Seed Mineral Concentrations Research Articles

KUALITAS ORGANOLEPTIK SUSU NABATI BIJI CEMPEDAK (Artocarpus Champeden) TERSUSPENSI PROBIOTIK BERDASARKAN SUHU PENYIMPANAN

Background: Cempedak (Artocarpus champeden) is a local fruit of Central Kalimantan that is oval with dark yellow and fibrous flesh and has a fragrant aroma when ripe. So far, cempedak seeds have only become organic waste, not used properly. The nutritional and mineral content of cempedak seeds can be used and processed into a healthy drink, namely vegetable milk. Methods: The method used is an experimental method to produce vegetable milk with cempedak seeds which is then carried out organoleptic tests to determine the quality of the aroma and taste of the vegetable milk made. Results: Based on the research carried out, the results showed that the taste quality of vegetable milk of cempedak seeds (Artocarpus champeden) that was most liked by the respondents/panelists was at the temperature of T1=20o C and T2=30o C, which was with a refreshing sweet and sour taste, while for the sour aroma and distinctive smell of cempedak seeds at the temperature of T3=30o C. Conclusion: Cempedak seeds can be used as probiotic plant-based milk with an optimal storage temperature of 30o C to get the distinctive taste, aroma and smell of cempedak seeds.

The effect of different roasting techniques on bioactive compounds, fatty acids and element profiles of mahaleb seeds used as vanilla substitute in bakery products

SummaryIn this study, the effects of different roasting techniques on the oil content, bioactive compounds, antioxidant activity, phenolic components, fatty acid and mineral contents of mahaleb seeds, which can be used instead of vanilla, were investigated spectrophotometric and chromatographic systems. The oil quantities of the mahaleb seeds were assessed to be between 30.34% (control) to 34.08% (conventional oven). The total phenolic and flavonoid quantities were assigned to be between 34.37 (control) and 46.61 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE/)/100 g (microwave) to 82.62 (conventional oven) and 94.21 mg quercetin equivalent (QE)/100 g (microwave), respectively. Antioxidant capacity values of untreated and roasted mahaleb seeds were assessed to be between 1.89 (control) and 2.03 mmol Trolox equivalent (TE) kg−1 (conventional oven). L* values of mahaleb seeds were established to be between 53.04 and 83.40, and a decrease was observed in L* values after heat treatment. Caffeic acid and rutin values of the mahaleb seeds were established between 344.84 (oven) and 641.86 (control) to 18.53 (control) and 146.52 mg/100 g (oven), respectively. The dominant fatty acids of the mahaleb oils were oleic, linoleic and palmitic acids. Phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) quantities of the mahaleb seeds were established to be between 4988.11 (control) and 5280.93 mg kg−1 (oven) to 8025.94 (oven) and 8462.66 mg kg−1 (microwave), respectively. The roasting process had an effect on the bioactive components, fatty acids and element contents of mahaleb seeds.

Effect of roasting on the oil content, bioactive components, fatty acid composition and mineral content of purslane seeds

SummaryIn this study, the effect of microwave on oil contents, bioactive components, antioxidant activity, polyphenols, tocopherols, fatty acid compositions and nutrients of purslane seeds was investigated. The moisture amount of the purslane seeds decreased significantly, while the oil and bioactive properties of the seeds increased compared to the control. Raw (control) and purslane seeds roasted in microwave contained 24.72 and 26.27 mg/100 g gallic acid, 34.12 and 38.30 mg/100 g 3,4‐dihydroxybenzoic acid, 111.57 and 118.55 mg/100 g catechin, 8.70 and 3.46 caffeic acid, 5.95 and 5.09 mg/100 g syringic acid, 18.73 and 8.34 mg/100 g rutin and 3.07 and 2.26 mg/100 g quercetin, respectively. Stearic, linoleic, arachidic, linolenic, behenic and erucic acid results of the oils of raw and purslane seeds roasted in microwave were partially increased compared to raw seed oil. The applied heat treatment had a positive effect on the tocopherol results of the purslane seed oils, and the tocopherol contents of the oils obtained from the roasted seeds increased compared to the control. In general, the protein and mineral values of heat‐treated purslane seeds increased (except Ca, Fe and Mn).

