Seed Kernel Cake Research Articles

Management of Fusarium Wilt (Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melongenae) using Organic Soil Amendments in Eggplant

Brinjal is one of the important vegetable crops in India. Many diseases affect its production. Among them, Fusarium wilt disease causes great losses in yield. Normally, this disease is controlled with fungicides, which not only develop resistance in disease-causing pathogens but also have deleterious effects on human health and the environment. So, in the present study, alternative methods of control that are eco-friendly, safe, easy, and affordable by using organic soil amendments were tested both In vitro and in pot culture studies. In the present study, aqueous extracts of different organic amendments were tested at 10 and 15 percent concentrations against the growth of the pathogen in vitro. Among them, neem cake showed highest percentages of mycelial inhibition (80.88% and 85.56%), followed by mustard cake (78.72% and 73.41%) against the test pathogen at 10 and 15 percent, respectively. However, the least mycelium growth inhibition was recorded with cotton cake extract (34.06% and 54.67%). Besides, pot culture studies also yielded similar results. Out of nine organic amendments tested against Fusarium wilt in pot conditions, neem seed kernel cake recorded the lowest wilt incidence (22.19% and 16.95%), followed by mustard cake (23.49% and 17.54%) at 100 and 150 g concentrations, respectively, whereas treatments with vermicompost, goat manure, and poultry manure showed lower inhibition against wilt incidence when compared to the remaining oil cake organic amendments at both concentrations tested. In the present study, it was found that aqueous extracts of organic amendments tested against the pathogen showed significant inhibition in-vitro. Similarly, incorporation of organic amendments into sick soil inoculated with pathogen showed a significant reduction in the incidence of wilt disease as compared to the untreated control.

Evaluation of Balanite aegyptiaca : Leaves, seed kernel cake, fruit coat and flesh as ruminants feed

Evaluation of Balanite aegyptiaca : Leaves, seed kernel cake, fruit coat and flesh as ruminants feed

Effect of Feeding Rubber Seed Kernel and Palm Kernel Cake in Combination on Nutrient Utilization, Rumen Fermentation Characteristics, and Microbial Populations in Goats Fed on Briachiaria humidicola Hay-based Diets

Six male crossbred (Thai NativeAnglo Nubian) goats, with an average initial weight of , were randomly assigned according to a factorial arrangement in a Latin square design with a 21-d period to evaluate the effect of feeding rubber seed kernel (RSK) and palm kernel cake (PKC) in combination on nutrient utilization, rumen fermentation characteristics, and nitrogen utilization. The dietary treatments were as follows: i) concentrate containing 0% RSK and 20% PKC (), ii) 0% RSK and 30% PKC (), iii) 20% RSK and 20% PKC (), iv) 20% RSK and 30% PKC (), v) 30% RSK and 20% PKC (), and vi) 30% RSK and 30% PKC (). During the experiment, signal hay was given on an ad libitum basis as the roughage. It was found that RSK levels and PKC levels had no interaction effects on feed intake, apparent digestibility, -N, blood metabolites, VFA concentrations, and nitrogen utilization, but there were interactions between RSK levels and PKC levels with respect to total DMI (kg/d) and total VFA concentrations, and goats receiving 30% RSK had lower values (p0.05) feed intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation patterns, blood metabolites, and nitrogen utilization. However, increasing RSK levels (>20%) resulted in a slightly lower daily DMI (% BW and g/kg ), apparent digestibility (NDF and ADF), total N intake, and N excretion than in goats fed on 0 and 20% RSK. BUN, blood glucose, and propionate were variable among treatment and were highest in 0% RSK with the 20% PKC fed group having values which were higher than those in other groups. However, there were no differences (p>0.05) among treatments with respect to N retention, PD output, and microbial N supply. Based on this study, RSK levels up to 20% and PKC at 20-30% in concentrate could be efficiently utilized for goats fed on signal hay.

