Seedlings Of Provenances Research Articles

Resistance to quambalaria shoot blight and myrtle rust in Corymbia calophylla seedlings

AbstractCorymbia calophylla (marri), an endemic keystone tree species in southwest Western Australia, is increasingly impacted by the introduced basidiomycete smut Quambalaria pitereka. The basidiomycete rust Austropuccinia psidii (myrtle rust), an invasive pathogen recently introduced to Eastern Australia, is expected to spread to the southwest of Western Australia eventually. Austropuccinia psidii has similar epidemiology to Q. pitereka, and there is concern that C. calophylla may be susceptible. Preliminary pathogenicity tests showed significant differences in aggressiveness between twelve Q. pitereka isolates, and there was evidence of interactions between isolates and C. calophylla provenances. Seedlings from 59 open‐pollinated families from 11 provenances covering the natural range of marri were screened for resistance to Q. pitereka and A. psidii under controlled glasshouse conditions. Resistance of seedlings within provenances to Q. pitereka and A. psidii differed significantly. There was no significant correlation between resistance to Q. pitereka and resistance to A. psidii. Seedlings of provenances from wetter regions were more resistant to both pathogens, but the correlation coefficients were insignificant. Seedlings of four families in three provenances (Serpentine, Chidlow, and Kingston) showed 100% resistance to Q. pitereka. Narrow‐sense heritability estimates were 0.07 for quambalaria shoot blight resistance and 0.34 for myrtle rust resistance. The results indicate the potential to use selected families/individuals resistant to Q. pitereka and A. psidii for tree improvement programs and adaptive management strategies.

Norway Spruce (Picea abies L.) Provenances Use Different Physiological Strategies to Cope with Water Deficit

Research Highlights: In this study, we found different regulatory mechanisms in two contrasting provenances of Norway spruce responding to progressive drought stress. Background and Objectives: In the context of climate and environmental changes, the following question of high importance in scientific studies is: How will Norway spruce, which forms a dominant component in European mountain and boreal forests, be able to cope with the increasing frequencies and intensities of drought periods? The aim of the study was to investigate the physiological responses of eight-month-old seedlings, as a most vulnerable phase of forest tree life, for different spruce provenances, to find out variable strategies in relation to controlled drought stress. Materials and Methods: We performed an experiment under controlled conditions with spruce seedlings from a climatologically warmer stand of 410 m above sea level (a.s.l.), and a moderately cool stand of 931 m a.s.l. The soil water content, leaf predawn water potential, the osmotic potential of needles, the relative water content of needles, and the photosynthetic performance and the contents of primary metabolites (proline and abscisic acid) were investigated as indicators of the spruce seedlings’ responses to water stress. The status of the indicators was analyzed at different temporal intervals, using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), reflecting the seedlings’ water conditions (early drought, drought, or recovery). On a daily basis, the differences among the indicators were tested with one-way ANOVA. A principal component analysis (PCA) was used to identify the provenance-specific responses of tree drought indicators in a multi-dimensional data set. Results: The responses to drought stress differed between the provenances. Whereas seedlings of ‘warm’ provenance from a low altitude performed a conservation strategy, with high amounts of accumulated abscisic acid and closing the stomata faster, the reactions of ‘cool’ provenance seedlings from a higher altitude were not so sensitive and the plants’ water supply and photosynthetic performance remained significantly higher. These findings indicate that a higher drought resistance in ‘cool’ provenance could be related to greater amounts of proline amino-acids, which are accumulated from the beginning of the drought simulation. Furthermore, proline accumulation resulting in increased stress tolerance is controlled through another mechanism than osmotic adjustment. Conclusions: The observed variations in the regulatory mechanisms used to develop adaptive strategies in different provenances are an important factor for seedling survival under a changing climate.

