Sedan Cars Research Articles

Comparative CFD Analysis of Angles of attack to increase aerodynamics properties

Abstract In the contemporary landscape, discussions of turbulence often lead to thoughts of incompressible fluids and their behaviour in nature. However, as the pursuit of energy efficiency and performance takes precedence in major aviation and automotive industries, safety and comfort remain achievable. Spoilers on sedan cars, designed to counteract lift and enhance grip, also increase drag. Aerofoils play a vital role in reducing drag while increasing lift force. This study compares three different angles of attack to identify the one that generates the best performance, based on its aerodynamic coefficients. In a world focused on ecological preservation and fuel efficiency, these studies become essential.

Vehicle Classification and Counting for Traffic Analysis based on Single-stage YOLOv8 Model

Intelligent traffic systems are emerging and becoming part of smart city infrastructure that requires computer vision applications to provide traffic information like vehicle classification and counting in real-time. Vehicle counting helps detect heavy traffic on roads, and vehicle classification helps enforce further processes like speed estimation to enforce speed limit laws based on the vehicle class. Deep learning computer vision-based systems provide automatic feature extractions that are robust to changes in lighting, shadows, and occlusions. This paper proposes a software solution for a real-time traffic monitoring system based on a cutting-edge single-stage deep learning model through the state-of-the-art YOLOv8 algorithm. YOLOv8 is the most recent model of the YOLO family, which provides object detection and classification through its CNN architecture. The proposed work detects vehicles and counts them based on their class. The four common vehicle classes are sedan cars, buses, trucks, and motorcycles, and a counter for each class is displayed on the system’s output screen in real-time and recorded in a log file. The results of the proposed system running on the Nvidia GTX 1070 GPU show an average accuracy of 96.58% with an average error of 3.42% for vehicle detection and an average accuracy of 97.54% with a 2.46% average error for vehicle counting. For vehicle classification, the results for the four vehicle classes (car, bus, truck, and motorcycle) show an accuracy of (94.7%, 94.7%, 96.2%, 99.7%), precision (95%, 100%, 81.4%, 100%), recall (97.9%, 36.3%, 100%, 66.6%), and the f1-score (96.3%, 53.2%, 89.7%, 79.9%), respectively. Index Terms— Computer Vision, Deep Learning, Vehicle Detection, Traffic Analysis, YOLO.

Driving adaptability of highway steel-concrete composite beam bridge with multiple damages: theory, technology and practice

ABSTRACT To enhance the post-disaster highway driving speed evaluation system for steel-concrete composite beam bridge (SCCBB), a human-vehicle-bridge coupled driving adaptability analysis method is proposed. This method integrates considerations of both driving safety and comfort. Numerical simulation is employed to utilize a damaged SCCBB as the engineering context for studying vehicle rollover safety, vibration acceleration limits, and driving comfort. The analysis considers various vehicle types, including sedan cars, mini vans, motor buses, and trucks, resulting in recommended speed limits for each category. The study reveals that trucks demonstrate lower susceptibility to rollover accidents compared to sedan cars, mini vans, and motor buses under constant damage grade and vehicle speed conditions. However, increased damage grade and road surface roughness elevate rollover risks and diminish driver comfort. To ensure smooth post-disaster traffic flow on SCCBB and maintain acceptable driving comfort and speed levels, it is recommended to enforce speed limits: below 60 km/h for sedan cars, below 40 km/h for mini vans and motor buses, and below 80 km/h for trucks. The primary aim of this study is to provide technical guidance for the safe operation and maintenance of post-disaster SCCBB.

Experimental Investigation of Roof-Top Heat Resistant Cover for Sedan Vehicle

Abstract: Nowadays, the earth’s surface receives UV radiation directly due to ozone layer depletion, which raises temperatures and heat at the equator and the tropic of cancer, regions like the Indian sub-continent. It consequently hampers the steady vehicles by damaging their working components. Therefore, this investigation focuses on the selection of roof-top heat-resistant covers for sedan cars in the Indian sub-continent. Four different types of heat-resistant covers viz. Taffeta material, Fibreglass cloth, Silicone rubber sheet, and Double-sided silicone-coated fibreglass cloth (DSFC) are studied in correlation with the external and internal temperatures with different time intervals such as 10min, 30min, 60min, and 180min respectively. The internal and external temperatures were measured using a temperature sensor. In conclusion, the heat-resistant roof-top has significance in resisting heat. The overall results showed that the double-sided silicone-coated fibreglass cloth was found to be more effective than other materials.

