Sedge Marsh Research Articles

Establishment and functioning of the savanna marshes of the Lopé National Park in Gabon since the termination of the African humid period and the arrival of humans 2500 years ago

Holocene paleoecological studies in tropical Africa are rare because most lakes either dried out at the termination of the African Humid Period or have since filled up. However, tropical sedge marshes can be an alternative to perform long-term ecological studies. The Lopé National Park (LNP) in Gabon is a mosaic of forest and savanna enclosed in the equatorial forest, where open areas facilitated the development of peat marshes accumulating several-meter-thick sediment. In order to reconstruct the historical dynamic in these marshes through a local and regional point of view, we compared sedimentological, continuous X-ray fluorescence, and stable isotopic analyses on sediment cores from six herbaceous marshes in the LNP. A reliable chronological frame was based on 50 14C dates, over the last 2500 years in most sites, and reaching 9000 years in one marsh. We show that the origin of these marshes is a major hydrological change, 3450 and 2300 years ago, that affected the entire region, almost concomitantly with the diffusion of Iron Age population. The sedimentation within marshes is homogenous with low intra-site variability. In contrast, high inter-sites variability evidences that the functioning of the marsh itself exerts a much more significant influence than in lakes. However, a regional event is recorded between 1400 and 800 years ago, concurrently with an archeological trace hiatus throughout the forest hinterland of West Central Africa.

Modern pollen–vegetation relationships within tropical marshes of Lopé National Park (Central Gabon)

In the Congo Basin, paleoenvironmental data are scarce, due to the lack of natural lakes. Using marshes sedimentary deposits as alternative archives requires the calibration of modern pollen assemblages, which are totally absent for these type of deposits. The aim of this study is to understand and qualify how well surface marsh sediment pollen assemblages reflect the contemporary vegetation. We compare pollen assemblages at the surface of 23 sedge marshes disseminated in an enclave of savanna in the Gabonese forest and vegetation surveys along transects from sampling areas. Very high diversity of forest pollen taxa is recorded, with a gradient of diversity from most open environments to those where the forest is closer, however savanna taxa remains low. The surface samples surprisingly reveal general weak percentages of Poaceae pollen grains that never exceed 25%. The low proportion of Poaceae is consistent with the deposition mode of pollen in these specific sites but challenges the common interpretation of a straightforward relationship between this percentage and savanna/forest balance.

Sugar factory sedimentation basins as a refugium of endangered soldierflies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) in the Czech Silesia (Czech Republic)

The wetland habitats created within the area of sugar factory sedimentation basins on the periphery of the Opava city (Czech Republic: Silesia) proved to be a secondary refuge of water-associated soldierflies (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), all of which had already disappeared from the surrounding agricultural landscape. A total of 12 species (9 with aquicolous larvae) have been recorded. Five species belong to endangered taxa in the Czech Republic, three being classified as vulnerable and two, Odontomyia angulata (Panzer 1798) and Odontomyia annulata (Meigen 1822) even as regionally extinct species. It is suggested that the impact of the sugar industry (sedimentation of waste water and sludge) positively influenced the water regime (by adding water) and chemistry (by increasing pH and Ca+ concentration in the water) of the area. These circumstances combined with the presence of abandoned basins and adjacent sedge marsh and flowering meadow constituted ideal conditions for breeding of jeopardized soldierflies with aquatic larvae.

Pasture usage by ancient pastoralists in the northern Kazakh steppe informed by carbon and nitrogen isoscapes of contemporary floral biomes

Identification of variation in pasture use by domesticated livestock has important implications for understanding the scale of animal husbandry and landscape use in modern and ancient societies alike. Here, we explore the influence of pasture floral composition, salinity, and water availability on the carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) isotopic composition of plants from the steppes of Kazakhstan. Our findings demonstrate geospatially defined differences in the isotopic composition of sedge marshes, saline marshes, and meadow steppes, information which we then use to inform animal management strategies used in the past. We then examine pasture usage by ancient livestock through carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of bone collagen from animals that grazed in the northern Kazakh steppe. Pasturing strategies varied according to livestock taxa, with horses exhibiting lower δ13C and δ15N values relative to cattle, sheep, and goat. We argue that horses, which are highly mobile and freely graze over pastures extending over wide areas, were grazed under an extensive pasturing system. These data suggest that the isotopic composition of contemporary vegetation communities can help inform animal management strategies used in the past.