Screening for host responses in Acacia to a canker and wilt pathogen, Ceratocystis manginecans

SummaryIn Vietnam, the productivity of Acacia hybrid (Acacia mangium x A. auriculiformis) plantations is being threatened by an aggressive canker pathogen, Ceratocystis manginecans, and selection for tolerance is the main control strategy. A pot trial was established in Binh Duong province to screen for the host response of nine Acacia genotypes (six Acacia hybrid clones, two A. auriculiformis clones and mixed provenance seedlings of A. mangium) to artificial inoculation with three isolates of C. manginecans. Lesion lengths as measured on the inner bark suggested that the two A. auriculiformis clones were relatively more tolerant to C. manginecans than the A. mangium genotype. In contrast, the lesion lengths of all six Acacia hybrid clones fell between the A. auriculiformis and A. mangium genotypes. The results of this study indicate that among the Acacia hybrid clones, BV10 showed the most tolerance to C. manginecans. Chemical analysis of crude sapwood extracts sampled from the lesion provided some evidence that induced phenolic compounds, particularly tetrahydroxyflavanone and condensed tannins may have a defensive role in the Acacia—C. manginecans pathosystem. However, results were not consistent across individual Acacia hybrid clones and A. mangium genotypes.

Tolerance to heavy metal stress in seedlings of three pine species from contrasting environmental conditions in Chile

Tolerance to metal stress was studied in seedlings of three pine species (Pinus radiata, P. pinaster and P. canariensis) under controlled ex vitro conditions. Mature female cones were randomly collected at two sites in Chile (Llico and Huilquilemu) characterized by contrasting environmental conditions. One-year-old pine seedlings were immersed in trays with solutions of CuSO4 (300 mM) or AlCl3 (100 mM), and their survival, growth rate and decay symptoms were recorded for 60 days. Results showed large differences among provenances in seedling tolerance to CuSO4 and AlCl3 in terms of survival and growth. Multivariate analysis revealed a significant association (p <0.0001) between the first canonical function and the following variables: provenance, species, metal stress and growing rate, as well as between the second canonical function and provenance, species, metal stress and symptomatology, indicating a high degree of genotype-environment interaction. Moreover, the activity of POX, SOD and CAT enzymes was determined 60 days after the beginning of the experiment in the Llico provenance seedlings. P. pinaster showed the highest activity level for all the enzymes considered, while P. canariensis and P. radiata had intermediate and lowest values, respectively. Differential gene expression among pine seedlings under metal stress with CuSO4 for two genes (Cu-Zn-superoxide dismutase and RuBisCo) confirmed P. pinaster as the most tolerant species to CuSO4 treatment. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that abiotic stress in the maternal environment can induce a “transgenerational plasticity” which could affect progeny performances. The influence of different genetic backgrounds on the tolerance to heavy metals in pine seedlings is also discussed.

