Healthy Sedentary Adults Research Articles

The Impact of Whole Pureed Mango on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Immune Function After Post-exhaustive Exercise in Healthy Sedentary Young Adults

The Impact of Whole Pureed Mango on Inflammatory Biomarkers and Immune Function After Post-exhaustive Exercise in Healthy Sedentary Young Adults

Efficacy of Pea Protein Supplementation in Combination with a Resistance Training Program on Muscle Performance in a Sedentary Adult Population: A Randomized, Comparator-Controlled, Parallel Clinical Trial.

Animal-sourced whey protein (WPr) is the most popular protein supplement among consumers and has been shown to improve muscle mass and strength. However, due to allergies, dietary restrictions/personal choices, and growing demand, alternative protein sources are warranted. Sedentary adults were randomized to pea protein (PPr) or WPr in combination with a weekly resistance training program for 84 days. Changes in whole-body muscle strength (WBMS) including handgrip, lower body, and upper body strength, body composition, and product perception were assessed. The safety outcomes included adverse events, vital signs, clinical chemistry, and hematology. There were no significant differences in the change in WBMS, muscle mass, or product perception and likability scores between the PPr and WPr groups. The participants supplemented with PPr had a 16.1% improvement in WBMS following 84 days of supplementation (p = 0.01), while those taking WPr had an improvement of 11.1% (p = 0.06). Both study products were safe and well-tolerated in the enrolled population. Eighty-four days of PPr supplementation resulted in improvements in strength and muscle mass comparable to WPr when combined with a resistance training program in a population of healthy sedentary adults. PPr may be considered as a viable alternative to animal-sourced WPr without sacrificing muscular gains and product enjoyment.

Acute and Chronic Endothelial Responses to Home-based High Intensity Interval Training in Healthy Older Adults

Advancing age is associated with endothelial dysfunction, a key early event in atherosclerosis development. Endurance exercise is recommended for cardiovascular disease prevention and some studies report endurance exercise training has beneficial effects on endothelial function in older adults. We have recently developed a supervised home-based exercise intervention using high intensity interval training on an all-extremity non-weight-bearing ergometer (HIIT-ANE). We tested the hypotheses that in healthy older adults: 1) endothelial function is improved in response to chronic HIIT-ANE, 2) the acute endothelial responses to HIIT-ANE are different in the trained and untrained states, and 3) the acute and chronic endothelial responses to HIIT-ANE are related. We assessed flow-mediated dilation (FMD), a measure of endothelial function, using brachial artery ultrasonography in twenty healthy sedentary older adults (age: 66±1, means ± SE; 11 postmenopausal women and 9 men). FMD was assessed: 1) in response to chronic HIIT-ANE (at baseline, after 8 weeks of normal lifestyle (control condition), and after 8 weeks of home-based HIIT-ANE) and 2) in response to a single session of HIIT-ANE (at pre-exercise, end of exercise and 1-hr and 24-hrs post-exercise), in the untrained and trained states. Following 8 weeks of HIIT-ANE, FMD was improved compared with baseline (3.39±0.30 vs. 4.18±0.46 %, P=0.005), but was not significantly changed from pre- to post-HIIT-ANE (3.68±0.44 vs. 4.18±0.46 %, P=0.3) or from baseline to post-control (3.39±0.30 vs. 3.68±0.44 %, P=0.4). In the untrained state, FMD was attenuated in response to a single bout of HIIT-ANE from pre- to 1-hr post-exercise (4.15±0.35 vs. 2.92±0.36 %, P=0.0004) and returned to pre-exercise level in 24-hrs post-exercise (4.15±0.35 vs. 3.98±0.40 %, P=1). In the trained state, the acute FMD response to HIIT-ANE was similar to the untrained state (P=0.6 for training state × time). The chronic change in FMD was inversely related with the acute change in FMD in the trained state (ρ=-0.70; p<0.001), but not in the untrained state (ρ=-0.12; P=0.6). Biological sex did not significantly influence the acute or chronic FMD responses to HIIT-ANE (P≥0.1). In healthy older adults: 1) FMD is improved following 8-weeks of home-based remotely supervised HIIT-ANE compared to baseline, 2) FMD is attenuated and normalized within 24 hours of a single session of HIIT-ANE, and 3) chronic changes in FMD are related to acute changes in FMD. This work was supported by the National Institute of Aging grant AG063143. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

High-dose atorvastatin therapy progressively decreases skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity in humans.

