Capsicum Annuum Seeds Research Articles

Isolation of yeast endophytes from healthy seeds of Capsicum annuum L. and assessment of their antimicrobial activity

Isolation of yeast endophytes from healthy seeds of Capsicum annuum L. and assessment of their antimicrobial activity

Bio-interaction of Agrobacterium rhizogenes with Capsicum annuum L. (sweet variety) and Establishment Hairy Roots Cultures

Genetic transformation using Agrobacterium is one of the techniques used to transfer desired genes to plants. This protocol is considered a short – cut to get transformed plants which could be an alternative method and suitable system compared with the classical methods. This study aimed to investigate the response of C. annuum seedlings (sweet variety) to the formation transformed hairy roots induced by A. rhizogenes strain R1601. Sterilized seeds of Capsicum annuum were inoculated with the Agrobacterium rhizogenes inoculum. The samples were then transferred to the surface of solidified MS medium. Hairy roots were developed at the inoculation sites and were enucleated 1.0-1.5 cm length and placed in 9.0 cm Petri-dishes containing 15 ml of agar solidified MS medium. Agropine test was performed according to the standard method. The inoculated seedlings showed a good response 90%. Transformed hairy roots were established at the injection sites within 10 days and these roots were easily grown on agar-solidified MS medium. The results are confirmed that these roots were transformed roots it in terms of positive agropine detection. The current study concluded that the biological interaction between Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain R1601 and Capsicum anuum L. seedlings, was successful. This study encourages future research to improve this plant by continuing and applying modern technologies to obtain genetically modified plants.

Bio-interaction of Agrobacterium rhizogenes with Capsicum annuum L. (sweet variety) and Establishment Hairy Roots Cultures

Genetic transformation using Agrobacterium is one of the techniques used to transfer desired genes to plants. This protocol is considered a short – cut to get transformed plants which could be an alternative method and suitable system compared with the classical methods. This study aimed to investigate the response of C. annuum seedlings (sweet variety) to the formation transformed hairy roots induced by A. rhizogenes strain R1601. Sterilized seeds of Capsicum annuum were inoculated with the Agrobacterium rhizogenes inoculum. The samples were then transferred to the surface of solidified MS medium. Hairy roots were developed at the inoculation sites and were enucleated 1.0-1.5 cm length and placed in 9.0 cm Petri-dishes containing 15 ml of agar solidified MS medium. Agropine test was performed according to the standard method. The inoculated seedlings showed a good response 90%. Transformed hairy roots were established at the injection sites within 10 days and these roots were easily grown on agar-solidified MS medium. The results are confirmed that these roots were transformed roots it in terms of positive agropine detection. The current study concluded that the biological interaction between Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain R1601 and Capsicum anuum L. seedlings, was successful. This study encourages future research to improve this plant by continuing and applying modern technologies to obtain genetically modified plants.

Synthesis and characterization of hydrochar from industrial Capsicum annuum seeds and its application for the adsorptive removal of methylene blue from water

Chili seeds (CS) represent one of the most abundant residues in Mexico due to the high production and consumption. In this work, CS were used as raw material for the production of low-cost adsorbents for the removal of methylene blue from water. The adsorbents were synthesized from a hydrothermal treatment (based on a surface response experiment design) and characterized texturally by assessing changes in their properties. The mass yield (%R), carbon content (%C), and the second order adsorption rate constant (k2) were derived in relation to a list of input variables (e.g., the reaction temperature, residence time, and water/biomass ratio). Accordingly, those output variables were affected most sensitively by temperature and/or residence time, while changes of the water/biomass ratio were insignificant. Besides, an increase in the reaction temperature favored the degradation of the lignocellulosic material with increases in the carbon fixation. The adsorption capacity of methylene blue (MB) by the hydrochars depended drastically on the oxygen/carbon ratio. As such, the maximum adsorption capacity value of 145 mg g−1 was attained at the initial MB concentration of ~3000 μM (optimal oxygen/carbon value of 0.43). On the other hand, the maximum partition coefficient (KD) was estimated as 2.96 μM−1 mg g−1 with the initial/equilibrium concentrations of 20.5/6.93 μM. The performance evaluation between different studies, when made in terms of KD, suggests that the tested hydrochar should be one of the best adsorbents to treat methylene blue, especially at near-real environmental conditions (e.g., below micromolar levels).