EFFECT OF REPLACING PEANUT MEAL BY NEEM (Azadirachta Indica) SEED KERNEL CAKE ON NUTRIENT INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY AND RETENTION, AND ON BODY WEIGHT OF BROILER RABBITS

Performance of broiler rabbits was assessed on equi­nitrogenous and equi-caloric composite diets (25 roughage: 75 concentrate) incorporated with graded levels (O, 5, 1 O and 20%) of neem seed kernel cake (NSKC) in order to replace peanut meal (PNM) moiety of reference diet. Twenty-four Soviet Chinchilla and 24 White Giant rabbits were assigned to treatments in a randomized block design between 6 and 12 weeks of age. Dietary variation did not significanlly influence the digestibility (8 rabbits /diet) of most of the nutrients except ADF (from 20.6% in the control down to 17.7% with 20% of NSKC). Though rabbits fed NSKC beyond 10% retained lesser (P<0.01) nilrogen, all the animals on various NSKC diets relained less DE and DCP, but ME content was significantly lower (P<0.01) in the NSKC containing diets (2.17 a 2.17 Mcal/kg DM) as compared to control (2.57 Mcal) The intake of DM, protein (CP and DCP) and digestible energy per unit metabolic body size (kgLWo75), though lower than the stipulated requirements, was similar on all the diets. The rabbits utilized the nutrients with similar efficiency irrespective of dietary treatment. Thus, NSKC can be incorporated up to 10% in rabbit diets without any adverse effect on palatability and performance to spare costs in the developing countries.

Carcass Characteristics of Goats Fed Ammoniated Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Kernel Cake

The present investigation was carried out to study the affect of feeding urea ammoniated neem kernel meal on carcass characteristics and organoleptic properties of the meat in goats. Eight local weaned kids of 3-4 months age with mean body weight of 7.85±0.42 kg were assigned to two groups of four each in a completely randomised design and were offered diets containing isonitrogenous concentrate mixtures containing either peanut meal or urea ammoniated neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel meal (UANSKM) along with ad libitium oat hay or green sorghum as roughage for 13 fortnights. The animals were slaughtered at the end of the experimental period and the carcass characteristics and organoleptic evaluation of the meat was carried out. The carcass characteristics in terms of dressing percentage, meat bone ratio, percent edible and inedible did not differ between the treatments. Similarly the organoleptic characteristics and cooking loss were comparable between the treatments implying that UANSKM can be substituted for peanut meal in goat diets to alleviate the shortage and high cost of peanut meal without affecting meat quality. (Asian- Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2003. Vol 16, No. 10 : 1451-1454)

Effect of feeding water washed neem ( Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake on the quality, lipid profile and fatty acid composition of goat meat

Three groups of five indigenous male goats 5–6 months of age, were offered control concentrate mixture (Group I) and those of Groups II and III were fed experimental concentrates containing 15 and 25% of water washed neem ( Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake (NKC). After 180 days of feeding the goats were slaughtered. Longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle from lumbar region was analysed for certain physico-chemical characteristics, organoleptic quality, detailed lipid profile and fatty acid composition; phosopholipids were fractionated into phosphatidyl inositide (PI), phosphatidyl serine (PS), lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC), lysophosphatidyl ethanolamine (LPE), sphingomyelin (SPH), phosphatidyl choline (PC) phosphatidyl ethanolamine (PE) and phosphatidic acid (PA). Fatty acids; capric, lauric, myristic, myristoleic, palmitic, palmitoleic, heptadecanoic, stearic, oleic, linoleic acid were also identified. Feeding of NKC did not affect slaughter weight and dressing out yield. The dressing percentage ranged between 42.2 and 43.8%. The pH, colour, moisture, total crude protein, different protein fractions; water extractable, salt extractable and content of NPN did not differ among the groups. There was a significant decrease in the total lipid content of LD of experimental groups. PC and PE were the major fractions accounting for 60% of total phospholipids. There was a significant increase in PC and LPC fractions while LPE+SPH, PE and PA fractions decreased in goats fed NKC. A significant increase was noticed in unsaturated fatty acid content and decrease in total saturates. It is concluded that NKC feeding has the ability of reducing lipid content and increasing the unsaturated fatty acids, which are considered to be beneficial in reducing the cholesterol level. It may be used beneficially as an alternative for costly conventional oil cakes for economic lean chevon production without affecting the quality of goat meat.