Punctum lozekiN. Sp. — A New Minute Land-Snail Species (Gastropoda: Punctidae) from Siberia and Alaska

Punctum lozeki, new species, is described from damp forests and meadows of southern Siberia, Central Siberian plateau, southern Far East (Russia) and Alaska. The species is characterized by a very narrow deep funnel-shaped umbilicus and tumid whorls that expand rapidly in diameter. It was recorded at 21 sites, and it seems to be a rare species, particularly in Asia, being found at only approximately 5% of all explored and potentially suitable sites. It was limited to wet and mesic taiga, mostly inhabiting brook alluviums, wet calcium-rich woodlands, and treeless sedge marshes. It is only the third Punctum species, along with P. pygmaeum and P. ussuriense, currently recognized in extratropical Eurasia. It also seems to represent another example of a species with a Beringian distribution stretching from Alaska in North America to the Altai Mountains in Central Asia.

Biomass of a mangrove forest and a sedge marsh on Ishigaki Island, South Japan

Biomass of a mangrove forest and a sedge marsh on Ishigaki Island, South Japan

Měkkýši Dolanského rybníka (severní Čechy) – příspěvek k poznání měkkýšů CHKO Kokořínsko – Máchův kraj [Molluscs of the Dolanský rybník Pond (Northern Bohemia) – a contribution to the knowledge of molluscs of the Kokořínsko – Máchův kraj PLA

This study presents the results of a malacological survey of the Dolanský rybník Pond in the Kokořínsko – Máchův kraj Protected Landscape Area (Northern Bohemia, Czech Republic). Altogether 48 species of molluscs (14 freshwater and 27 terrestrial gastropods, 7 bivalves) were found at 8 sites. The most interesting result of this research was a discovery of a rare and endangered gastropod Pupilla alpicola. It is the first record of this relic species from Northern Bohemia. Vertigo moulinsiana, a relic from the Middle Holocene, was recorded at five studied sites in sedge marshes and reeds. This finding extended our knowledge about its distribution in the Kokořínsko – Máchův kraj PLA and this part of the Czech Republic.

Iron Reduction Along an Inundation Gradient in a Tidal Sedge (Cyperus malaccensis) Marsh: the Rates, Pathways, and Contributions to Anaerobic Organic Matter Mineralization

Incubation experiments were adopted to characterize the rates and pathways of iron reduction and the contributions to anaerobic organic matter mineralization in the upper 0–5 cm of sediments along a landscape-scale inundation gradient in tidal marsh sediments in the Min River Estuary, Southeast China. Similar sediment characteristics, single-species vegetation, varied biomass and bioturbation, distinct porewater pH, redox potential, and electrical conductivity values have resulted in a unique ecogeochemical zonation along the inundation gradient. Decreases in solid-phase Fe(III) and increases in nonsulfidic Fe(II) and iron sulfide were observed in a seaward direction. Porewater Fe2+ was only detected in the upland area. High rates of iron reduction were observed in incubation jars, with significant accumulations of nonsulfidic Fe(II), moderate accumulations of iron sulfides, and negligible accumulations of porewater Fe2+. Most of the iron reduction was microbially mediated rather than coupled to reduced sulfides. Microbial iron reduction accounted for 20–89 % of the anaerobic organic matter mineralization along the inundation gradient. The rate and dominance of microbial iron reduction generally decreased in a seaward direction. The contributions of microbial iron reduction to anaerobic organic matter mineralization depended on the concentrations of bioavailable Fe(III), the spatial distribution of which was significantly related to tidal inundation. Our results clearly showed that microbial iron reduction in the upper sediments along the gradient is highly dependent on spatial scales controlled primarily by tidal inundation.