PENGARUH EKSTRAK ETANOL DAUN TAPAK DARA (Catharanthus roseus L.) DAN KOLKISIN TERHADAP PERKECAMBAHAN BIJI CABAI RAWIT HIBRIDA (Capsicum annuum)

Catharanthusroseus L. contain vincaalcaloid compound. The leaf extract of Catharanthusroseus L. has anti-mitotic effect like colchisine which can cause chromosome duplication. The aim of this research was to evaluate the ethanolicleaf extract of Catharanthusroseus L. and colchisine on seed germination of Capsicum annuum . 20 Seeds of Capsicum annuum were soaked for 24 h in ethanolic leaf extract of Catharanthusroseus L. (0,05%, 0,1% dan 0,5%), colchisine (0,05%, 0,1% dan 0,5%) and water as control. Seed germination percentage was observed and plant height was measured after 30 days. The 0,5% ethanolic leaf extract and 0,5% colchisine caused the lowest germination percentage. The 0,5% leaf extract caused the lowest average plant height and based on Tukey’s HSD test, soaked in 0,5% ethanol leaf extract treatment and other treatments are significantly different (P<0,05).

In Vivo Non-Destructive Monitoring of Capsicum Annuum Seed Growth with Diverse NaCl Concentrations Using Optical Detection Technique.

We demonstrate that optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a plausible optical tool for in vivo detection of plant seeds and its morphological changes during growth. To investigate the direct impact of salt stress on seed germination, the experiment was conducted using Capsicum annuum seeds that were treated with different molar concentrations of NaCl. To determine the optimal concentration for the seed growth, the seeds were monitored for nine consecutive days. In vivo two-dimensional OCT images of the treated seeds were obtained and compared with the images of seeds that were grown using sterile distilled water. The obtained results confirm the feasibility of using OCT for the proposed application. Normalized depth profile analysis was utilized to support the conclusions.

Estimation of genetic variability, mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency in M2 flower mutant lines of Capsicum annuum L. treated with caffeine and their analysis through RAPD markers

In the present investigation healthy and certified seeds of Capsicum annuum were treated with five concentrations of caffeine i.e. 0.10%, 0.25%, 0.50%, 0.75% and 1.0%. Germination percentage, plants survival and pollen fertility were decreased with the increase of caffeine concentrations. Similarly root length and shoot length were decreased as the concentrations increased in M1 generation. Different mutants were isolated in M1 generation. In M2 generation, various flower mutants with changes in number of sepals, petals, anther size colour i.e. Trimerous, tetramerous, pentamerous with fused petals, hexamerous etc were segregated. Heptamerous and anther change was not observed in lower concentration viz. 0.1%. All these mutants showed significant changes in morphological characters and good breeding values at lower and intermediate concentrations. Mutagenic effectiveness and efficiency was observed on the basis of M2 flower mutant frequency. It was generally decreased with the increase of mutagen concentrations. Cytological aberrations in mutants showed the decreasing trend at meiotic final stages. These mutants were further analysed through RAPD method and on the basis of appearance of polymorphic DNA bands, they distinguished these flower mutants genotypically. Among 93 bands 44 bands were polymorphic which showed great genetic variation produced by caffeine. As an outcome of that the above caffeine concentrations are good for the induction of genetic variability in Capsicum genotype.

Genetic divergence of physiological-quality traits of seeds in a population of peppers.

