Diameter Of Seeds Research Articles

QTL localisation of seed-related traits in Tibetan hulless barley based on a high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism genetic map

The effective use of high-quality and high-yielding germplasm resources is of great importance for the development of hulless barley varieties. Therefore, the search for such resources has long been a goal of the breeding community. In this study, a genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) analysis was performed on an F2 (Nierumuzha × Kunlun 10) population. A high-density genetic map of hulless barley was constructed, which contained 1 475 efficient single-nucleotide polymorphism markers with 7 052 bin markers. The total length of the seven chromosomes was 1 139.4 cM, with an average marker distance of 0.59 cM. Based on this high-density linkage map, a total of 54 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to the seed traits were detected, including seed colour (SC), thousand kernel weight (TKW), seed average area (SAA), seed perimeter (SP), seed length (SL), seed width (SW), seed length/width (SLW), seed diameter (SD), and seed circular degree (SCD). These QTLs explained 3.32–35.73% (mean = 11.45%) of the phenotypic interpretation, including 24 main QTLs and 30 epistatic QTLs. A total of 24 candidate genes were identified within the QTL region, including one SC-associated transcription factor (ANT1), two TSW-related genes, a transcription factor (NAC021), a gene associated with the non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) pathway (ku70), three SAA-associated genes (LOL2, NAC021, TSK), two SL-associated genes (MADS21, MADS4), six SW-associated genes (FIP1, NAC021, DREB 1A, HVA22A, CYP78A6, SAUR71), five LW-related genes (NAM-B2, CRY1, LHY, CYP710A1, WRKY72), two SP-related genes (SKIP11, TCP18), two SD-related genes (NAC021, SKIP8), and three SCD-related genes (MYB1R1, RAX3, NAC100). These genes are involved in the regulation of the cell development, material transport, signal transduction, and plant morphogenesis and play an important role in the regulation of agronomic traits in hulless barley. The high-density genetic mapping and QTL identification of the seed traits in hulless barley provide a valuable genetic resource and the basis for further molecular marker-assisted selection and genomic studies.

Enhancing the Quality and Quantity of Date Palm (Phoenix Dactylifera) by Micronutrients under Calcareous Soils with a High pH Level

ABSTRACT Date palm is an important fruit for many human populations, especially in arid and semiarid regions. In addition, the fibers of the plant have the capability to remove various pollutants such as dyes, heavy metal ions, and phosphates. In the present study, micronutrients were used for enhancing various features pertaining to qualitative and quantitative aspects in date plants under the aforementioned soil. Six micronutrient levels were used as treatments, i.e. control (without micronutrients), zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), copper sulfate (CuSO4), sulfur (S), manganese sulfate (MnSO4), and iron chelate (Fe). According to the results of the combined analysis, the effects of micronutrients were significant on fruit yield (FY), 10 seeds mass (TSM), fruit diameter (FD), fruit length (FL), seed diameter (SD), and sucrose (P < .05). The results demonstrated that iron (Fe) significantly enhanced the FY, FD, FL, TSM in comparison with the control. Based on the cluster analysis, the Fe treatment separated from the other treatments, indicating the extent of difference that this treatment had on the plants in comparison with other treatments. Finally, the results suggested that the application of Fe could improve several features of date palm fruits, especially the FY in the said soils.

Ethnobotanical investigation and Morphobiometric Characterization of different Cowpea seeds (Vigna Unguiculata Subsp. Unguiculata (L.) Walp) in the Hoggar region (Algerian Sahara): acquisition And future investment project for food security in Algeria

