genetic factor can account for the cradle learning of spoken speech. But the dawn of language as the all‐embracing prerequisite of man's status as man has not yet come to the academic world. And it will not come until language is established as a discipline in its own right, a discipline called, quite simply, ‘Language,’ that will support, envigorate, and enlighten all areas of study having to do with the intellect of man.