Early seedling features and mineral content of maize seeds grown under salinity stress

High seedling performance is crucial for the growth and development of plants, as it directly affects the potential for crop yield. Therefore, robust early seedling characteristics can lead to higher yields and better crop productivity. This work evaluated the early seedling characteristics of maize seeds grown under four irrigation water salinities (0.30, 1.5, 3.5, and 7 dS m-1). For this purpose, maize plants were grown to maturity in pots under rain shelter conditions, and then maize seeds were harvested. Subsequently, the maize seeds germinated to determine the early seedling characteristics, the leaf's Na+, Ca+2, K+ content, and the K+/ Na+, Ca+2/ Na+. The results showed that irrigation of maize crops at 7.0 dS m-1 reduced seedling fresh weight, root fresh weight, and SPAD parameters by 46.9%, 78.1%, and 38.7%, respectively, compared to 0.30 dS m-1. Irrigation of maize plants with 8.0 dS m-1 significantly hampered the reusability of maize seeds and decreased seedling height (7.81 cm), root dry weight (0.13 g), and root length (5.5 cm). Moreover, the highest ratios of K+/Na+ (12.58) and Ca+2/Na+ (3.46) ratios and the lowest leaf Na+ content (0.24%) of maize seedlings were found in 0.30 dS m-1 treatment. Based on the results, it could be suggested that the reusability of maize seeds, which irrigation maize crops with ≥ 3.5 dS m-1 saline water, is not recommended for sustainable maize production due to low seedling growth performance. Finally, the current study has the potential to provide important insights into identifying robust and healthy maize seeds grown in high-salinity environments.

Nutritional Composition of Seeds of False Mopane (Guibourtia coleosperma) from Shakawe and Kasane Areas, Northern Botswana

The seeds of Guibourtia coleosperma serve as potential source of nutritious food for rural communities in northern Botswana though underutilized. The objective of this study was to determine the proximate and mineral composition of G. coleosperma seeds collected from northern Botswana. Seed samples were collected from Shakawe and Kasane areas in northern Botswana. The proximate composition and mineral contents of the seed were determined following standard procedures. The data were analyzed using T-test. Seeds collected from Shakawe had average moisture (%), crude fat (%), crude fiber (%), crude protein (%), ash (%), total carbohydrate (%) and energy (kcal/100g) contents of 8.48 ± 0.29, 9.24 ± 0.31, 4.72 ± 0.60, 15.34 ± 0.48, 2.40 ± 0.02, 59.81 ± 1.00 and 383.80 ± 4.81, respectively. The corresponding values for seeds collected from Kasane were 9.00 ± 0.10, 10.17 ± 0.37, 7.13 ± 0.21, 16.44 ± 0.43, 2.45 ± 0.02, 54.80 ± 0.58 and 376.50 ± 2.22, respectively. Seeds collected from Kasane had significantly higher (p< 0.05) crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein and ash contents than seeds collected from Shakawe. However, the total carbohydrates content of seeds collected from Shakawe was significantly higher (p< 0.05) than those collected from Kasane. No significant differences (p> 0.05) were observed for moisture and energy contents between the seed samples collected from the two locations. The predominate proximate component in the seeds was total carbohydrate followed by crude protein and, therefore, the seeds can serve as good sources of energy and protein. The average zinc, iron, magnesium, potassium, calcium, sodium (mg/100 g) and phosphorus (mg/g) contents of seeds collected from Shakawe were 2.96 ± 0.53, 2.40 ± 0.27, 116.80 ± 2.82, 468.69 ± 19.28, 316.70 ± 21.15, 1.21 ± 0.67 and 1.35 ± 0.04, respectively. The corresponding values for False Mopane seeds collected from Kasane were 2.53 ± 0.31, 3.34 ± 0.18, 173.65 ± 5.83, 460.86 ± 10.53, 367.59 ± 15.37, 3.51 ± 0.44 and 1.45 ± 0.12, respectively. The values for iron, magnesium, calcium and sodium were significantly higher (p< 0.05) for seeds collected from Kasane than those collected from Shakawe. However, no significant differences (p> 0.05) were observed between the seed samples collected from the two locations for zinc, potassium and phosphorus. Quantitatively, the predominant mineral observed in seed was potassium followed by calcium. The seeds could serve as good source of magnesium, iron, zinc, calcium and potassium since they contribute higher proportions of the recommended daily intake of these minerals. The results showed that location has a significant effect both on the proximate composition and mineral contents of False Mopane seeds.