BACKGROUNDWhile the benefits of statin therapy on atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease are clear, patients often experience mild to moderate skeletal myopathic symptoms, the mechanism for which is unknown. This study investigated the potential effect of high-dose atorvastatin therapy on skeletal muscle mitochondrial function and whole-body aerobic capacity in humans.METHODSEight overweight (BMI, 31.9 ± 2.0) but otherwise healthy sedentary adults (4 females, 4 males) were studied before (day 0) and 14, 28, and 56 days after initiating atorvastatin (80 mg/d) therapy.RESULTSMaximal ADP-stimulated respiration, measured in permeabilized fiber bundles from muscle biopsies taken at each time point, declined gradually over the course of atorvastatin treatment, resulting in > 30% loss of skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation capacity by day 56. Indices of in vivo muscle oxidative capacity (via near-infrared spectroscopy) decreased by 23% to 45%. In whole muscle homogenates from day 0 biopsies, atorvastatin inhibited complex III activity at midmicromolar concentrations, whereas complex IV activity was inhibited at low nanomolar concentrations.CONCLUSIONThese findings demonstrate that high-dose atorvastatin treatment elicits a striking progressive decline in skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacity, highlighting the need for longer-term dose-response studies in different patient populations to thoroughly define the effect of statin therapy on skeletal muscle health.FUNDINGNIH R01 AR071263.

The Effect of 8-Week Protein Supplementation with a Simple Exercise Program on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and Amino Acid OMICS among Healthy Sedentary Indians: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial.

Dietary protein plays a crucial role in the modulation of several physiological processes to sustain health and well-being. There is robust evidence of enhanced muscle protein synthesis, improved physical fitness, body composition, and performance contributed by protein supplementation combined with exercise among trained individuals or athletes. Evidence of the efficacy of such intervention on healthy adults having a sedentary lifestyle is limited. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of 12 g of additional protein in the form of a protein supplement compared to a placebo combined with a simple exercise program on plasma amino acid level, body composition, and muscle strength among healthy Indian adults having a relatively sedentary lifestyle. This double-blinded, randomized controlled trial was conducted on sedentary healthy adults 20-45 years of age, with a body mass index (BMI) between 18.5 and 27.9 kg/m2. Eighty-two participants were randomized into either the protein (intervention) or placebo (control) group. The exercise regime was the same for both groups. Out of 82 randomized participants, 58 completed the intervention. Blood tests were conducted for the amino acid OMICS measurement followed by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for body composition and isokinetic dynamometry for muscle strength. A significant improvement was observed in the lean mass (kg) and appendicular muscle mass (AMM) adjusted for weight in the intervention group compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The muscle strength and contractile quality were comparable in the 2 groups. Plasma BCAA showed a significant negative association with body fat % (r = -0.43, p < 0.05 for the intervention group and r = -0.33, p = 0.07 for the control group) and a positive association with lean body mass % (r = 0.56, p < 0.01 in the intervention group vs r = 0.29, p = 0.10 in the control group) in the intervention group compared to control. In conclusion, this study highlighted the value of incorporating a lifestyle intervention including protein supplementation with simple exercises to optimize body composition in sedentary healthy individuals. This trial is registered with CTRI/2018/12/016777.