Water mites (Acari, Hydrachnidia) of water bodies of the Krąpiel River valley: interactions in the spatial arrangement of a river valley

The present study is a discussion of the interactions between different types of water bodies in the spatial arrangement of a river valley, taking into account landscape data. The Hydrachnidia assemblages in particular types of valley water bodies (oxbows, riparian pools, permanent ponds, flooded alder carrs, sedge marshes, and springs) are strongly influenced by the spatial arrangement of the water bodies in the landscape. Moreover, the formation of a fauna in a particular type of valley water body is also influenced by its origin. For example, the faunas of the oxbow lakes and riparian pools would have many characteristics in common, as these two types of water body can be characterized as originating in the river. As many as 61 species common to the valley water bodies and the Krąpiel River were noted. In the interactions between the valley water bodies and the river, the direction of migration from the former to the latter was clearly predominant. Migration in the reverse direction, from the river to the valley water bodies, took place to a far lesser degree. CCA analysis of landscape variables showed the influences of certain landscape parameters on water mites. These should be regarded as indirect influences, but as a consequence of their effects, they influence the formation of specific types of Hydrachnidia assemblages.

Controls on ecosystem and root respiration across a permafrost and wetland gradient in interior Alaska

Permafrost is common to many northern wetlands given the insulation of thick organic soil layers, although soil saturation in wetlands can lead to warmer soils and increased thaw depth. We analyzed five years of soil CO2 fluxes along a wetland gradient that varied in permafrost and soil moisture conditions. We predicted that communities with permafrost would have reduced ecosystem respiration (ER) but greater temperature sensitivity than communities without permafrost. These predictions were partially supported. The colder communities underlain by shallow permafrost had lower ecosystem respiration (ER) than communities with greater active layer thickness. However, the apparent Q10 of monthly averaged ER was similar in most of the vegetation communities except the rich fen, which had smaller Q10 values. Across the gradient there was a negative relationship between water table position and apparent Q10, showing that ER was more temperature sensitive under drier soil conditions. We explored whether root respiration could account for differences in ER between two adjacent communities (sedge marsh and rich fen), which corresponded to the highest and lowest ER, respectively. Despite differences in root respiration rates, roots contributed equally (∼40%) to ER in both communities. Also, despite similar plant biomass, ER in the rich fen was positively related to root biomass, while ER in the sedge marsh appeared to be related more to vascular green area. Our results suggest that ER across this wetland gradient was temperature-limited, until conditions became so wet that respiration became oxygen-limited and influenced less by temperature. But even in sites with similar hydrology and thaw depth, ER varied significantly likely based on factors such as soil redox status and vegetation composition.

Magellanic Wetlands: More than Moor

Magellanic wetlands in the Patagonian steppe are unique habitats from the point of view of conservation and agriculture. Little is known about their environmental characteristics and plant communities. Our aim was to describe vegetation variability to improve current classifications and reveal environmental factors correlated with vegetation variability in the meadow wetlands (vegas) of southern Chilean Patagonia and Chilean Tierra del Fuego. Five vegetation types resulted from TWINSPAN classification and subsequent interpretation, based on which four new associations were delimited: Magellanic acidic marshes – the Scirpo cernui-Calthetum sagittatae, Magellanic alkaline wet grasslands – the Samolo spathulatae-Azorelletum trifurcatae, Magellanic tall sedge marshes – the Carici maclovianae-Agrostietum stoloniferae, and Magellanic pastures – the Hordeo lechleri-Trifolietum repentis. The fifth vegetation type, saline wetlands, is the rarest and so far the least known community. Magellanic wetland vegetation forms a gradient from short saline marshes to tall graminoid-dominated communities. They reflect a major soil gradient of pH and organic matter content, along with the content of major elements (N, P, K, Fe, Al). Other important factors are ground water regime and grazing intensity.

Apogean–perigean signals encoded in tidal flats at the fluvio–estuarine transition of Glacier Creek, Turnagain Arm, Alaska; implications for ancient tidal rhythmites