Elemental Variation of Berry Mineral Nutrient Content in Early Maturing Grapes Genotypes Grown Under Sub-tropical Climate

Cultivar development in grapes with increased mineral nutrient composition relies on the selection of genetically unique and complementary breeding lines. The objective of this study was to assess the peel, flesh and seed minerals composition of diverse grape collections of exotic and indigenous origin to select promising parents to develop a breeding population. Twenty-nine genetically diverse grape genotypes were field evaluated using a randomised complete block design with three replications under subtropical climatic conditions of New Delhi, India. The peel + flesh and seed mineral contents were determined using standard procedure. Analyses of variance showed significant (P < 0.05) effects of genotypes on the accumulation of 10 mineral nutrients in grape berry peel + flesh and seeds. The twenty-nine genotypes showed considerable variation for the following ten mineral contents: Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), Potassium (K), Calcium (Ca), Magnesium(Mg), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Zinc (Zn), Manganese (Mn) And Sodium (Na), and varying from 0.96 to 3.30 %; 0.14 to 0.22 %; 0.91 to 2.11 %; 0.23 to 0.38 %; 0.02 to 0.16 %; 27.58 to 77.69 ppm; 8.23 to 19.60 ppm; 14.60 to 64.10 ppm; 1.38 to 11.61 ppm and 0.00 to 0.24 ppm, respectively in berry peel and flesh together. Further, the seed mineral content also varied significantly among the genotypes. It was not assessed in the seedless genotypes due to a lack of seeds. Therefore, nineteen genotypes were tested for 10 mineral elements in their seed samples after drying. It was found significantly variable for nitrogen (0.88 to 2.12 %), phosphorus (0.18 to 0.34 %), potassium (0.35 to 0.87 %), calcium (0.26 to 0.92 %), magnesium (0.19 to 0.42 %), iron (33.02 to 96.94 ppm), copper (14.53 to 24.16 ppm), zinc (18.46 to 80.43 ppm), manganese (12.13 to 34.98 ppm) and sodium (0.01 to 0.12 ppm). The selected grape genotypes are useful genetic resources for population and cultivar development for nutrient composition.

Variability and heritability of technological characteristics of Amaranthus leaves and seeds

This study aimed to determine the variability properties of four major types of Amaranthus species in protein and amino acids content in leaves and flowers. Obtained results by ion exchange chromatography in our study have shown high values for the content of essential amino acids lysine and methionine. In the leaf, the lysine content ranged from 3.9 (A. caudatus) to 7.0 (A. cruentus; A. moleros), and in the flowers from 4.2 (A. caudatus) to 6.7 (A. molleros). The methionine content ranged from 3.1 (A. caudatus) to 7.4 (A. mantegazzianus) in the leaf and in the flower from 2.9 (A. caudatus) to 6.7 (A. mantegazzianus). Besides lysine and methionine, significant values of other essential amino acids were recorded, respectively. Significant concentrations of total proteins were recorded in all examined genotypes. The heritability of the studied characters as protein and mineral content of seeds and leaves, and oil contents of seed were significantly high. The maximum values of the protein content of seeds were 16.55% (A. cruentus), in leaves 20.10% (A. caudatus), and the minerals in seeds 2.73% (A. moleros), and leaves 18.76% (A. mantegazzianus). The oil content of seeds was 6.16% (A. moleros). The oil content of the seed’s proportion of genetic variance to total phenotypic variance was 72%, and it has a significant impact on ecological factors. Tested divergent Amaranthus genotypes may serve as parents for further crossing. Amaranth seeds is gluten-free and is important in the diet of celiac patients and contains amino acids, especially lysine, which acts against the herpes virus. Amaranth from amaranth leaves biologically active substance that prevents heart muscle damage during ischemic processes. Amaranth seed oil has hypolipemic, anti-atherosclerotic, hypotensive and antioxidant activity.