The cowpea is exogenous crop introduced into the extreme south of Algeria from Niger; it has been cultivated and preserved by the farmers of Hoggar (Tamanrasset, Algeria). Our study was carried out to survey, collect identify and document the uses of cowpea landraces at the level of this arid region. To this end, missions have been organized on this traditional agriculture, in order to collect accessions as possible and to provide information on cultural practices and traditional know-how related to this culture. The study is part of the more than ethnobotanical prospection of the landraces encountered during our investigation in ten communes of the wilaya of Tamanrasset located the Hoggar. Hoover, a semi-structured questionnaire was elaborated taking into account the objectives expected. It concerns the farmer, ethnobotanical, agronomic information’s and the economic management of the farm (the farmer, his farm and the technical itineraries adopted). In fact, (50) farmers were interviewed and a sampling was carried out in each commune surveyed, and eighteen (18) local cowpea landraces were harvested through outings that were organized during year 2018. This study showed that among the farmers interviewed, 70.02% were men and 29.07% were women. The farmers cultivate cowpea on small areas, its production is used only for self-consumption and a small marketed in the villages where the plant is cultivated, three main parts are used by the farmers surveyed: seeds, green pods and hay. After the harvest, the rest of the plant (leaves and stems) are used to feed livestock (sheep and cattle). Cowpea cultivation is in danger of disappearing, according to the majority of the farmers surveyed, diseases and insect attacks are low (32%).In addition, low rainfall, electricity and lack of labor during manual harvesting seem to be the main production constraints reported by the farmers surveyed. While farmers are satisfied with the yields they have obtained. The pods and seeds collected are also characterized by quantitative traits such as Seed thickness (ST), Seed diameter (SD), and Weight of 100 seeds (WHS), pod diameter (PD), number of eggs by pod (CIP), number of seeds by pod, (NSP). Also, by qualitative characters such Seed color (CG), Eye color (CE), Seed form (F), Seed texture (T), were considered. The results showed that the diameter and thickness of pods (PD and PT) varies from 7.5 to 20 cm and 0.3 to 0.8 cm successively. The diameter and thickness of seeds (SD and ST) varies from 0.5 to 1.01 cm, while Weight of 100 seeds (WHS) recorded an average of 6.56 and 18.35 g. However, significant differences were detected in several morphological traits. From the result of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), axis 1 explains 67,38% of the variance in the qualitative character and it showed a strange positive correlation , seed diameter(SD) , it was positively and significantly correlated with thickness (ST).on the other way , the pod diameter (PD) was correlated with thickness (PT), while Weight of 100 seeds (WHS) was correlated with diameter and thickness of seed and pod (SD ,ST, PD, PT), whereas the number of eggs by pod (CIP) was correlated with the number of seeds (NSP) by pod, the number of eggs by pod (CIP )

The variability of grain yield, seed morphometric and vigour traits of early maturing hybrid maize

Breeding for yield and quality requires the assessment of the seed metrics and vigour traits. This study, therefore, assessed the variability and inter-dependence of grain yield (GY), seed morphometric and vigour traits in hybrid maize. Seeds of 75 early maturing hybrid maize varieties were evaluated for morphometric traits and quality in four replicates. A field trial laid out in a randomised complete block design with three replicates was also conducted in Ibadan, Nigeria, to determine the grain yield of the hybrids. Data collected on the GY, seed dimension and quality were subjected to analysis of variance. The least significant difference was used to separate means. Relationships among the GY, seed morphometric and vigour traits were determined using correlation coefficients, while principal component (PC) analysis was performed for variability among the hybrids. Significant differences (P&lt;0.001) were found in the GY, seed dimension and vigour traits. Four of the nine highest yielding hybrids had ECT higher than 30.0 ?sg-1 cm-1. The GY correlated with seed diameter (SDT) (0.40**), seed width (SWD) (0.36**), seed length (SLG) (0.35**), seed area (SAR) (0.30**) and seed vigour (SVI) (0.30**). The SAG correlated with SDT, SLG, seed thickness (STH) and SAR. All the seed vigour traits correlated with one another. The PC I explained GY, SDT, SWD, SLG, SAR and SVI, indicating their importance in GY improvement. Seed angle, length and diameter were versatile in maize varietal selection. Identified high yielding hybrids with seed morphometric and vigour qualities can be explored by seed companies as innovation in the seed production business.

Fruit and seed biometry of Carpotroche brasiliensis (RB) A. Gray (Achariaceae), a tropical tree with great potential to provide natural forest products

Carpotroche brasiliensis (RB) A. Gray (Achariaceae) is a native tree species of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest with great potential provide natural forest products in agroforestry systems. The oil of its seeds contains medicinal and cosmetic properties, and the fruits are appreciated by wild animals. In this study, we analyzed the biometry of fruits and seeds collected from naturally-grown trees in agroforestry systems on small farms in southern Bahia, Brazil. Fresh fruit mass (FFM), fruit length (FL), fruit diameter (FD), number of seeds per fruit (NSF), total fresh seed mass per fruit (FSMF), total dry mass of seeds per fruit (DMSF), and mass of 1,000 seeds (MTS) were collected from 66 fruits of 18 trees on six rural properties. Seed length (SL) and seed diameter (SD) were also evaluated for 5335 seeds. From this sample universe, 697 seeds represented an adequate sample size to measure these dimensions with statistical precision. The fruits analyzed in this study had uniform values for most of the biometric variables among the sites. The average values of NSF, FFM, and MTS were approximately 88 seeds, 0.5 kg, and 1.3 kg, respectively. Seeds of C. brasiliensis obtained from freshly-harvested fruits had high water content, with an average of more than 45%. Strongly significant correlations between FFM and FD and between FMSF and DMSF indicate the possibility of developing simple procedures to estimate seed pro-duction for commercial purposes from field evaluations

Analysis of an intraspecific RIL population uncovers genomic segments harbouring multiple QTL for seed relevant traits in lentil (Lens culinaris L.).