AbstractTurnagain Arm is a macrotidal fjord‐style estuary. Glacier Creek is a small, glacially fed stream which enters the estuary tangentially near Girdwood, Alaska. Trenches and daily sedimentation measurements were made in a mudflat along the fluvio–estuarine transition of Glacier Creek during several summers since 2003. Each year, the flats appear to erode during the winter and then accrete vertically in the spring and summer. In each of the years studied, tidal laminae in vertically thickening and thinning laminae bundles were deposited by twice daily tides in neap–spring tidal cycles. In 2004, bundles of thickening and thinning laminae couplets were noted in trenches cut into the flats. Five laminae bundles alternated between thicker and thinner bundles, corresponding to the perigean (high spring) and apogean (low spring) tides. Well‐preserved apogean–perigean cycles have rarely been documented in modern tidal flat sediments. At this location, vertical accretion of tidal rhythmites with well‐developed neap–spring cyclicity is possible because of the near‐complete removal of the flat from the previous year, which creates accommodation space for vertical accretion without significant reworking. Macrotidal conditions, no reworking by infaunal invertebrates, protection from the main tidal channel by a gravel bar and protection from storm waves and fluvial erosion by a recess in the sedge marsh that surrounds the flats all aid in preservation of rhythmites during aggradation. The position of the flats relative to tidal range allows for accumulation of complete spring cycles and incomplete neap cycles. In the summer of 2004, apogee and perigee were closely aligned with the new and full moons, resulting in successive strong perigee and apogee tides which probably aided in the accumulation of successive thick–thin spring cycles encoding the apogean and perigean tidal cycle. The apogean–perigean signal was not observed in subsequent years.

Shorebird and Passerine Abundance and Habitat Use at a High Arctic Breeding Site: Creswell Bay, Nunavut

Shorebirds and passerines were surveyed at Creswell Bay, Somerset Island, in the High Arctic Ecozone (Canadian Arctic Islands) during the breeding season (June and July, 1995–97) and in August 1995 (post-breeding). The study area, situated on the north and south sides of Creswell Bay, consisted of sedge marsh and sedge wetland in the lowest areas, with shrub tundra dominated by Dryas spp. or Cassiope spp. and sparse herbaceous tundra over more upland areas. Surveys were carried out on 400 x 400 m plots distributed among the vegetation types according to their relative amounts within the study areas (34 plots in 1995; 33 plus 56 new plots in 1997). Eleven shorebird and three passerine species were observed during the surveys. Densities of breeding shorebirds were similar in 1995 and 1997 (37.3 and 33.1 birds/km2), while in 1996 a late spring with heavy snow cover resulted in reduced numbers of birds and no breeding. Shorebirds and passerines were much more numerous in sedge marsh and sedge wetland. White-rumped sandpiper ( Calidris fuscicollis ) and red phalarope ( Phalaropus fulicarius ) were the most abundant shorebirds breeding at Creswell Bay, and Lapland longspur ( Calcarius lapponicus ) was the most abundant breeding passerine. White-rumped sandpiper and sanderling ( Calidris alba ) were the most numerous species present after the breeding period. American golden-plover ( Pluvialis dominica ), red phalarope, and white-rumped sandpiper showed significant habitat preferences. An estimated 10 341 (± 6596; 95% CI) shorebirds were on the north area in 1995 and 14 840 (± 10 744) on both areas in 1997. The estimated maximum numbers over both years of white-rumped sandpiper (6769 ± 3725) and buff-breasted sandpiper ( Tryngites subruficollis ) (908 ± 1169) at Creswell Bay were more than 1% of the species’ estimated national populations (1.5% and 5.1%, respectively). This abundance, along with the relatively high species diversity at this high-latitude site, warrants its continued status as a Canadian Wildlife Service “key habitat site,” and every possible effort should be made to ensure its long-term protection.

Coastal dynamics and cultural occupations on Choctawhatchee bay, Florida, U.S.A.