Effects of planting density, fertilization and growing season on the nutritional composition of 10 quinoa varieties (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) cultivated in the Central Highlands of Vietnam

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) has been grown and used as a food ingredient in Europe and South America for thousands of years and some varieties have recently been found suitable to grow under tropical conditions of Asian countries including Vietnam. This study aimed at investigating the variation in nutritional quality (protein, starch, fat, fibre and mineral contents) of quinoa seeds from 10 varieties as affected by different growing factors including planting density, fertilization and growing season in Dak Lak province, Vietnam. The results showed that the growth of quinoa in rainy season (August to November) with the planting density of 66,666 plants/ha using the fertilizing formulation of “120 kg N + 60 kg P2O5 + 105 kg K2O + 1000 kg organic compost + 500 kg of lime powder”/ha/crop resulted in the highest yield and nutritional quality of quinoa seeds. Atlas variety produced the highest yield with the highest protein content (22.7 %) while Lucas boldo variety had the highest fat content (4.4%) and Isluga variety showed the highest mineral content (9.4%) among others. The starch content of the varieties was comparable and ranged from 57.7 to 60.2%. These findings suggest that quinoa can be a new promising crop for agriculture development in Vietnam.

Multi-trait genomic prediction improves selection accuracy for enhancing seed mineral concentrations in pea.

Multi-trait genomic selection (MT-GS) has the potential to improve predictive ability by maximizing the use of information across related genotypes and genetically correlated traits. In this study, we extended the use of sparse phenotyping method into the MT-GS framework by split testing of entries to maximize borrowing of information across genotypes and predict missing phenotypes for targeted traits without additional phenotyping expenditure. Using 300 advanced breeding lines from North Dakota State University (NDSU) pulse breeding program and ∼200 USDA accessions that were evaluated for 10 nutritional traits, our results show that the proposed sparse phenotyping aided MT-GS can further improve predictive ability by >12% across traits compared with univariate (UNI) genomic selection. The proposed strategy departed from the previous reports that weak genetic correlation is a limitation to the advantage of MT-GS over UNI genomic selection, which was evident in the partially balanced phenotyping-enabled MT-GS. Our results point to heritability and genetic correlation between traits as possible metrics to optimize and further improve the estimation of model parameters, and ultimately, prediction performance. Overall, our study offers a new approach to optimize the prediction performance using the MT-GS and further highlight strategy to maximize the efficiency of GS in a plant breeding program. The sparse-testing-aided MT-GS proposed in this study can be further extended to multi-environment, multi-trait GS to improve prediction performance and further reduce the cost of phenotyping and time-consuming data collection process.

Effects of drought-tolerant grapevine rootstocks on the mineral contents and fatty acid compositions of grape seeds

BACKGROUND: As the interest in foods with positive effects on human health has increased in recent decades, the importance of the mineral contents and oil compositions of grape seeds has been better understood. However, research on grape seeds to date has largely focused on effects on health and the usability of grape seeds in the food industry and animal feeds. In agricultural research, grape seeds have generally been evaluated as a source of genes in breeding new varieties and as propagation material. OBJECTIVE: Unlike previous studies, this study not only investigates the effect of variety on the changes of pomological properties, fatty acid compositions, and oil, protein, and mineral contents of grape seeds; it also aims to determine the effects of grape rootstocks and growing seasons on those changes. METHODS: The seeds of five grape varieties (Red Globe, Trakya Ilkeren, Ata Sarisi, Hatun Parmagi, and Horoz Karasi) grafted onto drought-tolerant grape rootstocks (1103P and 110R) were analyzed during the growing seasons of 2017 and 2018. RESULTS: Seed size, moisture and oil contents, major fatty acids (palmitic, oleic, and linoleic), and levels of saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and boron varied by variety, rootstock, and season. However, the effects of growing seasons and varieties on the seeds were not limited to these findings; effects were also seen for seed vitality, protein content, and N, K, Ca, and Fe levels of the seeds, among others. CONCLUSIONS: Genotype was found to be the main factor causing changes in the fatty acid compositions and mineral contents of grape seeds. When the factors that we investigated were ordered based on the changes they caused for seeds in general, the sequence that appeared was genotype > growing season > grape rootstock.