不同种源油松幼苗的光合色素和非结构性碳水化合物对模拟氮沉降的短期响应

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 不同种源油松幼苗的光合色素和非结构性碳水化合物对模拟氮沉降的短期响应 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201312122936 作者: 作者单位: 北京林业大学森林资源与生态系统过程北京市重点实验室,北京林业大学森林资源与生态系统过程北京市重点实验室,北京林业大学森林资源与生态系统过程北京市重点实验室,北京林业大学森林资源与生态系统过程北京市重点实验室,北京林业大学森林资源与生态系统过程北京市重点实验室,北京林业大学森林资源与生态系统过程北京市重点实验室 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(TD2011-07);国家自然科学基金青年基金(31000263) Short term responses of photosynthetic pigments and nonstructural carbohydrates to simulated nitrogen deposition in three provenances of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. seedlings Author: Affiliation: The Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Ecosystem Processes of Beijing,Beijing Forestry University,The Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Ecosystem Processes of Beijing,Beijing Forestry University,The Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Ecosystem Processes of Beijing,Beijing Forestry University,The Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Ecosystem Processes of Beijing,Beijing Forestry University,The Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Ecosystem Processes of Beijing,Beijing Forestry University,The Key Laboratory for Forest Resources Ecosystem Processes of Beijing,Beijing Forestry University Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:以不同种源(内蒙NM、北京BJ和山西SX)的3年生油松幼苗为研究对象,研究不同种源油松幼苗的光合色素以及非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)对氮沉降增加的短期响应。实验中设置5个氮处理:CK(0 kg hm-2 a-1)、N1(15 kg hm-2 a-1)、N2(25 kg hm-2 a-1)、N3(50 kg hm-2 a-1)、N4(150 kg hm-2 a-1)。研究结果表明:(1)不同生长季,3个种源油松幼苗的光合色素对氮沉降增加的响应存在差异,但是只有BJ种源油松幼苗的叶绿素含量在生长季中期受到了氮沉降增加的显著促进作用,并在N4水平下达到最大值。(2)氮沉降的增加促进了3个种源油松幼苗NSC的转移和消耗,在生长季初期和中期,随着氮沉降水平的升高,3个种源油松幼苗的可溶性糖(SS)含量、淀粉(ST)含量以及总非结构性碳水化物(TNC)含量呈不同程度的降低。生长季末期,3个种源油松幼苗的SS和TNC明显积累。N4水平抑制了NM种源油松幼苗SS和BJ种源油松幼苗ST的累积,促进了NM种源油松幼苗ST含量和BJ种源油松幼苗SS含量的提高。氮沉降的增加显著抑制了SX种源油松幼苗NSC的积累,延长了幼苗的生长期,推迟了幼苗进入休眠的时间。 Abstract:Nitrogen (N) deposition has noticeably increased in China in recent years, which is expected to have influenced the physiological characteristics of Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. To improve our understanding about the effects of elevating N deposition on P. tabulaeformis, the short-term responses of the photosynthetic pigments and nonstructural carbohydrates (NSC) in seedlings with three provenances were studied. We set up a simulated N experiment with three provenances of 3-year-old P. tabulaeformis seedlings on Lingkong Mountain in Shanxi Province. The three provenances were Neimeng (NM), Beijing (BJ), and Shanxi (SX). Five N treatments with three replications were designed, including CK (0 kg hm-2 a-1), N1 (15 kg hm-2 a-1), N2 (25 kg hm-2 a-1), N3(50 kg hm-2 a-1) and N4 (150 kg hm-2 a-1). The source of N was NH4NO3 and fertilization was carried out five times in 2012. The contents of the photosynthetic pigment and nonstructural carbohydrate in the seedlings with three provenances were measured under different N treatments in June, August, and October, 2012. The results showed that: in different growing seasons, photosynthetic pigments exhibited various responses to elevated N deposition in P. tabulaeformis seedlings, regardless of provenance. In the early growing season, the photosynthetic pigment contents showed no significant response to the addition of N in any of the seedlings. In the intermediate growing season, the chlorophyll content of BJ provenance seedlings increased significantly under elevated N deposition treatments, reaching a maximum under the N4 treatment. There was no significant increase in the chlorophyll content of provenances NM and BJ increased after adding N. In the late growing season, the photosynthetic pigment content of provenance SX was lowest under the N1 treatment and increased under the N2, N3, and N4 treatments, with no significant differences to CK. The photosynthetic pigment contents of NM and BJ provenances seedlings were not affected by N deposition. Elevated N deposition promoted the transfer and consumption of nonstructural carbohydrate (NSC) in all three seedlings. In the early growing season, N addition significantly reduced soluble sugar (SS) and total nonstructural carbohydrate (TNC) content in the NM provenance seedlings, the TNC content in BJ provenance seedlings, and the SS content in SX provenance seedlings. In the intermediate growing season, the SS, starch (ST), and TNC contents in NM provenance seedlings were lowest under the N4 treatment. In contrast, in SX provenance seedlings, these three indexes reached minimum values under the N3, N1, and N2 treatments, respectively. The SS, ST, and TNC in BJ provenance seedlings showed no significant responses to N deposition. In the late growing season, SS and TNC content noticeably increased in the seedling needles of all three provenances; however, they exhibited various responses to different N deposition levels. The TNC contents in the seedlings of NM and BJ provenances were not significantly influenced by elevated N deposition. High N deposition (N4 treatment) inhibited SS accumulation in NM provenance seedlings, but increased SS content in BJ provenance seedlings. In addition, high N deposition clearly inhibited ST in BJ provenance seedlings, but increased ST content in NM provenance seedlings. Elevated N deposition significantly inhibited NSC accumulation in SX provenance seedlings, which delayed seedling dormancy and extended the growing period of seedlings. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Observations on bud burst phenology in a field trial established with Poplar (Populus spp.)