Lower limb balance, ankle dorsiflexion, orofacial tissue pressure, and occlusal force of rugby players

This cross-sectional study examined the lower limb balance, ankle dorsiflexion, orofacial tissue pressure, and occlusal strength of rugby players. Twenty-six participants were divided into groups: rugby players (n ​= ​13) and healthy sedentary adults (n ​= ​13). Participants underwent an analysis of lower limb balance using a composite score (Y-Balance Test). Ankle dorsiflexion was measured using the Lunge Test. The Iowa Oral Performance Instrument was employed to measure orofacial tissue pressure. Bite force was measured with a dynamometer, and T-Scan assessed occlusal contact distribution. Data were analyzed using the t-test (p ​< ​0.05) and ANCOVA with age and weight as covariates, where it is possible to verify that these factors did not influence the results obtained. Significant differences were observed in the balance of the right (p ​= ​0.07) and left (p ​= ​0.02) lower limbs, where rugby players had lower composite scores. There were significant differences in the right (p ​= ​0.005) and left (p ​= ​0.004) lunges, with rugby players showing lower values, as well as lower tongue pressure (p ​= ​0.01) and higher lip pressure (p ​= ​0.03), with significant differences to sedentary participants. There was no significant difference in molar bite force and distribution occlusal contacts between groups. Rugby seems to reduce lower limb displacement, cause ankle hypomobility, lead to changes in orofacial tissues, particularly the tongue and lips. This study is significant for identifying significant differences between rugby players and sedentary individuals, providing new insights into the impact of rugby on health and performance, which can benefit sports training and injury prevention.

Physical exercise improves memory in sedentary middle-aged adults: Are these exercise-induced benefits associated with S-Klotho and 1,25-dihydroxivitamin D? The FIT-AGEING randomized controlled trial.

We aimed to investigate the effect of three types of exercise interventions on memory (i.e., immediate memory (IM), long-term memory (LTM), and recognition). We also investigated whether exercise-induced changes in circulating S-Klotho and 1,25-dihydroxivitamin D (1,25(OH)2 D) levels were related to those observed in memory in healthy middle-aged sedentary adults. A 12-week randomized controlled trial was performed with a parallel-group design. Seventy-four participants (45-65 years old: 53% women) were randomly assigned to (1) no exercise (control) group, (2) concurrent training based on the international physical activity recommendations (PAR) group, (3) high-intensity interval training (HIIT) group, or (4) HIIT plus whole-body electromyostimulation (HIIT-EMS) group. Memory outcomes were assessed using the Wechsler Memory Scale-third edition. S-Klotho plasma levels were determined according to a solid-phase sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit while 1,25(OH)2 D plasma levels were measured using a DiaSorin-Liaison immunochemiluminometric analyzer. IM-Verbal Paired Associates (IM-VPA) and IM-Logical Memory (IM-LM) were improved in both the HIIT and HIIT-EMS groups compared with the control group (all p ≤ 0.045). Exercise-induced changes in S-Klotho plasma levels were positively associated with those observed in IM, LTM, and recognition (all p ≤ 0.007), whereas exercise-induced changes in 1,25(OH)2 D plasma levels were directly related to changes in IM and LTM (all p ≤ 0.048). In conclusion, a 12-week HIIT intervention with or without WB-EMS seems to be the most effective exercise program to improve IM. The significant and positive associations between exercise-induced changes in S-Klotho and 1,25(OH)2 D levels with those observed in memory outcomes suggest that these factors may be potentially related to exercise-induced improvements of memory in middle-aged adults.

The Health and Functional Benefits of Eccentric versus Concentric Exercise Training: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

This review compared the effects of eccentric versus concentric exercise training in healthy people and people with metabolic disease. A systematic search on Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, SPORTDiscus, Web of Science, SCOPUS and PubMed was conducted in February 2022. Randomised controlled trials conducted on sedentary healthy adults or those with an existing metabolic disease that compared eccentric versus concentric exercise training interventions of four weeks or longer that involved multiple joints and large muscle groups (e.g., walking, whole-body resistance training) were included in the review. The primary outcome was glucose handling, measured as HbA1c, HOMA, fasting glucose or insulin. Measures of cardiovascular health, muscle strength, and functional physical fitness were secondary outcomes. Nineteen trials involving 618 people were included. Results of meta-analyses showed that eccentric exercise had no benefit to glucose handling (HbA1c level; SMD - 0.99; 95% CI, -2.96 to 0.98; n = 74; P = 0.32) but resulted in significant increases in overall muscle strength (SMD 0.70; 95% CI 0.25 to 1.15; n = 224; P = 0.003) and decreases in blood pressure (Systolic Blood Pressure; MD -6.84; 95% CI, -9.84 to -3.84; n = 47, P = 0.00001, and Diastolic Blood Pressure; MD -6.39; 95% CI -9.62 to -3.15; n = 47, P = 0.0001). Eccentric exercise is effective for improving strength and some markers of cardiovascular health compared to traditional exercise modalities. Additional high-quality studies are necessary to validate these results. (PROSPERO registration: CRD42021232167).