Effect of Replacement of Groundnut Cake with Urea-treated Neem (Azadirachta indica A. juss) Seed Kernel Cake on Nutrient Utilisation in Lambs

The effect of urea treatment on chemical composition of neem seed kernel cake (NSKC) was investigated by soaking the cake in 2.1% urea solution (1.2 l kg -1 NSKC) for five days. The effect on utilisation of nutrients by replacing groundnut cake (GNC) (30%) with urea-treated neem seed kernel cake (UTNSKC) (33%) in a concentrate mixture fed to meet 70% of the protein requirements of lambs (8 males and 8 females), was monitored in a digestibility study. Following urea treatment of NSKC only 9.5% of urea was hydrolysed and the crude protein content of the cake was increased by 6.65%. The tannin content in depulped neem seeds was 37% catechin equivalent. Whereas feeding UTNSKC had no effect on intake of dry matter (72.5 vs 66.3 g/kg BW 0.75 day -1 ) and digestibility of crude fibre (41.3 vs 43.4%), the cake depressed (p<0.01) the percent digestibility of dry matter (63.7 vs 70.2), crude protein (63.2 vs 70.2), nitrogen free extract (73.8 vs 80.5) and gross energy (64.3 vs 69.1). Digestibility of ether extract (75.8 vs 70.9%) was higher (p<0.05) in animals offered UTNSKC. The nutritive value of the composite ration consumed by lambs offered UTNSKC was lower (p<0.01) in terms of total digestible nutrients (64.7 vs 70.2%) and digestible energy (2.8 vs 3.0 Kcal/g DM). Intake of digestible energy (199.8 vs 194.1 Kcal/kg BW 0.75 day -1 ) and retention of nitrogen (7.53 vs 8.23 g day -1 ) and calcium (2.12 vs 1.84 g day -1 ) were comparable on the 2 rations. Animals fed UTNSKC retained less (p<0.01) phosphorus (0.37 vs 1.05 g day -1 ). The results indicate that urea treatment increased the protein level of NSKC whereas feeding the treated cake as a replacement of GNC, lowered the digestibility of nutrients and retention of phosphorus. (Asian-Aust. J. Anim. Sci. 2002. Vol 15, No. 9 : 1273-1277)

Caecal Fermentation, Blood Biochemical Profile and Histopathological Changes in Broiler Rabbits Fed Graded Levels of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Kernel Cake

Caecal Fermentation, Blood Biochemical Profile and Histopathological Changes in Broiler Rabbits Fed Graded Levels of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Kernel Cake

Urea-treated neem ( Azadirachta indica A. juss) seed kernel cake as a protein supplement for lambs