Bud flushing is very important for the survival and growth of trees, a phenomenon matched each year with the annual course of temperature and the timing of bud flushing in the spring. Essentially it represents a serious ecological and evolutionary tradeoff between survival and growth. The most suitable timing of bud burst permits trees to begin growth sufficiently early to take advantage of favorable spring conditions, but late enough to decrease the risks of tissue damage from late frost. In the present study bud burst spring phenology of poplar (Populus tremula and P. tremuloides) from eight different provenances, originating from Europe and the USA, was observed during March and April, 2009. The experimental plot was located at Solling, Germany (51°44′0″ N, 9°36′0″ E). A six stage subjective scoring system of bud burst phenology was used to identify the phenological stages of the seedlings, where each plant was observed twice a week. The aim of the study was to predict phenotypic variation in poplar, originating from regions between 42° and 60° N latitude, growing in similar environments. Timing of bud flushing of poplar was recorded. It was found that seedlings of provenance 3, which originated from 42.35° N latitude, started and completed flushing significantly earlier than those of other provenances, while seedlings of provenance 5, originating from 54.29° N latitude, started flushing very late and only a few plants reached top scoring at the end of the experimental period. Analysis of variance showed statistically highly significant differences (p < 0.05) in bud flushing among the provenances. The correlation between scoring and flushing periods was very strong within provenances although the flushing pattern differed among provenances (origin of the planted seedlings). Bud flushing showed a negative correlation with the origin of the planted seedlings. Given the field experience gained with this experiment, it is recommended that seedlings from provenances 5 and 8 could be used for future plantations where late frost may be a problem for the young shoots of seedlings.

Effect of NaCl stress on ion distribution in roots and growth of Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings

We studied ion distribution in roots and the growth of Cyclocarya paliurus seedlings of three provenances, Huangshan in Anhui, Jiujiang in Jiangxi and Kunming in Yunnan, under conditions of 0, 1, 3 and 5 g/L NaCl stress using X-ray microanalysis. Results show that under NaCl stress of 3 and 5 g/L, the relative contents of Na+ and Cl− in root tissues increased, while the relative contents of K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ decreased. With an increase in salinity, the relative content of Na+ in the epidermis and cortex of the root increased, while the relative content of Cl− in the stele and cortex of the root increased markedly. Thus, ions in the root tissues were unbalanced and the ratios K+/Na+ and Ca2+/Na+ decreased, while Na+/(K++ Na++Ca2++Mg2+) increased. The decrease of the K+/Na+ ratio and the substantial increase of Cl− in root tissues contributed to a decline in seedlings survival and reduced the increments for seedling leaf area, height, basal diameter as well biomass. Our preliminary conclusion is that the level of salt tolerance for the tested provenance seedlings was in the order of Huangshan > Kunming > Jiujiang, and the threshold of salt tolerance for C. paliurus seedlings was about 1 g/L.

Leaf morphological and anatomical characteristics of heteroblastic Eucalyptus globulus ssp. globulus (Myrtaceae)

Leaf characteristics of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. ssp. globulus vary in response to plant genotype, ontogenetic position and environmental conditions. Glasshouse-grown seedlings from provenances at St Marys, Tasmania, and Wilsons Promontory, Victoria, produced seedling leaves for 10 nodes before producing leaves of juvenile form. Tasmanian provenance seedlings began to produce juvenile leaves after 18 weeks, 4 weeks earlier than Wilsons Promontory seedlings. Tasmanian seedlings continued to produce juvenile foliage, whereas Wilsons Promontory seedlings began producing transitional leaves at 33 weeks. Successive transitional leaves ranged from the juvenile to the adult leaf form owing to variability in the rate of change of particular morphological and anatomical leaf characteristics. Retention of broad, thin, sessile, horizontally oriented, dorsiventral, hypostomatal juvenile leaves of Tasmanian seedlings assists in increasing growth rates under mesic conditions. Early production of thick, narrow, petiolate, vertically oriented, isobilateral, amphistomatal adult leaves by Wilsons Promontory seedlings appears to be related to the stressful conditions within its local habitat. An increase in amphistomy and the distribution of palisade mesophyll on both leaf surfaces with ontogenetic development was strongly related to leaf orientation and light interception, increasing the supply of CO2 for photosynthesis.