Evaluation of Caffeine Ingested Timing on Endurance Performance based on CYP1A2 rs762551 Profiling in Healthy Sedentary Young Adults.

Caffeine is generally suggested to increase VO2max in endurance performance. Nevertheless, the response to caffeine ingestion does not seem to be uniform across individuals. Therefore, caffeine ingested timing on endurance performance based on the type of CYP1A2 single nucleotide polymorphism rs762551, that were classified as fast and slow metabolizers, need to be evaluated. Thirty participants participated in this study. DNA was obtained from saliva samples and genotyped using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism. Each respondent completed beep tests under three treatments blindly: placebo, 4 mg/kg body mass of caffeine one hour, and two hours before test. Caffeine increased estimated VO2max in fast metabolizers (caffeine=29.39±4.79, placebo=27.33±4.02, p<0.05) and slow metabolizers (caffeine=31.25±6.19, placebo=29.17±5.32, p<0.05) in one hour before test. Caffeine also increased estimated VO2max in fast metabolizers (caffeine=28.91±4.65, placebo=27.33±4.02, p<0.05) and slow metabolizers (caffeine=32.53±6.68, placebo=29.17±5.32, p<0.05) in two hour before test. However, for slow metabolizers, the increasing was greater when caffeine was administered two hours before test (slow=3.37±2.07, fast=1.57±1.62, p<0.05). Genetic variance may affect the optimal caffeine ingestion timing, sedentary individuals who want to enhance their endurance performance may ingest caffeine 1 hour before exercise for fast metabolizers and 2 hours before exercise for slow metabolizers.

CHARACTERISTICS OF OLDER ADULTS' LEISURE ACTIVITIES: A DAILY DIARY INVESTIGATION

Abstract Leisure activity engagement in older adults’ daily lives is well-documented, however, relatively few studies include participant-reported activities using prospective daily diary methods. The goal of the study was to examine the proportion of three types of reported leisure activities and how physical health moderated such activities. Two weeks of self-reported leisure activities examined among healthy sedentary community-dwelling adults from the Cognitive and Physical Exercise Study (N=33, 65-81 years, 442 unique data points). Each day, participants listed leisure activities performed, estimated time spent on each activity, and labeled the activities as cognitive, physical, and/or social. Physical health was assessed by the SF-12 at baseline. Across 14 days, 25.14% of reported activities were labeled as cognitive activities, 26.61% were labeled as social activities, and 22.97% were labeled as physical activities. Multilevel models indicated participants’ engagement in different domains of activities were not influenced by physical health and did not change over time.

The Effect of High-Intensity Interval Training on Blood Lactate Levels and Rate of Perceived Exertion in Sedentary Healthy Adults

The high-intensity interval training has been seen to be beneficial for various populations. This study aimed to determine the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on blood lactate levels and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) in sedentary healthy adults. A pre-post study was conducted on adults that were stated healthy and sedentary on physical activity. All participants were given HIIT with a total duration of 20 minutes for 12 sessions using a treadmill. Blood lactate level and RPE was recorded on the 1st and 12th session. A significant decrease in blood lactate level and RPE after giving HIIT was found with a reduction of 1,1 mmol/ L and 2 on the Borg Scale respectively (p&lt;0.0001). Further research is needed using field-based exercise testing to determine exercise prescription and to obtain the benefit of HIIT in populations with cardiovascular risk factors before utilizing it in patients.