Study on the Effect of Salt Stress on Yield and Grain Quality Among Different Rice Varieties.

Salt is one of the main factors limiting the use of mudflats. In this study, the yield, quality, and mineral content of rice seeds under salt stress were investigated. A pot experiment was conducted with Yangyugeng2, Xudao9, and Huageng5 under 0, 17.1, 25.6, and 34.2 mM NaCl of salt concentration treatments. The results showed that salt stress can significantly decrease panicle number, grain number per panicle, 1000-grain weight and yield of rice, and the panicle number was among other things the main cause of yield loss under saline conditions. When the salt concentration is less than 34.2 mM NaCl, the salt stress increases the brown rice rate and milled rice rate, thus significant increasing head milled rice rate of salt-sensitive varieties but decreasing in salt-tolerant varieties. In addition, the grain length is more sensitive than grain width to salt stress. This study also indicates that different varieties of rice exhibit different salt tolerance under salt stress, the three rice varieties in this study, in order of salt tolerance, are Xudao9, Huageng5, and Yangyugeng2. Salt stress will increase the appearance, viscosity, degree of balance, and taste value, and decrease the hardness of rice when salt concentration is less than 17.1 mM NaCl in Yangyugeng2 and Huageng5 or 25.6 mM NaCl in Xudao9. The differences in starch pasting properties among rice varieties in this study are larger than those caused by salt stress. The uptake capacity of K, Mg, P, S, and Cu ions in the seeds of different rice varieties significantly vary, and salt stress causes significant differences in the uptake capacity of K, Na, and Cu ions in rice seeds. Rice varieties with high salt tolerance can be selected for the development and utilization of mudflats, and low concentration of salt stress will increase the rice quality, all of which are meaningful to agricultural production.

Improvement in growth of plants under the effect of magnetized water

<abstract> <p>The magnetic field can change the polarity characteristics and hydrogen-bond structure of water; therefore, magnetized water can affect plant growth and development. Magnetized water is hexagonal water created by passing water through a specific magnet that can activate and ionize water molecules to change its structure. This review highlights the use of magnetized water in the agricultural sector to enhance plant growth and food productivity. We discussed the impact of magnetized water on seed germination, vegetative growth, fruit production, soil and pigments of treated plants. Plant growth and development can be improved both qualitatively and quantitatively via irrigation with magnetized water. It can promote seed germination, seedling early vegetative development, improvement of the mineral content of fruits and seeds, the enzyme activity of the soil, improved water use efficiency, higher nutrient content, and better transformation and consumption efficiency of nutrients; it can also mitigate soil salinity. Furthermore, magnetized water had a substantial good influence on the mobility and uptake of micronutrient concentrations, as well as promoted better growth criteria, all of which increased biomass and total yield. Also, irrigating plants with magnetized water resulted in a considerable increase in chloroplast pigments (carotenoids, chlorophyll a, and b) and photosynthetic activity. Magnetizing low-quality water (brackish water, saline water or water contaminated with metals) can be considered as an alternative tool to overcome the problem of scarcity and shortage of water resources. As a result, magnetic treatment of irrigation water could be a promising technique to boost agricultural production while also being environmentally beneficial in the future. The major challenge in using magnetized water in agriculture is creating pumps that are compatible with the technical and practical needs of magnetic systems while also effectively integrating irrigation components.</p> </abstract>

Effect of boiling and oven roasting on some physicochemical properties of sunflower seeds produced in Far North, Cameroon.