A multidisciplinary project on an archaeological site on theMitchell River, which feeds into Choctawhatchee Bay on the Floridapanhandle, was designed to understand human adaptations to a dynamic hydrological environment during the Middle and Late Archaic period (ca. 8000–3000 B.P.). Now in a freshwater environment, on a sandy terrace above the Mitchell River floodplain, the Mitchell River 1 archaeological site contains an oyster‐shell midden and other features indicating human exploitation of an estuarine environment. Estuarine exploitation at the site occurred over a long span of time, from around 7300 to 3400 2cal B.P., although the site was abandoned two or three times over the millennia. The site was more permanently abandoned after 3400 B.P. Because estuarine shellfish, such as oysters, are low trophic level species, they have been considered marginal resources, and archaeologists modeling collector strategies assume that people will not travel far to obtain them. Under an optimal foraging model, estuarine resources should have been closer to the site than at present. A multidisciplinary team was assembled to address whether a mid‐Holocene sea‐level highstand had produced estuarine conditions in the Mitchell River floodplain during the Archaic. Using microfossils and stratigraphy from a dated core taken in the floodplain due south of the site, the project members attempted to correlate the changing paleoenvironment with human occupation and abandonment of the area. Results indicate that, at ca. 7300 cal B.P., when the Mitchell River 1 site was first inhabited, the floodplain was a shallow, open, sedge marsh. The site inhabitants must have traveled some distance to gather the oysters and other estuarine species that were discarded on the site. The earliest occupation was brief, but the site was reoccupied between 5900 and 5300 cal B.P., when the floodplain had become a Taxodium/Nyssa swamp. Site deposits indicate intensive exploitation of oyster and to a lesser extent Rangia, which may have been closer to the site than at 7300 B .P. but still would have required some travel. At some point, the mouth of the Mitchell River was forced eastward, and the bayhead delta, recognized as a 2‐meter‐deep wedge of sand in the core, was located adjacent to the site. By 4700 cal B.P., brackish water conditions prevailed, although direct evidence of oyster beds in the immediate area is lacking. Unfortunately, scouring of the core sediments sometime after 4700 cal B.P. destroyed the paleoenvironmental record for the lastpart of the Archaic occupation of the site. However, some evidence in Core 1, along with research elsewhere on the Florida panhandle, suggests that catastrophic storms may have played a part in the more permanent abandonment of the site after 3400 B.P.

New records of Vertigo moulinsiana (Gastropoda: Vertiginidae) and notes on its distribution and habitats in the Czech Republic

Vertigo moulinsiana (Dupuy, 1849) was found in 2003–2005 in Northern Bohemia (Czech Republic) at 11 sites. All these sites are situated on floodplains of smaller streams in a sandstone area. The known occurrence of this endangered relict in the Czech Republic is concentrated in three areas – a large area of Bohemian Cretaceous Basin, a floodplain near villages Břežany and Božice (Dyje River Basin) in Southern Moravia and small, isolated, treeless fens in the White Carpathians (Bílé Karpaty Mts.). The principal habitats where V. moulinsiana lives in the Czech Republic are sedge marshes, Typha swamps, reed swamps (with Carex spp.), alder carrs (also with Carex spp.) and tufa-forming spring fens.

Effects of restoration measures on plant communities of wet heathland ecosystems

AbstractQuestion: Which are the success and failure of restoration measures, particularly sod‐cutting and hydrological measures, in small wetlands on mineral soils in The Netherlands.Location: Twente, in the eastern part of The Netherlands.Methods: Success or failure of restoration measures has been assessed by comparing experimental plots with that in reference plots for (1) species richness, (2) re‐establishment of endangered species and (3) species composition, including life forms and Red List species. In total 119 samples were taken in 42 permanent plots in fen meadows, small‐sedge marshes, wet heathlands, and soft‐water pools. Topsoil samples were analysed for pH, Ca, Mg, Na, K and Cation Exchange Capacity. Gradient analysis was carried out by means of Canonical Correspondence Analysis.Results: Sod‐cutting, in combination with re‐wetting measures (infilling of ditches and drains), led to restoration of communities of soft‐water pools and small sedge marshes within five years. This rapid recovery is probably related to the presence of persistent seed banks of the component species of these communities. Complete restoration of fen meadows took longer (10–15 yr). Apparently, many species of fen meadows have short‐lived seed banks. Sod‐cutting of a degraded wet heathland and a soft‐water pool was only successful temporarily, probably as a consequence of low water tables.Conclusions: To prevent depletion of (persistent) soil seed banks, sod‐cutting in nutrient‐poor wetlands is not recommended in areas where the groundwater regime and the base status of the soil can not be restored to levels required by plant communities of wet heathlands.

Effects of spring flood and water level draw‐down on methane dynamics in the littoral zone of boreal lakes

1. The annual dynamics of methane (CH4) in a temporarily flooded meadow, mire bank, lacustrine sedge fen, temporarily and continuously inundated sedge (Carex sp.) and reed (Phragmites australis) marshes were studied from June to November in the humic mesoeutrophic Lake Mekrijärvi and in eutrophicated parts of the mesotrophic Lake Heposelkä in the southern part of East Finland. The effects of water level and temperature on littoral CH4 fluxes were determined. Vegetation zonation along the moisture gradient, and associated CH4 fluxes, were evaluated.2. The CH4 flux increased along the moisture gradient from –0.2 to 14.2 mg CH4 m–2 h–1, and was highest in the permanently inundated marshes. The duration of anoxia in the sediment caused differences in the CH4 flux. Estimated emissions for the period 1 June – 30 September in continuously inundated sparse reed and sedge marshes, drying sedge marsh, and lacustrine sedge fen were 13, 11 and 6 g CH4 m–2, respectively.3. In continuously inundated vegetation, the fluxes were highest in late July/early August. The seasonal CH4 flux pattern suggested that the fluxes were regulated by the supply of organic matter during the course of the summer and the water level. In the temporarily flooded zone, the seasonal CH4 flux dynamics was greatly affected by changes in the lake water level, the fluxes being highest during the spring flood in early June.