Brazil has a great diversity of Capsicum peppers that can be used in breeding programs. The objective of this study was to evaluate genetic variation in traits related to the physiological quality of seeds of Capsicum annuum L. in a segregating F2 population and its parents. A total of 250 seeds produced by selfing in the F1 generation resulting from crosses between UFPB 77.3 and UFPB 76 were used, with 100 seeds of both parents used as additional controls, totaling 252 genotypes. The seeds were germinated in gerboxes containing substrate blotting paper moistened with distilled water. Germination and the following vigor tests were evaluated: first count, germination velocity index, and root and shoot lengths. Data were subjected to analysis of variance, and means were compared by Scott and Knott's method at 1% probability. Tocher's clustering based on Mahalanobis distance and canonical variable analysis with graphic dispersion of genotypes were performed, and genetic parameters were estimated. All variables were found to be significant by the F test (P ≤ 0.01) and showed high heritability and a CVg/CVe ratio higher than 1.0, indicating genetic differences among genotypes. Parents (genotypes 1 and 2) formed distinct groups in all clustering methods. Genotypes 3, 104, 153, and 232 were found to be the most divergent according to Tocher's clustering method, and this was mainly due to early germination, which was observed on day 14, and would therefore be selected. Understanding the phenotypic variability among these 252 genotypes will serve as a basis for continuing the breeding program within this family.

English

The bud induction obtained is a simple and efficient protocol developed for in vitro propagation of five varieties of cultivars. Seeds of Capsicum annuum L. of five varieties red, yellow, green, purple and white were decontaminated and placed in a culture bottle containing a Murashige and Skoog medium, supplemented with 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP, 5 mg/l) and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA, 1 mg/l) or indole-3- acetic acid (IAA, 0.5 mg/l) and then were incubated in the dark for 10 - 12 days for germination. Leaf explants excised from 4 weeks -old aseptic seedlings were cultured on a MS medium supplemented with hormones BAP, kinetin (Kin), the combination of BAP + Kin, BAP with NAA (0.1 or 0.01 mg/l) and BAP with IAA (0.5 mg/l). The 2.0 mg/l BAP with 0.1 mg/l NAA media was observed to be more suitable for callus formation. The highest number of regenerated shoot buds was obtained when shoot explants were cultured on a MS medium supplemented with 2.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l IAA. The mean number of shoot per explants was obtained in red (6.3), yellow (3.6), purple (3.3), and white (3.0) variety of C. annuum whereas 3.0 mg/l BAP and 0.5 mg/l IAA were observed to be more suitable for green (6.6) variety of C. annuum. Plantlets were successfully acclimatized in greenhouse. &nbsp; Key words: Capsicum, auxin, cytokinin, micropropagation, organogenesis, sweet pepper.

고추 에탄올 추출물의 항산화 효과 및 생리활성에 관한 연구

고추(Capsicum annuum)의 항산화 효과 및 생리활성 측정을 통하여 기능성식품의 소재로 활용하기 위한 기초 연구를 진행하였다. 폴리페놀 함량은 과육보다는 씨에서 높게 나타났다. 그러나 플라보노이드 함량은 풋고추 과육에서 높은 함량을 보였다. DPPH radical 소거활성에서 SC50값은 홍고추 씨 1,935±162 ㎍ DM/mL, ABTS radical 소거활성에서는 SC50값이 풋고추 씨 3,354±76 ㎍ DM/mL로 과육에 비해 높았다. 최종당화산물(AGEs) 생성 억제활성은 풋고추와 홍고추 씨, 풋고추와 홍고추 과육 순으로, α-glucosidase 저해활성은 풋고추 과육, 홍고추 씨, 홍고추 과육, 풋고추씨 순이었다. Tyrosinase 억제활성은 홍고추와 풋고추 씨, 홍고추와 풋고추 과육 순이었다. 종합해보면 기능성식품 소재로서 홍고추 씨 및 풋고추 씨가 과육보다 활용도가 높은 것으로 결론지을 수 있다.