Modelling quality of service in a fixed route shared taxi (Jitney)

Service providers must understand customers’ preferences to improve public transportation market share. Indeed, most public transportation customer satisfaction literature has focused on developed countries, and there are considerable differences between the available modes and the expectations of public transportation users in developed and developing countries. Therefore, this study aims to assess service quality indicators and their impact on users' satisfaction in a shared taxi mode. In particular, the study focuses on Taxi Khattee (TK) in Iran, which runs on fixed routes without a fixed schedule, and its fleet is mainly comprised of sedan cars owned by multiple entities. TK carries about 13% of daily trips in the city of Tehran. An intercept paper and pencil survey was conducted, including 45 questions, 22 of which were related to passengers’ satisfaction and service quality. A Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique is utilized to model the perceived service quality and the contributing factors. The proposed model has 14 (observed) service attributes and five exogenous latent variables: Comfort, Safety and Security, Serviceability, Customer Service, and Information. Also, a second-order latent structure was used to describe the relationship between service quality and passenger satisfaction (modelled as an endogenous latent variable). The results show that the most important observed variables leading to customer satisfaction are the variables related to Comfort, such as onboard cleanliness and vehicle apparatus functionality, followed by onboard safety. These results demonstrate the difference between the TK mode to the previous research on the bus, train, and ferry modes in which service attributes such as travel time and punctuality were the most important factors. Also, the results indicate the absence of any significant impact of users’ socio-economic and demographic characteristics or their trip characteristics on the level of satisfaction.

The Strength and Fatigue Life analysis of Sedan Car Ramp of The Ferry Ro-Ro 5000 GT Using Finite Element Method

The Ferry Ro-Ro 5000GT has three levels of car deck that are connected by internal ramps. Two issues that have to be paid attention during the operation of the internal ramp there are the strength capacity and the design fatigue life of the internal ramp structure. The purpose of the research is to determine the strength and fatigue life of the internal ramp construction. The method used the Finite Element Method using a static load by load case of point load at top girder and between girders. Results of the research detected the maximum stress value is in the load case of the point load (three sedan car) at between of the girder is 52.143 MPa with the fatigue life is 44.47 years with the load cycle is 7300000 cycle while the minimum stress value detected at the load case of the point load (two sedan cars) at top girder is 34.199 MPa with the fatigue life is 195.92 years with the load cycle is 50000000 cycle. For the safety factor, ramp construction 6.08 ~ 10.38. The safety factor value above is still in safe condition because the value is SF > 1.

Light Live load Bridges over the River Nile in Sudan

Bridge structures are vital for majority of Sudanese due to the fact that they live besides rivers, valleys and inside islands. Bridge construction is faced by the fact that it is extremely expensive. Cost of such structures is affected by live load which accordingly dictates the required dead Loads from both superstructure and substructure. In this analytical study a light live bridge load is derived making use of AASHTO principles. This practical live load is derived from data collected from sedan cars, bicycles, motorcycles, motorcycles rickshaws, auto rickshaws and pedestrian. The derivation yielded a design light live load composed of design lane load and design vehicle; to be applied simultaneously to this type of light bridges. The live loads are to be controlled at the bridge entrance. The derived loads are applied to different superstructures' systems, namely steel truss and composite steel plate girder. A single pier over two piles substructure system is chosen for such light loads. A case study bridge is designed over the River Nile. The results obtained showed tremendous savings in material and cost. Relative to normal highway bridges over the Nile, the steel truss bridge option reduces the cost by almost 60%.

Redesign the Front Shape of the Sedan Car for Pedestrian Safety and Mitigating Leg Injuries at Accidents

The number of fatal and non-fatal pedestrian injuries, due to car accidents, has increased. For this reason, design of least possible harm cars (i.e. pedestrian friendly cars) has attracted the interest of many researchers and companies in order to reduce mortality and mitigate injuries. The use of friendly cars can also lead to the reduction of the expensive medical treatment costs for pedestrian injuries and consequently alleviates the financial burdens of the governments and insurance companies. In the sedan cars accidents, the common first pedestrian body part which experiences impact is the legs. In this research, a simulation study is conducted for investigating the effects of car bumper profile and plastic grille tilt angle on the severity of collision. LS-Dyna software is used to simulate, numerically investigate and analyze the mechanism of collision between a simulated leg and a vehicle bumper. In this simulation, three parameters are considered, impact line between pedestrian leg and car bumper, the height of the bumper relative to the knee, and the plastic grille tilt angle. The results of this study showed that the increase of impact line, increase of bumper height and decrease the plastic grille tilt angle alleviate the severity of pedestrians leg injuries.