The performance of 12 male and 12 female Mandya × Merino lambs weighing between 5.4 and 12.4 kg was investigated by feeding neem seed kernel cake (NSKC) after treatment with 2.5% urea. Lambs of each sex were allotted randomly to concentrate mixture containing either 30% groundnut cake (GNC) or 33% urea-treated neem seed kernel cake (UTNSKC). Over a period of 182 days the concentrate mixtures fed, to meet 70% of the protein requirements of the lambs, were given with oat hay offered ad libitum. Replacement of GNC by UTNSKC in the concentrate mixture depressed ( P < 0.001) the digestibility of dietary dry matter (DM) (69.9 vs. 63.3), crude protein (CP) (71.1 vs. 65.1) and gross energy (69.9 vs. 64.3). Digestibility of ether extract (70.5 vs. 77.6) was increased ( P < 0.001) and there was no effect on crude fibre (41.6 vs. 43.8) digestibility, whereas the daily intake of DM (72.51 vs. 65.77 g/M 0.75) and GE (1.33 vs. 1.21 MJ/M 0.75) were higher ( P < 0.05) in lambs fed UTNSKC, dietary differences had no effect on digestible energy intake and N retention. The rumen liquor from lambs fed UTNSKC had lower concentrations of total volatile fatty acids ( P < 0.01), total N ( P < 0.01) and ammonia N ( P < 0.01) and depressed activities of cellulase ( P < 0.05), protease ( P < 0.01) and urease ( P < 0.01) enzymes. Average daily gains were similar ( P > 0.05) in lambs fed UTNSKC (74.0 g) and GNC (80.3 g). More DM (7.08 vs. 8.04 kg kg −1) and CP (1.10 vs. 1.23 kg kg −1) were required for growth on the ration containing UTNSKC. Feeding UTNSKC had no effect on blood profile, wool growth and carcass characteristics. Kidneys from animals fed UTNSKC were enlarged ( P < 0.05) as compared to those fed GNC. Microcalculi were observed in all lambs fed UTNSKC. The results indicated that feeding UTNSKC depressed the digestibility of nutrients, which was attributed to the low activities of enzymes in the rumen.

Effect of Graded Dietary Levels of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Kernel Cake on Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Rabbits

Effect of Graded Dietary Levels of Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Kernel Cake on Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Rabbits

Chevon characteristics of goats fed diets with water washed neem ( Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake

Neem seed kernel cake (NSKC), a protein rich (34–40% CP) by-product of the oil industry in developing countries, is not suitable for livestock feeding due to the presence of bitter and toxic triterpenoids. It was water washed (WWNSKC) and fed to 15 male growing goats of 5–6 months old, divided into three equal groups in a completely randomised design, for 180 days as a major source of protein by incorporating it at 15% (Group II) and 25% (Group III) in the concentrate mixture and compared with a control (Group I) diet which contained mustard ( Brassica sp.) meal as protein source, with oats ( Avena sativa) hay ad libitum as sole source of roughage. Incorporation of WWNSKC in diets of goats even up to 25% did not significantly effect the dressing percentage on empty BW (42.2–43.8%) and slaughter weight (51.2–51.9%) basis. Weight and percent yield of wholesale cuts (neck, shoulder, breast and shank, rack and legs) on WWNSKC feeding were comparable with those of conventional oil cake fed goats. Though non-significant between 15 and 25% WWNSKC fed goats, the carcasses from these goats were significantly leaner than those from control diet fed goats as evidenced by higher proportion of meat in cuts and whole carcass, wider bone/meat ratio and larger loin eye ( longissimus dorsi, LD) muscle area. Fat (EE) % in LD muscle significantly decreased with incorporation of WWNSKC, probably due to an antihyperglycaemic effect of residual neem bitters left in washed cake. Organoleptic evaluation of pressure cooked (with and without salt) LD muscle on a seven point Hedonic scale by a panel of 15 semi-trained judges did not reveal any untoward bitter taste due to WWNSKC feeding. Thus NSKC after water washing can be a suitable vegetable protein substitute in diets of goats for profitable chevon production in developing countries, for mitigating chronic shortage of oil cakes for livestock feeding.