The effects of different processing methods on proximate composition, total phenolic content, antioxidant activity, lipid oxidation, and mineral contents of sunflower seeds produced in Far North Region of Cameroon were evaluated. Mean moisture, ash, lipid, protein, fiber, and carbohydrate contents of raw sunflower seeds were 6.60%, 2.55%, 44.65%, 20.17%, 4.08%, and 21.25%, respectively. The changes in moisture, ash (excepted in boiled samples), lipid, protein, fiber, and carbohydrate (excepted in roasted samples) were found to be significant for all cooking methods. Ash and lipid contents of samples roasted at 120°C were found to be significant when compared with other cooking methods. Antioxidant activity increased with treatment. After processing, the acid, peroxide, and thiobarbituric acid values increased significantly, whereas iodine value decreased. The roasting process improved the induction time, and samples roasted at 120°C were found to have the highest induction time (2.29 ± 0.09 hr). Raw sunflower seeds were good sources of potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn). Increase in contents of Ca, Mg, Zn, Cu, and Fe was observed during processing. Roasting compared with boiling appeared to be the best cooking method of sunflower seeds concerning nutrient content, antioxidant stability, and lipid stability.

Multi-Environment Yield Components in Advanced Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) × Tepary Bean (P. acutifolius A. Gray) Interspecific Lines for Heat and Drought Tolerance

Heat and drought are major stresses that significantly reduce seed yield of the common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In turn, this affects the profitability of the crop in climatic-vulnerable tropical arid regions, which happen to be the poorest and in most need of legume proteins. Therefore, it is imperative to broaden the sources of heat and drought resistance in the common bean by examining closely related species from warmer and drier environments (i.e., Tepary bean, P. acutifolius A. Gray), while harnessing such variation, typically polygenic, throughout advanced interspecific crossing schemes. As part of this study, interspecific congruity backcrosses for high temperature and drought tolerance conditions were characterized across four localities in coastal Colombia. Genotypes with high values of CO2 assimilation (>24 µmol CO2 m−2 s−1), promising yield scores (>19 g/plant), and high seed mineral content (Fe > 100 mg/kg) were identified at the warmest locality, Motilonia. At the driest locality, Caribia, one intercrossed genotype (i.e., 85) and the P. acutifolius G40001 control exhibited sufficient yield for commercial production (17.76 g/plant and 12.76 g/plant, respectively). Meanwhile, at southernmost Turipaná and Carmen de Bolívar localities, two clusters of genotypes exhibited high mean yield scores with 33.31 g/plant and 17.89 g/plant, respectively, and one genotype had an increased Fe content (109.7 mg/kg). Overall, a multi-environment AMMI analysis revealed that genotypes 13, 27, 82, and 84 were environmentally stable with higher yield scores compared to the Tepary control G40001. Ultimately, this study allows us to conclude that advanced common bean × Tepary bean interspecific congruity backcrosses are capable of pyramiding sufficient polygenic tolerance responses for the extreme weather conditions of coastal Colombia, which are likely to worsen due to climate change. Furthermore, some particular recombination events (i.e., genotype 68) show that there may be potential to couple breeding for heat and drought tolerance with Fe mineral biofortification, despite a prevalent trade-off, as a way to fight malnutrition of marginalized communities in tropical regions.

Response of Normal and Low-Phytate Genotypes of Pea (Pisum sativum L.) on Phosphorus Foliar Fertilization.