The Effects of a Single Bout of High- or Moderate-Intensity Yoga Exercise on Circulating Inflammatory Mediators: A Pilot Feasibility Study.

There is a knowledge gap in the physiological effects of short-term yoga exercise interventions. To evaluate the feasibility of a randomized controlled trial (RCT) assessing the acute effects of a yoga exercise protocol practiced at 2 intensities (high or moderate) on temporal responses of a battery of systemic circulatory cytokines in healthy yoga-naïve adults. This study was a three-arm, pre-post pilot-RCT employing a single bout of yoga exercise intervention. Groups were high-intensity yoga (HY, n = 10), moderate-intensity yoga (MY, n = 10), and a sedentary, no-intervention control group (CON, n = 10). Blood samples were collected at baseline and post-intervention at 6 timepoints (0-, 30-, 60-, 120-, 180-minutes, and 24-hours post-intervention) and were processed with a pre-defined inflammatory panel of 13 cytokines. Heart rate (HR) was assessed with a Polar H10® device. The PROMIS Pain intensity Questionnaire was used to assess body soreness. We demonstrate feasibility of recruitment, randomization, and retention of participants based upon predetermined metrics, including: proportion of eligible to enrolled participants (55%); recruitment period (11-months); participant retention (97%); completion rate for questionnaires (99%); completion of physiological measures (98%); and adherence to the yoga exercise protocol (88%). Cytokine levels over time were heterogeneous within and between groups. Responses of a subset of cytokines were positively correlated with 1 another in high- and moderate-intensity yoga exercise groups but not in the control group. Median values for HR were 91 (IQR: 71-95) in the HY, 95 (IQR: 88-100) in the MY, and 73 (IQR: 72-75) in the CON. Pre-post changes in body soreness after the yoga exercise intervention were most evident in the HY group. Along with observed trends in select cytokines, findings encourage a more definitive trial aimed at understanding the short-term effects of yoga exercise on inflammatory immune markers and pain in sedentary healthy adults. Clinicaltrials.gov ID# NCT04444102.

Group III/IV Afferent Activation During Prolonged Sitting With Mild-Hypercapnia In Middle-Aged Adults: A Pilot Study

Prolonged sitting (PS) and sedentarism in the US has significantly increased in recent decades, leading many adults to spend a majority of their workday sedentary. Uninterrupted PS has been shown to cause endothelial dysfunction in the lower limbs, leading to an increased risk for cardiovascular disease such as peripheral arterial disease. Additionally, elevations in carbon dioxide (hypercapnia), commonly observed in crowded environments such as workplaces and/or classrooms, have been known to impair cardiovascular function. Interruptions to PS by muscular contraction can prevent the negative effects attributed to PS. However, the underlying mechanisms of these muscle contractions in the prevention of the negative effects of PS within a hypercapnic condition in middle-aged adults, is currently unknown. PURPOSE: Examine the impacts of muscle contraction, specifically, group III/IV muscle afferent activation via passive and active leg movement in middle aged adults during prolonged sitting in a mild hypercapnic environment. METHODS: Healthy sedentary middle-aged adults (n =4, 48± 7 years old) participated. Utilizing a randomized control design participants completed 2 visits: control (CON) and active (group III/IV muscle afferent activation, ACT). Each visit included 2.5 hours of PS in a mild-hypercapnic environment to determine how activation of group III (mechanosensitive reflex) and/or group IV (metabosensitive reflex) afferents affect cardiovascular function respectively. RESULTS: Responses to ACT between 0-min and 250-min showed a 12% increase in blood flow (BF) and a 27.74% increase in shear rate (SR), while CON showed a 0.23% decrease in BF and an 8.9% increase in SR. Flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the popliteal artery increased following ACT (2.45 ± 0.82%) and decreased in CON (-1.45 ± 1.21%) while brachial artery FMD found increases in both conditions (ACT: 4.075 ± 0.92%, CON: 0.76 ± 0.54%). CONCLUSION: The findings from this study provide a novel insight towards the cardiovascular effects of PS within mild hypercapnia in sedentary middle-aged adults and the role of group III and IV muscle afferent activation for the mechanism(s) behind the preservation of vascular function via muscular contraction. Supported by the University of Nebraska at Omaha Graduate Research and Creative Activity grant.