Feeding of water washed neem ( Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake to growing goats

To mitigate chronic shortage of feeds for livestock in developing countries, neem seed kernel cake (34–40% CP, bitter in taste, unsuitable for livestock feeding) was water washed (WWNSKC) and fed to 5–6-month-old male, growing goats for 180 days as a major source of protein by incorporating it at 15% (group II) and 25% (group III) in the concentrate mixtures. Their performance was compared with goats fed 15% deoiled mustard ( Brassica sp.) cake (group I). CP content of group I, II and III concentrate mixtures was 16.7, 15.9 and 17.8%, respectively. Average daily DMI (g), BW gain (g/d) and feed conversion efficiency (unit DM intake/unit gain) on group I, II and III diets were 307.3 ± 23.27, 324.0 ± 26.78 and 325.6 ± 25.57; 22.6 ± 3.64, 28.9 ± 3.34 and 25.2 ± 2.89; 14.6 ± 1.68, 11.4 ± 0.63 and 13.1 ± 0.62, respectively. Goats on all diets digested most nutrients similarly and were on positive N, Ca and P balance. Lowered total as well as NH 3-N levels in rumen liquor of WWNSKC-fed goats due to residual neem bitters was indicative of passage of more by-pass protein for digestion in the lower gut. Intake of protein and energy increased linearly with level of WWNSKC incorporation and was within stipulated NRC standards. Among blood and plasma constituents, glucose ( P < 0.01) (maybe because of residual neem bitters which exert antihyperglycemic effects), urea-N ( P < 0.01) and total protein ( P < 0.05) were lower in both experimental groups. Rumen fermentation pattern, urinary creatine and creatinine were comparable among the groups. Thus, WWNSKC can be incorporated in diets of growing goats up to 25% without deleterious effects on nutrient utilisation and metabolism.

In vitro degradation of wheat straw treated with neem ( Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake water extract

The wheat straw was treated with different volumes of neem ( Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake water extract (NSKCWE) for up to three weeks at ambient temperature in sealed polythene bags. There was a gradual increase in crude protein content with the increasing volume of extract in the premix and also with the increasing time of fermentation, in comparison to that of the control. The in vitro degradation study indicated that the total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) increased with the increasing volume of NSKCWE in the premix but decreased with the increase in the treatment period. The results showed that treatment of wheat straw with NSKCWE for the shortest time period (0 days) was the best among all the treatments.

Utilization of Water Washed Neem (Azadirachta indica) Seed Kernel Cake as a Protein Source for Growing Pigs

Abstract Sixteen 80 days old indigenous pigs, divided in two groups, were fed diets containing either 35, 10, 47, 6, 1.5 and 0.5 parts maize, groundnut cake (GNC), wheat bran, fish meal, mineral mixture and salt (Control) or the same diet with GNC replaced by water washed neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake (experimental). The pigs on experimental diet, during 180 days of feeding, grew significantly (P<0.05) faster and efficiently (P<0.05) utilised the feed with comparable nutrient digestibility and higher (P<0.01) nitrogen retention. The blood enzyme profile (serum aspartic transaminase, alanine transaminase, alkaline and acid phosphatase) was similar in the two groups. Feed cost per kg pork production was reduced by 11% on experimental diet. Thus incorporation of water washed neem seed kernel cake is recommended for feeding growing pigs.

Effect of water extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica) on the activity of hydrolytic enzymes of mixed rumen bacteria from buffalo

AbstractThe effect of cold and hot water extracts of neem (Azadirachta indica A Juss) seed kernel cake on the hydrolytic enzymes of mixed rumen bacteria was studied. The activities of carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase were stimulated, and those of α‐amylase, protease and urease were inhibited by the addition of neem cake extract to the reaction mixture. The stimulation and inhibition became more intense with increasing concentration of extract. The hot water extract was more effective than cold water extract in stimulation of carboxymethylcellulase and xylanase activities, but ä‐amylase was inhibited equally by both the extracts.