Floristica da restinga de Camburi, Vitória, ES

Este trabalho consistiu no levantamento florístico e classificação da vegetação de restinga em Camburi, Vitória, ES. Foram realizadas coletas mensais na área de estudo, que totalizaram 211 espécies distribuídas em 70 famílias, sendo Fabaceae (19 espécies), Myrtaceae (14), Euphorbiaceae (10), Rubiaceae (10), Cyperaceae (9), Sapindaceae (7) e Lauraceae (7) as mais importantes quanto ao número de espécies. A região apresenta remanescentes das comunidades mata seca, aberta de Ericaceae e brejo herbáceo, além de áreas degradadas com espécies pioneiras. A maioria das espécies possui ampla distribuição pela costa brasileira, no entanto, outros padrões foram encontrados. Erythroxylum tênue Plowman, Ocotea nutans (Nees) Mez, Miconia brevipes Benth., Prescottia plantaginea Lindl., Pseudolaelia vellozicola (Hoehne) Porto & Brade e Coccocypselum hirsutum Bartl. ex DC. são citadas pela primeira vez para as restingas do Espírito Santo.

Body dimensions and mass of breeding and hatched Black-tailed Godwits (Limosa l. limosa): a comparison between a West Siberian and a Dutch population

The breeding biology and habitat preference of the Black-tailed Godwit (Limosa l. limosa) was studied in the West Siberian forest-steppe in May and June 1995. The godwits prefer reed and sedge marsh and edges of ponds and depressions. They breed in small aggregations together with other waders such as Lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), Marsh Sandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis), Redshank (Tringa totanus), Common Snipe (Gallinago gallinago) and Great Snipe (Gallinago media). A remarkable resemblance of breeding birds was noticed between the Siberian steppe and the ‘meadowbird’ community as found in The Netherlands in the 1950’s. Comparisons of biometrics between Siberian and West European Black-tailed godwits showed significant differences. Black-tailed Godwits from Siberia are in all aspects larger than their European conspecifics. Egg volumes and hatchling weights decreased in the course of the season. Breeding success in 1995 was low owing to intense predation by Hooded Crow (Corvus corone cornix) and Magpie (Pica pica).

A spectrofluorimetric study of the binding of carbofuran, carbaryl, and aldicarb with dissolved organic matter

This study examined the binding of carbamate pesticides with dissolved organic matter (DOM) using fluorescence quenching and synchronous scan fluorescence spectroscopy (SSFS). Fluorescence spectra of the three pesticides were characterized as follows: carbofuran and carbaryl fluoresce at 305 and 330 nm, respectively, upon excitation at 276–279 nm, whereas, aldicarb shows broad emission at 350–380 nm upon excitation at 326 nm. A fluorescence quenching technique was used to obtain conditional binding constants for the carbamate pesticides with Aldrich humic acid under fixed conditions of 22°C and pH 6. The binding constant of carbofuran with humic acid is greater than the binding constants of both carbaryl and aldicarb. Estimates were also obtained for the binding of carbofuran with DOM samples from a coniferous forest soil O horizon, a deciduous forest soil O horizon, a sedge marsh wetland, and a stream in the drainage sequence and their molecular weight (MW) fractions. Those conditional binding constants were used to predict the potential transport of carbofuran in the drainage sequence. When binding constants and DOM concentrations were both taken into account, it was found that DOM from the coniferous forest O horizon had the largest capacity to bind and to transport carbofuran in the drainage sequence. SSFS was used to probe the binding mechanisms of DOM with carbofuran. Overall, the potential mobility of carbofuran in the upland–wetland–stream drainage sequence was significantly enhanced via binding with DOM.