Provenance variation in morphology and leaflet anatomy of Parkia biglobosa and its relation to drought tolerance

Measurements of morphological and anatomical characteristics made on 4-month-old seedlings from five provenances of Parkia biglobosa (Jacq.) Benth., grown in a tropical greenhouse under controlled conditions, showed significant differences between the northern provenances, which represented the Sudan savanna zone, and the southern provenances which represented the forest zone of the species distribution. Seedlings of provenances from the savanna zone showed more xerophytic characteristics than those from the forest zone. They were smaller in height, with a greater number of smaller leaflets per pinnae, a lower specific leaflet mass, smaller palisade and guard cells and a lower ratio of palisade:non-palisade tissue. There were also significant differences in the same characteristics, except palisade cell length, between provenances from the easterly and westerly extremes of the species range. Stomatal conductance measured after 2 weeks of droughting also showed that provenances from the savanna zone had higher values, indicating greater physiological activity and reduced stress, compared with provenances from the forest zone. Multivariate discriminant analysis of the morphological and anatomical characteristics showed that 98% of the seedlings were classified correctly with respect to provenance. The squared distances between provenances were closely related to the geographical distances between locations. Yet, not all variation in leaf anatomy could be explained by the difference in climatic conditions from north to south. Also drought tolerance was not always related to morphological and anatomical features. It is possible that clinal variation within the species from east to west may be interacting with climatic differences from north to south.

Geographical variation in water relations, hydraulic architecture and terpene composition of Aleppo pine seedlings from Italian provinces.

Ecotypic variations in leaf conductance, soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductance, components of tissue water potential, hydraulic architecture parameters and xylem embolism were examined in greenhouse-grown two-year-old Aleppo pine (Pinus halepensis Mill.) seedlings from six origins representing the geographic range of the species in Italy. Cortical resin composition of the seedlings was also determined. Measurements were made on well-watered seedlings and on seedlings subjected to recurring severe drought. Drought-stressed seedlings had lower mean leaf conductances, transpiration rates and soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductances than well-watered seedlings. They also exhibited more negative osmotic potentials, higher relative water deficit at incipient plasmolysis, but a similar maximum modulus of elasticity. Drought-stressed seedlings showed a higher degree of xylem embolism, a lower Huber value, lower leaf specific conductivity and lower specific conductivity than well-watered seedlings. Drought-stressed seedlings of provenances from more xeric habitats (Tremiti, Porto Pino and Mottola) had greater leaf conductances, transpiration rates and soil-to-leaf hydraulic conductances than drought-stressed seedlings of provenances from more mesic habitats (Imperia, Otricoli and Vico del Gargano). They also showed higher osmotic adjustment and a lower degree of xylem embolism. Among provenances, there were no significant differences in hydraulic architecture parameters in response to the drought treatment; however, Tremiti and Porto Pino seedlings displayed smaller drought-induced reductions in specific conductivity and leaf specific conductivity, respectively, than seedlings from other provenances. These differences suggest that seedlings from xeric provenances, especially Tremiti, have greater resistance to desiccation than seedlings from mesic provenances. No clear association was found between terpene variability and the other traits investigated, although terpene composition was related to the geographical distribution of the provenances. We conclude that the drought-tolerance responses of Tremiti make it a more suitable provenance than the others for establishment on sites prone to severe soil water deficits.

Susceptibility of Flowering Dogwood of Various Provenances to Dogwood Anthracnose

(...) Following exposure for two growing seasons, 73,3% of provenance seedlings were dead, as were 64,8% from intraspecific crosses. Main stems of the remaining seedlings had died back, and the only leaves produced were on epicormic shoots. These results indicate that there may be no host genetic barriers to the continued expansion of the geographic range of the disease. Seedlings of the Chinese dogwood (Cornus kousa) exhibited leaf spot but no dieback