Total Cost of Ownership Analysis of the Impact of Vehicle Usage on the Economic Viability of Electric Vehicles in India

The road transport sector in India is on the cusp of a transition to battery electric vehicles (BEVs) from internal combustion engines (ICEs). Government of India (GoI) has announced several policy measures to push the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). However, EVs involve a high capital cost but lower operating costs. Therefore, the economics of EVs vis-à-vis ICE vehicles depends on the extent of their daily use. The daily use, in turn, can vary significantly from context to context. In this paper, a model to compare the total cost of ownership (TCO) of an EV with different fuel variants (petrol, diesel, and compressed natural gas [CNG]) of their ICE counterparts is presented. It is found that, on an average, the TCO per km of electric two-wheelers (e-2Ws) and electric three-wheelers (e-3Ws) is less than their ICE counterparts at the typical average daily usage of the vehicles in Indian cities. In the case of hatchback and sedan cars, the TCO per km of electric cars (e-cars) is higher than their ICE counterparts. The TCO per km of electric bus (e-bus) is higher than diesel and CNG buses because of high initial purchase cost. Policymakers need to explore innovative business models and strategy for high vehicle utilization to improve the economic viability of EVs. Efficient planning of charging infrastructure and fast charging options will further help in accelerating the adoption of EVs in India.

Identification of Best Indian Entry–Level Segment SUV through TOPSIS Method

Every car owner wants comfort, power, and efficiency with his/her car. As per the latest trend in the Indian automobile sector, buyers are more interested in SUV (Sport Utility Vehicle) or Micro SUV cars due to several reasons. It’s observed that while driving a car, it is advantages if the driver sits at a higher height as compared with hatchback & sedan cars. This is one of the most common reasons for the increasing popularity of SUVs in India nowadays. Due to these reasons more and more companies are launching new cars in this segment to attract their buyers. On the one hand, customers are having many options to compare but on another hand, they are perplexed to determine which SUV is best for them as per their requirements, purpose & budget. In such a situation, buyers may look for the TOPSIS method which is a selection procedure technique. TOPSIS is based on the concept that the chosen alternative should have the shortest geometric distance from the positive ideal solution (PIS) and the longest geometric distance from the negative ideal solution (NIS). In this paper some SUV cars are considered with different attributes and the TOPSIS method is applied to determine the best car for the buyer.

Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Pernjualan Mobil Sedan di Indonesia dan Memprediksi Penerimaan Pajak Penjualan atas Barang Mewah (PPnBM) Kendaraan Mobil Periode 2013-2017

This study aims to examine the effect of previously sales, price of the goods, and price of subtitute goods to sales of sedan car. Independent variables used in this study previously sales, price of the goods, and price of subtitute goods, and prediction of sales tax on luxury goods. Shile the dependent variable in thisstudy was measured using sales of sedan cars the measured of the car unit is succesfully sold every year during in the period 2013-2017. The population in this study amounted to 24 sedan’s companies list on Combined Motor Vehicle Industry (GAIKINDO) during 2013 until 2017. Determination of the sample using purpossive sampling method and obtained a sample of 5 sedan’s companies based on certain criteria. The analysis tool used in the panel and the selected model is fixed effect model. The result show that previous sales has positively effect on the sales of sedan car, price of the goods has positive effect on the sales of sedan car. Meanwhile price of subtitute goods has negative effect on the sales of sedan car.

A comparative study on subjective feeling of engine acceleration sound by automobile types

To achieve marketing success, automobile companies are constantly striving to develop design elements that can create effective experiences for customers and establish their brand identity. Among the various design elements, engine sound is an important feature, which has been widely studied to understand the subjective feeling of the sound quality. This study aims to identify the representative affective variables of engine acceleration sound based on different vehicle types, and analyze their relation with psychoacoustic parameters. Affective adjectives were collected from previous researches and used to evaluate the engine acceleration sounds of different vehicle types, including 14 sedan cars and 10 sports cars, which were selected for the experiment. The third gear wide open throttle sounds of each automobile were recorded and evaluated by 36 adults. To quantify the representative affective variables, four psychoacoustic parameters namely loudness, sharpness, roughness, and tonality were utilized. The results showed there are two representative affective variables namely “comfort” and “sportiness”, which are significantly different across the vehicle types. The regression models for the affective variables showed distinct differences in the vehicle types. Furthermore, the results showed that the subjective feelings for engine acceleration sound depends on the vehicle type. The results of this research can be used to develop engine acceleration sounds that optimize subjective feelings for various vehicle types.