Aerobic exercise training and neurocognitive function in cognitively normal older adults: A one-year randomized controlled trial.

Current evidence is inconsistent on the benefits of aerobic exercise training for preventing or attenuating age-related cognitive decline in older adults. To investigate the effects of a 1-year progressive, moderate-to-high intensity aerobic exercise intervention on cognitive function, brain volume, and cortical thickness in sedentary but otherwise healthy older adults. We randomized 73 older adults to a 1-year aerobic exercise or stretching-and-toning (active control) program. The primary outcome was a cognitive composite score calculated from eight neuropsychological tests encompassing inductive reasoning, long-term and working memory, executive function, and processing speed. Secondary outcomes were brain volume and cortical thickness assessed by MRI, and cardiorespiratory fitness measured by peak oxygen uptake (VO2 ). One-year aerobic exercise increased peak VO2 by ∼10% (p < 0.001) while it did not change with stretching (p = 0.241). Cognitive composite scores increased in both the aerobic and stretching groups (p < 0.001 for time effect), although no group difference was observed. Total brain volume (p < 0.001) and mean cortical thickness (p = 0.001) decreased in both groups over time, while the reduction in hippocampal volume was smaller in the stretching group compared with the aerobic group (p = 0.040 for interaction). Across all participants, improvement in peak VO2 was positively correlated with increases in cognitive composite score (r = 0.282, p = 0.042) and regional cortical thickness at the inferior parietal lobe (p = 0.016). One-year aerobic exercise and stretching interventions improved cognitive performance but did not prevent age-related brain volume loss in sedentary healthy older adults. Cardiorespiratory fitness gain was positively correlated with cognitive performance and regional cortical thickness.

Associations between heart rate variability and maximal fat oxidation in two different cohorts of healthy sedentary adults

Background and aimsResting heart rate variability (HRV) and maximal fat oxidation (MFO) during exercise are both considered as a noninvasive biomarkers for early detection of cardiovascular risk factors. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the relationship between resting HRV parameters and MFO during exercise, and the intensity of exercise that elicit MFO (Fatmax) in healthy sedentary adults. Methods and resultsA total of 103 healthy young adults (22.2 ± 2.3 years old, 67% female; from the ACTIBATE cohort) and 67 healthy middle-aged adults (53.1 ± 5.0 years old, 52% female; from the FIT-AGEING cohort) were included in this cross-sectional study. HRV was assessed using a Polar RS800CX heart rate monitor, while MFO and Fatmax were determined during a graded exercise treadmill test using indirect calorimetry. No significant associations were observed for healthy young adults (standardized β coefficients ranged from −0.063 to 0.094, and all P ≥ 0.347) and for middle-aged adults (standardized β coefficients ranged from −0.234 to 0.090, and all P ≥ 0.056). Nevertheless, only a weak association was observed between one HRV parameter in time-domain (the percentage of R-R intervals that shows a difference higher than 50 ms [pNN50]) and MFO in the cohort of middle-aged adults (β coefficient = −0.279, and P = 0.033). ConclusionThe results of this study suggest that resting HRV parameters are not associated with MFO and Fatmax during exercise in two independent cohorts of healthy sedentary young and middle-aged adults, respectively.

A comparison of low and high dose of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on heart rate recovery of the sedentary adults: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial.