Eficacia de la cepa nativa de Bacillus subtilis como agente supresor del nematodo del nudo Meloidogyne spp. en cultivo de Capsicum annuum (ají pimiento piquillo)

&lt;p&gt;En campos de cultivo infestados con Nematodos se utilizó el diseño bloques completos al azar - DBCA. Se incorporó gallinaza al 85 % de pureza, 15 t/ha y 30 t/ha. Se inocularon esporas de B. subtilis, 1 × 106 esp/ mL y 2 × 106 esp/mL a semillas de Capsicum annuum en siembra directa (ensayo I), y trasplante (ensayo II). A los 45 y a los 90 días se determinaron análisis de poblaciones de Nematodos, índice de nodulación, altura de la planta y número de frutos. Los datos se sometieron a análisis de varianza utilizando el software Statgraphics Plus 5.0. Para estimar las diferencias significativas entre tratamientos se aplicó prueba Tukey. Al inicio el ensayo I evidenció alta infestación del nematodo del nudo Meloidogyne spp., 275-27720 Nematodos/100 cm3 de suelo. En el ensayo II la evidencia fue entre 9 - 1 nemátodos/100 cm3 de suelo, con diferencia significativa (P&amp;amp;0,05). La población final registrada tras la aplicación de Bacillus subtilis fue de 13 y 0 nemátodos/100 cm3 de suelo; los niveles de población de Nematodos disminuyeron considerablemente: presentaron diferencia significativa (P&amp;amp;0,05). La eficacia de B. subtilis sobre poblaciones de Meloidogyne spp. fue evidente, pues redujo las poblaciones iniciales del nematodo, que alcanzaron una tasa de reproducción menor que 1; el índice de agallamiento no alcanzó el grado 3. La interacción de B. subtilis con la enmienda estiércol de gallinaza favoreció la producción alcanzada en el cultivo de Capsicum annuum.&lt;/p&gt;

Antifungal and Other Biological Activities of Two 2S Albumin-Homologous Proteins Against Pathogenic Fungi

The aim of this study was to determine whether 2S albumins from Passiflora edulis f. flavicarpa and Capsicum annuum seeds inhibit growth, induce plasma membrane permeabilization and induce endogenous production of nitric oxide in different pathogenic and non-pathogenic yeasts. The 2S albumin from P. flavicarpa (Pf-Alb) inhibited the growth of Kluyveromyces marxiannus, Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis. The membranes of these yeast strains were permeabilized in the presence of Pf-Alb. The Pf-Alb also inhibited the glucose-stimulated acidification of the medium by Saccharomyces cerevisiae and C. albicans cells, which indicates a probable impairment of fungal metabolism because the inhibition of acidification occurred at various Pf-Alb concentrations and pre-incubation times. The 2S albumin from C. annuum (Ca-Alb) inhibited the growth of the yeasts K. marxiannus, C. tropicalis, C. albicans and S. cerevisiae. These yeast strains exhibited NO induction in the presence of Ca-Alb and displayed cellular agglomeration, elongated cells and the induction of pseudohyphae. Pf-Alb and Ca-Alb at various concentrations also inhibited the glucose-stimulated acidification of the medium by S. cerevisiae cells. Our results indicate that the ability of antimicrobial plant proteins such as 2S albumins to induce microbial inhibition could be an important factor in determining pathogen virulence. Therefore, 2S albumins might be targets for the design of new antifungal drugs.

Keratinase production by Bacillus pumilus GHD in solid-state fermentation using sugar cane bagasse: optimisation of culture conditions using a Box-Behnken experimental design

Keratinase [EC 3.4.21/24/99.11] production by Bacillus pumilus GHD was investigated by solid-state fermentation (SSF) using sugar cane bagasse as a substrate. The SSF conditions were optimised using the “one variable at a time” strategy. A Box-Behnken design was employed to investigate the effects of adding the most common mineral salts on improving enzyme production. Maximal enzyme activity and amino acid production [730 ± 4.9 U/g dry solid (ds) and 368 ± 4.2 mg/g ds, respectively] was achieved using a combination of salts in concentrations of 0.087, 0.120, 0.204 g /10 g ds for NaCl, ZnCl2 and MgSO4, respectively. Capsicum annuum seeds were planted and irrigated with the amino-acid-rich culture filtrate of B. pumilus GHD. Growth rate, number of leaves and pigments (chlorophyll a and carotenoids) increased significantly with a 20-day irrigation at dilutions of 1:5 and 1:10 (v/v). The results of scanning electron microscopy showed the complete degradation of nail and horn upon treatment with the crude enzyme.