Phosphorus (P) is an important nutrient in plant nutrition. Its absorption by plants from the soil is influenced by many factors. Therefore, a foliar application of this nutrient could be utilized for the optimal nutrition state of plants. The premise of the study is that foliar application of phosphorus will increase the yield of normal-phytate (npa) cultivars (CDC Bronco a Cutlass) and low-phytate (lpa) lines (1-2347-144, 1-150-81) grown in soils with low phosphorus supply and affect seed quality depending on the ability of the pea to produce phytate. A graded application of phosphorus (H₃PO₄) in four doses: without P (P0), 27.3 mg P (P1), 54.5 mg P (P2), and 81.8 mg P/pot (P3) realized at the development stages of the 6th true leaf led to a significant increase of chlorophyll contents, and fluorescence parameters of chlorophyll expressing the CO2 assimilation velocity. The P fertilization increased the yield of seeds significantly, except the highest dose of phosphorus (P3) at which the yield of the npa cultivars was reduced. The line 1-2347-144 was the most sensible to the P application when the dose P3 increased the seed production by 42.1%. Only the lpa line 1-150-81 showed a decreased tendency in the phytate content at the stepped application of the P nutrition. Foliar application of phosphorus significantly increased ash material in seed, but did not tend to affect the protein and mineral content of seeds. Only the zinc content in seeds was significantly reduced by foliar application of P in npa and lpa pea genotypes. It is concluded from the present study that foliar phosphorus application could be an effective way to enhance the pea growth in P-deficient condition with a direct effect on seed yield and quality.

Prediction of fatty acid and mineral composition of lentils using near infrared spectroscopy

Lentils are an important source of both macro- and micronutrients. Their fat content is relatively low and is composed of mainly polyunsaturated fatty acids. The minerals found in lentils are mainly magnesium, potassium and iron. This study investigates the use of near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to predict the mineral content and fatty acid profile of lentil seeds (Lens culinaris Medicus). Samples (57) of brown, green, black and red lentils were analysed, and their mineral (calcium, iron and magnesium) and fatty acid contents were determined. NIR spectra for whole intact samples and after the samples were ground into powder were obtained, and the two recording methods were compared. The different compounds were predicted using the modified partial least squares regression method. The predictive models developed show excellent coefficients of determination (RSQ > 0.9) for the C 16:0, C 18:2, C 20:5n-3, C 21:0, omega 6 and calcium parameters. The results obtained reveal that it is possible to predict the fatty acid and mineral composition of lentils using near infrared spectroscopy. Furthermore, the results obtained show that the equations obtained can be applied to unknown lentil samples.

Determination of Mineral Content of Seeds Belonging to Different Quinoa Varieties and their Evaluation for Daily Mineral Requirements of Laying Hens

No study has been conducted to determine the mineral content of seeds belonging to different quinoa varieties under the conditions of Turkey. In addition, there is no study on whether quinoa seeds that containing high amounts of minerals can be utilized for mineral needs of laying hens in particular. In this study, which was carried out under Erzurum irrigated conditions, it was aimed to determine the mineral content of seeds belonging to nine quinoa varieties and whether they can appropriately utilize for meeting mineral requirements (as recommended by NRC) of laying hens. Significant differences were observed in the mineral contents of the varieties. The phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, copper, manganese, zinc and boron contents of the seeds varied between 0.18-0.25%, 0.76-1.08%, 0.07-0.12%, 3427-5453 mg kg-1, 233.8-577.8 mg kg-1, 45.6-107.8 mg kg-1, 40.2-72.9 mg kg-1, 29.8-55.4 mg kg-1 and 48.3-94.7 mg kg-1, respectively. When these results were compared with the values recommended by NRC, it was seen that quinoa seeds could exceedingly meet the daily mineral requirements (except calcium) of laying hens. As a result, it has been revealed that the seeds of all quinoa varieties can be evaluated as an organic mineral source in the feeding of laying hens.