Heart rate recovery (HRR) has been used as a prognostication marker of health. A slower drop in HRR is linked to a higher risk of cardiovascular diseases and all-cause mortality. Since aerobic exercise has been shown to have favorable effects on HRR, we aimed to compare the effects of two different aerobic exercise doses on HRR among a sedentary adult population. A pragmatic randomised controlled trial was conducted on 29 healthy sedentary adults (seven males and 22 females) in a 12-week exercise program. They were randomly assigned to group A (75 min/week, N.=15) or group B (150 min/week, N.=14) of moderate intensity aerobic exercise groups. HRR at 1-minute (HRR1), HRR at 2-minute (HRR2), and peak oxygen uptake (VO<inf>2peak</inf>) were measured pre- and post-intervention. The improvements of HRR1 and HRR2 were seen in both groups but was only significant (P<0.05) for group A with HRR1, -4.07 bpm (post 24.47±6.42 - pre 20.40±5.51, P=0.018) and HHR2, -3.93 bpm (post 43.40±13.61 - pre 39.47±10.68, P=0.046). Group B showed increment of HRR1, -1.14 bpm (post 21.14±5.35 - pre 20.00±6.30, P=0.286) and HRR2, -2.5 bpm, (post 39.36±8.01 - pre 36.86±9.57, P=0.221). Improvement of the VO<inf>2peak</inf> was only significant in group B with an increment of 1.52±2.61 (P=0.049). In conclusion, our study suggests that improvements in heart rate recovery (HRR1 and HRR2) among sedentary healthy adults can be achieved by engaging in moderate intensity exercise at a dose lower than the current recommended guidelines. The lower dose seems to be more attainable and may encourage exercise compliance. Future studies should further explore the effects of different exercise volumes on HRR in a larger sample size and also by controlling for BMI or gender.

Pre-sleep Protein Supplementation Affects Energy Metabolism and Appetite in Sedentary Healthy Adults

PurposeTo assess the acute effect of pre-sleep protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise on energy metabolism (including 24-h total energy expenditure (TEE), sleep energy expenditure (SEE), basal energy expenditure (BEE), glycolipid oxidation, and appetite of sedentary adults.MethodsA total of thirty-one sedentary participants completed this randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Participants completed the following 24-h experimental conditions in random order in the Human Calorimeter chamber: (1) 40-g protein supplementation with dinner before a nighttime resistance exercise, and followed by pre-sleep placebo intake (PRO-PLA); (2) placebo intake with dinner before a nighttime resistance exercise, and followed by pre-sleep 40-g protein supplementation (PLA-PRO); and (3) placebo supplementation both with dinner and pre-sleep combined with a nighttime resistance exercise (PLA). Subjective appetite score before breakfast the next day was evaluated using the visual analog scale.ResultsThe SEE values were significantly higher by a mean of 21.7 kcal and 33.3 kcal in PRO-PLA (318.3 ± 44.3 kcal) and PLA-PRO (329.9 ± 45.2 kcal), respectively, than in PLA (296.6 ± 46.6 kcal). In addition, the SEE values for PLA-PRO was also significantly higher by 11.6 kcal than that for PRO-PLA. Further, the fullness the next morning was significantly higher by 30.8% in PLA-PRO (43.9 ± 23.5 mm) than in PLA (33.5 ± 26.6 mm). These effects remained after adjustment for 24-h energy intake.ConclusionPre-sleep protein supplementation combined with resistance exercise can significantly increase the SEE and fullness in the next morning, indicating a possible strategy to improve sleep energy metabolism in the sedentary population.

Effects of combined training on metabolic profile, lung function, stress and quality of life in sedentary adults: A study protocol for a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundBoth physical inactivity and sedentary behavior are considered modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases and all-cause mortality. Adult office-workers spend most of their working day in sedentary behaviors, so they are particularly at high risk of developed chronic diseases (e.g., cardiovascular diseases, metabolic disorders like diabetes mellitus, …). It seems important to promote behavioral changes that could prevent or delay metabolic disease development. Evidence supports the use of exercise programs, however, to date there are several knowledge gaps and inconsistencies in the literature regarding the effects of Combined Training (i.e., aerobic plus resistance training) in sedentary healthy adults. This paper outlines an RCT designed to evaluate the effects of a 16-week combined training program on biochemical and immune markers of metabolic disease, lung function, salivary stress hormones and subjective quality of life (primary outcomes), as well as on body composition and physical fitness (secondary outcomes) in sedentary middle-aged office-workers. Furthermore, we aimed to assess the associations between the changes promoted by the exercise program and the different variables studied.Methods and designThis is a single-blinded two-arm RCT with parallel groups. A minimum of healthy 40 office-workers aged 40–64 years will be recruited to engage in a 16-week intervention study. After baseline assessments, participants will be randomized to one of the two groups: (1) combined training group or (2) control group. Baseline assessments will be repeated after 8 weeks of intervention (mid-testing) and upon completion of the intervention (post-testing).DiscussionThis RCT involves a multi-disciplinary approach and seems to be a relevant contribution to understanding the potential role of combined training in improving the metabolic profile, lung function, stress, and quality of life in adults. The results can provide important insights for clinical recommendations and for the optimization of strategies to prevent metabolic disorders in adults with sedentary jobs.Trial registrationThis trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (registration number: NCT04868240; date of registration April 30, 2021).