Improving seed related traits remains key objective in lentil breeding. In recent years, genomic resources have shown great promise to accelerate crop improvement. However, limited genomic resources in lentil greatly restrict the use of genomics assisted breeding. The present investigation aims to build an intraspecific genetic linkage map and identify the QTL associated with important seed relevant traits using 94 recombinant inbreds (WA 8649090×Precoz). A total of 288 polymorphic DNA markers including simple sequence repeat(SSR), inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)and random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)were assayed on mapping population. The resultant genetic linkage map comprised 220 loci spanning 604.2cM of the lentil genome, with average inter-marker distance of 2.74cM. QTL mapping in this RIL population uncovered a total of18 QTL encompassing nine major and nine minor QTL. All major QTL were detected for seed related traits viz., seed diameter(SD), seed thickness(ST), seed weight (SW) and seed plumpness (SP)across two locations. A considerable proportion of the phenotypic variation (PV) was accounted to these QTL. For instance, one major QTL on LG5 controlling SW (QTL 15) explained 50% PV in one location, while the same QTL accounted for 34.18% PV in other location. Importantly, the genomic region containing multiple QTL for different seed traits was mapped to a 17-cM region on LG5. The genomic region harbouring QTL for multiple traits opens up exciting opportunities for genomics assisted improvement of lentil.

Phenotypic variation of a potential food crop, &amp;lt;italic&amp;gt;Agriophyllum squarrosum&amp;lt;/italic&amp;gt;, impacted by environmental heterogeneity

Agriophyllum squarrosum , also called “sand rice”, is a pioneer annual plant endemic to mobile sand dunes across the temperate deserts of China. It has attracted great interest due to its high agro-ecology value. In this paper, based on a common garden experiment with 26 populations of A. squarrosum , we investigated the relationship between the bio-climatic factors of the original habitat and a couple of important agronomic traits, including Plant height (PH), Seed weight (SW), Stem diameter (STD), Basal branch length (BBL), Aboveground biomass (AGB) and Seed diameter (SED). In general, all the phenotypic traits were significantly related to the latitudinal gradient. Except for SED, all of the traits were higher in the South group than the North group. This result suggested that the South group tends toward vegetative growth, while the North group tends toward reproductive growth. Based on 19 bio-climatic factors from DIVA-GIS, a redundancy analysis with Cannock software showed that the North group was more affected by precipitation, whereas the South group was more affected by temperature. This phenomenon indicates that the natural variations in growth characteristics and energy distribution among the populations of A. squarrosum have been largely impacted by local adaptation and genetic differentiation. Our work supports empirical data for better understanding the ecological genetic basis of how psammophytes adapt to heterogeneous environments and provide important germplasm resources and evaluation methods for the domestication and breeding of A. squarrosum .

Morphological and Biometrical Characterization of Seeds of Some Algerians Lentil Accessions: Quantitative and Qualitative Characters

The preliminaries characterization of a collection of twenty three Algerians accessions of lentil (<i>Lens culinaris</i> M.) were done before sown. Seed thickness (STH), Seed diameter (SDM), thickness/diameter ratio (T/D) and Weight of 100 seeds (WHS), are a quantitative traits measured. Altitude and Rainfall of location of origin of accessions are considered as a supplement variables. Also, qualitative characters: Grain form (GFR), Ground color of seed testa (GCT), Pattern of testa (PAT), Cotyledons color (COC), were considered. From the result of Principal Component Analysis (PCA), axis 1 explains 65.08% of the variance in the qualitative character and it showed a strange negative correlation with seed diameter (SDM), Weight of 100 seeds (WHS) and altitude (ALT).Whereas, it was positively and significantly correlated with thickness/diameter ratio (T/D) variable. The second component, accounting for 23.58 % of the total variation, was correlated positively with seed thickness (STH). Hierarchical discriminate analysis revealed major differences between accessions from different regions. Three major regional groups were apparent: 1) a Western group characterized by accessions of the <i>Macrosperma</i> type, 2) a more Northern group of the <i>Microsperma</i> type and 3) A mixture group gathered all regions and the two types. Regarding qualitative traits, the application of Multiple Correspondence Analyses (MCA) showed that seeds with globular form (<i>Microsperma</i>) are two types: 1) Brown or green tasta with dotted seed coat pattern or note and yellow cotyledons and 2) Brown tasta with orange cotyledons. In addition, seeds with flat form (<i>Macrosperma</i>) are divided into two types: 1) Brown, Beige or Green tasta with yellow cotyledons, 2) Brown tasta with dotted seed coat pattern and yellow cotyledons.