Water-washed neem (azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake in the feeding of milch cows

ABSTRACTA full lactation (300 days) experiment on 32 crossbred milch cows, separated into two groups was carried out. Group 1 (control) was given a concentrate mixture consisting of 400 g groundnut cake, 300 g crushed maize, 270 g wheat bran, 20 g mineral mixture and 10 g common salt per kg; while in group 2 (experimental) the groundnut cake was replaced by water-washed neem seed kernel cake (WWNSKC). Roughage was common in both the groups. Digestion and balance study on nine cows in group 1 and eight in group 2 was carried out after 3 months experimental feeding. Milk yield was recorded twice daily and butter fat, protein and total solids were determined every month in the milk of each animal. The results showed that there was no significant difference (P &gt; 0·05) in the milk yield, butter fat content, organoleptic evaluation of milk, dry-matter intake, digestibility of nutrients, haemoglobin, SGOT, SGPT, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase in blood and reproductive ability of the cows in the two groups. The nitrogen balance was higher in the WWNSKC group (P &lt; 0·05) due mainly to less excretion of urinary nitrogen and a concomitent decrease in blood urea nitrogen. It is concluded that water washing of neem seed kernel cake, whose potential availability in India alone is about 0·9 Mt annually, can convert this cake, hitherto going waste, into an excellent high protein animal food and can be used for feeding milch animals without any adverse effect. It is recommended that this technology be adopted by all neem seed-cake producing countries, specially those developing countries having chronic shortage of foods and fodders for animal feeding.

Chemical composition and biological evaluation of debitterized and defatted neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake

AbstractTwo samples of debitterized and defatted neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cakes were analyzed for their nutrient composition, and the cake protein quality was evaluated in weanling rats. The cake is a good source of protein (45–50%), phosphorus, calcium and iron. Trypsin inhibitory activity was detected in the cake, but it was low (15–17 TIU/mg protein). Lysine content of the cake protein was higher than most of the cereal proteins but lower than that of legume proteins. Sulphur‐containing amino acids were the limiting amino acids of the cake protein. When the cake contained a low amount of fat and was devoid of neem smell, its PER and NPU were comparable to those of any other oilseed cake. Animals receiving 84% neem cake diet did not exhibit any toxic symptoms. Therefore, neem seed kernel cake may be included in animal feeds.

The use of water-washed neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake in the feeding of buffalo calves

A new protein supplement in the form of water-washed neem (Azadirachta indica) seed kernel cake for tropical countries such as India, Pakistan, Ceylon, Burma and also for tropical regions of Australia, Africa, the Middle East and South-East Asia which could be successfully fed to cattle has been reported by Nath, Rajgopal &amp; Garg (1983). The adverse effect of the bitter or toxic principles contained in the neem seed kernel cake could be removed by water washing. It has a potential of providing Rs.350 million worth of additional feed in India alone and if all the neem seeds produced in India could be harvested and utilized for the preparation of oil, the production of the cake could reach 7–8 times its present value.

Water-washed neem (Azadirachta indicajuss) seed kernel cake as a cattle feed

SUMMARYNeem (Azadirachta indicajuss) seed kernel cake was water treated and dried in the sun. It was palatable to cattle, despite its bitter smell.Twelve growing calves were divided into two equal groups; one group (control) had a standard concentrate mixture consisting of crushed maize 30 parts, groundnut cake 30 parts, wheat bran 38 parts and in the second group (experimental) the concentrate mixture had crushed maize 30 parts, neem seed kernel cake (water washed) 45 parts and wheat bran 23 parts. Both the mixtures had common salt and mineral mixture 1 part each. The roughage fed was the same in both groups.The mean growth rate of calves in 273 days was 403 g/day in the control group and 344 g/day in the experimental group which did not differ significantly (P&gt; 0·05). The dry-matter intake, digestibilities of all the organic nutrients, total digestible nutrient values and the balances of nitrogen, calcium and phosphorus remained similar (P&gt; 0·05) in the two groups. The blood haemoglobin, serum inorganic phosphorus and the activity of serum alkaline phosphatase, serum acid phosphatase, serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase and serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase also did not differ significantly (P&gt; 0·05) in the two groups.It is concluded that water washing of neem seed kernel cake very largely removes toxic principles responsible for retardation in growth.