Decolorization of Reactive Blue 49 contaminated solutions by Capsicum annuum seeds: Batch and continuous mode biosorption applications

Biosorption potential of biomass obtained from Capsicum annuum seeds to remove a reactive textile dye from contaminated solutions was investigated. Reactive Blue 49 was chosen as model dye. Initial pH, biomass dosage, contact time, initial dye concentration and temperature were evaluated in batch mode studies. Up to 96.62% decolorization performance was achieved with 1.6 g L −1 of biosorbent. Rate constants of the biosorption were calculated by kinetic measurements. Process was well described with Langmuir isotherm model at the dye concentration range of 75–500 mg L −1. Maximum monolayer biosorption capacity was determined as 96.35 mg g −1. Decolorization ability of biomass in a packed bed column was investigated as a function of flow rate, biomass amount and initial dye concentration. The possible interaction between dye molecules and biosorbent surface was evaluated by SEM, EDX and FTIR analyses. Biosorption performance of the suggested biosorbent in simulated wastewater conditions was also tested. Overall, the proposed biosorbent material was successfully used for the removal of a reactive dye from contaminated solutions.

Bioactive peptides from several plant species

Bioactive peptides were observed in seeds of several plants. However, the number of peptides characterized in detail is currently small. Nevertheless, it was shown that cationic peptides containing cysteines in their structure exhibit strong protective properties against various types of infectious agents [1, 2]. Such peptides can provide alternatives to antibiotics to which several pathogens have developed resistance. We have shown previously that components of seeds from Apiaceae and Malvaceae plants (peptides and essential oils) exhibit pronounced antimicrobial activity [3–5]. Therefore we isolated peptides from seeds of pepper Capsicum annuum, Nigella sativa, Sesamum indicum, and Cuminum cyminum. Peptides were extracted most completely from ground and defatted seeds using acetic acid (0.05 M). Using mineral acids caused partial destruction of the peptides. Extraction by acetone and buffers was incomplete. The resulting extracts were neutralized with NaOH and centrifuged. The supernatant was lyophilized. Next, extracts were dialyzed twice against water and Tris-HCl buffer (pH 9.0). Then, extracts were separated successively by ion-exchange chromatography over columns of DEAE-servacel 23SN (2 10 cm, Reanal) and CM-TSK (2 5 cm, Tosoh Bioscience) using a stepwise NaCl gradient in ammonium acetate buffer (pH 6.0, 0–0.5 M). Peptide content in the resulting fractions was analyzed by electrophoresis [6] (15% PAAG with 0.1% Na-SDS, pH 8.9). Peptides with molecular weight (MW) 2–10 kDa were found. According to the literature and our results [7, 8], it can be assumed that peptides with MW 2–5 kDa belong to the defensin class; with MW ~10 kDa, to the so-called lipid-transfer proteins. The biological activity of the seed extracts and fractions obtained after separation over CM-TSK gel was checked in tests for fungitoxicity using a culture of pathogenic strains No. 108 Verticillium dahliae and a turbidimetric microplanchette method [9]; for cytotoxicity, KML murine melanoma cells in tissue culture and measurement of 3H-thymidine incorporation into tumor cell DNA [10] (Table 1). According to the results, extract of Nigella sativa containing its total cationic peptides and its separate components obtained by ion-exchange chromatography had the highest biological activity. The pronounced cytotoxic activity of Nigella saliva peptides makes them promising for further in-depth studies of the antitumor activity for various tumor types in both in vitro and in vivo tests.

Accumulation of Capsaicin in Seed, Pericarp and Placenta of Capsicum annuum L Fruit

The accumulation of capsaicin in different parts of fruit viz, placenta, pericarp and seeds of Capsicum annuum L cv Punjab Lal was compared with the activities of first four enzymes of capsaicin biosynthetic pathway at various physiological stages. Capsaicin accumulation (mg g−1 DW) was about ten fold higher in placenta (63.96), than in pericarp (7.12) and seeds (5.06) in ripe fruits. Capsaicin accumulation was 5.79 mg g−1 DW at 28 DAF in whole fruit. The specific activity of PAL was also ten times higher in placenta, whereas the specific activities of Ca4H, Ca3H and CaOMT were about two times higher in placenta than in other parts of fruit. The trend CaOMT > PAL > Ca4H > Ca3H was observed with peak activity at 28 DAF for Ca3H and CaOMT and at 35 DAF for PAL and Ca4H in placenta. These four enzymes showed low activity during the period up to 21 DAF, and peak activities for these enzymes were obtatined at the time of maximum growth of fruit in length and thereafter.