Mineral Content of Pitaya (Hylocereus polyrhizus and Hylocereus undatus) Seeds Grown in Turkey

Pitaya is one of the most produced tropical fruits in Turkey because of its high economic value. Seeds of this fruit consumed with fruit are an important source due to nutritional and health benefits. In this study mineral and ash content of pitaya seeds were investigated. The research was carried out with two different species of pitaya, Hylocereus undatus (H. undatus) and Hylocereus polyrhizus (H. polyrhizus), which have red shell. H. undatus has a white pulp color while H. Polyrhizus has a red. The ash content of H. polyrhizus and H. undatus pitaya seeds was 2.78% and 4.09%, respectively. The main minerals detected in H. polyrhizus and H. undatus pitaya species were potassium (36.47 mg/kg and 31.99 mg/kg), magnesium (9.15 mg/kg and 9.16 mg/kg), phosphorus (8.99 mg/kg and 8.08 mg/kg), sulphur (6.11 mg/kg and 5.48 mg/kg) and calcium (2.17 mg/kg and 1.90 mg/kg). Mineral content of seeds of H. polyrhizus and H. undatus species were found similar to the pitaya species grown in different tropical countries.

Morphological characteristics, chemical and amino acids composition of flours from velvet beans tempe (Mucuna pruriens), an indigeneous legumes from Yogyakarta

Velvet beans (Mucuna pruriens) an under-utilized legume which grown predominantly in tropical area, including in Indonesia. The morphological characteristics, chemical and amino acid composition of seeds, fermented velvet beans (Benguk tempeh), and Benguk tempeh flours from the legumes Mucuna pruriens was evaluated to determine their potential practical applications. The seeds of velvet beans contains 12.73±0.10, 4.34±0.33, 25.49±0.06, 3.66±0.03, 3.90±0.06, and 53.79±0.26 (% wb) of moisture, fat, crude protein, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate, respectively. The mineral content of velvet seeds was 76.38±8.77, 6.64±0.67, and 3.08±0.12 mg 100 g1 of calcium, iron, and zinc, respectively. Fermentation process on velvet beans into tempeh brings nutritional changes including the breakdown of certain nutrition content and reduction of anti-nutritional compounds. The velvet beans tempeh contains 54.76±0.24, 2.40±0.16, 12.84±0.56, 1.02±0.13, 3.66±0.49, and 28.99±0.60 (% wb) moisture, fat, crude protein, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate, respectively. The mineral content of velvet beans tempeh was 55.49±13.91, 6.56±0.39 and 2.60±0.33 mg 100 g1 of calcium, iron, and zinc, respectively. The flours were prepared by steam blanching, oven-drying (60°C) for 7h and milling. The flours contains 13.13±0.52, 6.78±0.72, 25.29±0.41, 0.76±0.04, 4.34±0.32, and 54.06±0.47 (% wb) of moisture, fat, crude protein, ash, crude fiber and carbohydrate, respectively. The mineral content of flour was 29.43±0.00, 5.87±1.36 and 2.56±0.04 mg 100 g” 1 of calcium, iron, and zinc, respectively. The essential amino acids profile of total flour proteins compared favourably with the FAO/WHO reference pattern except for deficiency of sulfo amino acids (methionine and sistin) with concentration of 9.72 mg g1 crude protein. The flours have potential as flour alternatives for food product development.

Genome-Wide Association Studies of Mineral Content in Common Bean.

Micronutrient malnutrition is one of the main public health problems in many parts of the world. This problem raises the attention of all valuable sources of micronutrients for the human diet, such as common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). In this research, a panel of 174 accessions representing Croatian common bean landraces was phenotyped for seed content of eight nutrients (N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn), and genotyped using 6,311 high-quality DArTseq-derived SNP markers. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was then performed to identify new genetic sources for improving seed mineral content. Twenty-two quantitative trait nucleotides (QTN) associated with seed nitrogen content were discovered on chromosomes Pv01, Pv02, Pv03, Pv05, Pv07, Pv08, and Pv10. Five QTNs were associated with seed phosphorus content, four on chromosome Pv07, and one on Pv08. A single significant QTN was found for seed calcium content on chromosome Pv09 and for seed magnesium content on Pv08. Finally, two QTNs associated with seed zinc content were identified on Pv06 while no QTNs were found to be associated with seed potassium, iron, or manganese content. Our results demonstrate the utility of GWAS for understanding the genetic architecture of seed nutritional traits in common bean and have utility for future enrichment of seed with macro– and micronutrients through genomics-assisted breeding.