Dynamic knee valgus alignment in healthy young adults and its association with single leg triple hop distance and athletic single leg stability.

Objective The purpose of the current study was to determine the dynamic knee valgus angulation (DKVA) among sedentary young adults and the relationship of DKVA with triple hop distance and athletic single leg stability. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted on a sample of 72 healthy sedentary young adults aged 18-26 years out of which 29 (38.33%) were males and 43 (61.76%) were females. DKVA, single leg triple hop distance and athletic single leg stability were the outcome measurements for the study. Shapiro-Wilk and Kolmogorov Smirnov tests were used to determine normality of data. Independent t-test and Mann Whitney-U test were used for gender based comparison, paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test for comparing values of right and left leg, Freidman test for comparing the values of DKVA in different tasks and Pearson and Spearman correlation was used to determine relationship between two variables. Confidence interval was kept at 95% and p&lt;0.05 was considered significant. Results DKVA was found to be lower for dominant leg in all tasks, and higher for single leg tasks as compared to drop jump screening test for both legs. Greater values of DKVA were observed in females in all tasks. Single leg triple hop distance and athletic single leg stability scores were higher in males as compared to females. No significant correlation of DKVA was observed with single leg triple hop distance and athletic single leg stability. Continuous...

Harnessing Neuroplasticity to Promote Brain Health in Aging Adults: Protocol for the MOVE-Cog Intervention Study.

BackgroundExtensive evidence supports a link between aerobic exercise and cognitive improvements in aging adults. A major limitation with existing research is the high variability in cognitive response to exercise. Our incomplete understanding of the mechanisms that influence this variability and the low adherence to exercise are critical knowledge gaps and major barriers for the systematic implementation of exercise for promoting cognitive health in aging.ObjectiveWe aimed to provide an in-person and remotely delivered intervention study protocol with the main goal of informing the knowledge gap on the mechanistic action of exercise on the brain by characterizing important mechanisms of neuroplasticity, cardiorespiratory fitness response, and genetics proposed to underlie cognitive response to exercise.MethodsThis is an open-label, 2-month, interventional study protocol in neurologically healthy sedentary adults. This study was delivered fully in-person and in remote options. Participants underwent a total of 30 sessions, including the screening session, 3 pretest (baseline) assessments, 24 moderate-to-vigorous aerobic exercise sessions, and 3 posttest assessments. We recruited participants aged 55 years and above, sedentary, and cognitively healthy. Primary outcomes were neuroplasticity, cognitive function, and cardiorespiratory fitness. Secondary outcomes included genetic factors, endothelium function, functional mobility and postural control, exercise questionnaires, depression, and sleep. We also explored study feasibility, exercise adherence, technology adaptability, and compliance of both in-person and remote protocols.ResultsThe recruitment phase and data collection of this study have concluded. Results are expected to be published by the end of 2021 or in early 2022.ConclusionsThe data generated in these studies will introduce tangible parameters to guide the development of personalized exercise prescription models for maximal cognitive benefit in aging adults. Successful completion of the specific aims will enable researchers to acquire the appropriate expertise to design and conduct studies by testing personalized exercise interventions in person and remotely delivered, likely to be more effective at promoting cognitive health in aging adults.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT03804528; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03804528International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID)RR1-10.2196/33589