Root Plasma Membrane Lipid Changes in Relation to Water Transport in Pepper: a Response to NaCl and CaCl2 Treatment

Seeds ofCapsicum annuum were grown hydroponically in a nutrient medium with or without NaCI and with supplemented Ca2+. Plasma membranes were isolated from roots using a two-phase aqueous polymer technique. The lipid composition (fatty acids, phospholipids and sterols) of the purified plasma membrane was determined. In the presence of NaCI, changes in lipid composition were shown, driving the membrane to a more rigid state. This was accomplished by an increase of (i) the saturation of fatty acids, (ii) the content of stearic acid versus palmitic acid, and (iii) the sterols concentration in the membrane. The changes in the phospholipid composition were also related to NaCI, which reverted when Ca2+ was also present in the nutrient solution. Furthermore, the alterations of plasma membrane lipid composition under salinity and calcium can be related to water transport properties of the membrane, but other physiological responses have to be taken into account.

The Incorporation Effects of Methanolic Extracts of Some Plant Seeds on the Stability of Phosphatidylcholine Liposomes

The antioxidant activity and the polyphenols and flavonoids contents of methanolic extracts of plant seeds of Canna indica, Hordium sativum and Capsicum annuum were investigated. These extracts were found to exhibit strong scavenging effects on 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picryle-hydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and have significant amounts of flavonoids and polyphenols. The effects of these extracts on Phosphatidylcholine (PC) liposomes also were studied. It was found that the extractable materials have varying inhibitory effects on oxidation of PC liposomes and their aggregation. These effects were significant and illustrated that addition of these extractable materials to liposomes can enhance their stability by preventing liposome oxidation and aggregation.

Adsorption Potential of Lead(II) Ions from Aqueous Solutions onto Capsicum annuum Seeds

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the adsorption potential of Capsicum annuum seeds, in a batch system for the removal of lead(II) ions from aqueous solutions. The experimental results showed that this agricultural by‐product was effective in removing lead(II) ions. The FT‐IR analysis indicated that the mechanism involved in adsorption of lead(II) ions by seeds of C. annuum was mainly attributed to lead(II) binding of amino and hydroxyl groups. Adsorption equilibrium approached within 40 min. The adsorption data fitted well to the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity (q max) was 1.87×10−4 mol g−1. Pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model was applicable to all the adsorption data over the entire time range. The thermodynamic parameters indicated that the adsorption process is spontaneous since Gibbs free energy values are negative, which are between −26.92 and −30.77 kJ mol−1 at the temperature range of 20–50°C.

Determination of the equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic parameters of adsorption of copper(II) ions onto seeds of Capsicum annuum

Adsorption of copper ions onto Capsicum annuum (red pepper) seeds was investigated with the variation in the parameters of pH, contact time, adsorbent and copper(II) concentrations and temperature. The nature of the possible adsorbent and metal ion interactions was examined by the FTIR technique. The copper(II) adsorption equilibrium was attained within 60 min. Adsorption of copper(II) ions onto C. annuum seeds followed by the Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) isotherm models. Maximum adsorption capacity ( q max) of copper(II) ions onto red pepper seeds was 4.47 × 10 −4 mol g −1 at 50 °C. Three kinetic models including the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intraparticle diffusion equations were selected to follow the adsorption process. Kinetic parameters such as rate constants, equilibrium adsorption capacities and related correlation coefficients, for each kinetic model were calculated and discussed. It was indicated that the adsorption of copper(II) ions onto C. annuum seeds could be described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model and also followed the intraparticle diffusion model up to 60 min, but diffusion is not only the rate controlling step. Thermodynamics parameters such as the change of free energy, enthalpy and entropy were also evaluated for the adsorption of copper(II) ions onto C. annuum seeds.