A user-centered side silhouette generation system for sedan cars based on shape templates

A tool for the generation of side silhouettes for sedan cars is developed in this work; this enables ordinary people to produce personalized silhouettes that they prefer. Multiple silhouettes are collected from different car brands and analyzed in an off-line step. The silhouette is partitioned into nine characteristic lines, each of which is represented by either quadratic or cubic Bezier curves. Furthermore, geometric properties, such as geometric constraints and lower/upper bounds for the characteristic line dimensions, are determined. Next, a characteristic line is sampled via a spatial simulated annealing approach, while minimizing the Audze–Eglais potential energy between the sampled characteristic lines generated. These samples are called line templates or shape templates. A car side silhouette is encoded by a sequence of parameters, such as characteristic line lengths and heights and line template indices (i.e., 21 parameters in total). Once the values for these parameters are set, the silhouette can be generated. A user interface is provided for users to develop personalized car side silhouettes. According to the user study performed in this work, the developed tool enables users to obtain more desired/preferred silhouette(s) compared to those obtained using an interactive genetic algorithm.

LATERAL MOVEMENT OF VEHICLES UNDER WEAK-LANE DISCIPLINE HETEROGENEOUS TRAFFIC

Safe driving can be achieved by prevention of risky situations which requires the knowledge of the vehicle dynamics and road geometry. The Indian traffic condition is heterogeneous in nature and has weak lane discipline. Hence, vehicles interactions takes place laterally also along with their longitudinal interaction. Vehicles lateral movements (interactions) are quite high due to absence of lane discipline. Therefore, the lateral acceleration of vehicles are an important variable which characterizes the corresponding vehicle dynamics. Several studies have been done by various authors on lateral acceleration in curves, however, lateral movement study of vehicles on straight road section is also important to analyze vehicles’ maneuver in such traffic (i.e. traffic stream with weak lane discipline). Therefore, the present study is about the observation of lateral movements of vehicles over different types of roads in three metropolitan cities of India (Kolkata, Mumbai and Pune) under moderate traffic conditions. Lateral acceleration variation of five different types of vehicles (SUV cars, Sedan cars, Hutch Back cars, motorized three wheeler and two wheeler) have been recorded to investigate its relationship with vehicles longitudinal characteristics (i.e. longitudinal speed) in Indian heterogeneous and weak lane disciplined traffic. Lateral acceleration values quickly rises with initial increase in speed afterward lateral acceleration values reduces with further increase in vehicles longitudinal speed. Impact of vehicle type and locations on the lateral maneuvering of vehicles have also been studied

Urban traffic pollution reduction for sedan cars using petrol engines by hydro-oxide gas inclusion

Petrol cars, in particular nonhybrid cars, contribute significantly to the pollution problem as compared with other types of cars. The originality of this article falls in the direction of using hydro-oxy gas to reduce pollution from petrol car engines. Experiments were performed in city areas at low real speeds, with constant engine speeds in the average of 2500 rpm and at variable velocity ratios (first speed was 10–20 km/hr, second speed was 20–35 km/hr, and third speed was 35–50 km/hr). Results indicated that through using hydro-oxy gas, a noticeable reduction in pollution was recorded. Oxygen (O2) percentage has increased by about 2.5%, and nitric oxide (NO) level has been reduced by about 500 ppm. Carbon monoxide (CO) has decreased by about 2.2%, and also CO2 has decreased by 2.1%. It’s worth mentioning that for hybrid system in cars at speeds between 10 and 50 km/hr, the emission percentage change is zero. However, hybrid cars are less abundant than petrol cars.Implications: The originality of this paper falls in the direction of using hydro-oxy gas to reduce pollution from petrol car engines. Experiments were performed in city areas at low real speeds, with constant engine speeds in the average of 2500 rpm and at variable velocity ratios (first speed was 10–20 km/hr, second speed was 20–35 km/hr, and third speed was 35–50 km/h).

The Structural Equation Model for Public Evaluation of the Transfer Efficiency of Rail Transit P&R Facilities

The public participation in evaluating the rail transit P&R facilities is beneficial for enhancing the objectivity of the evaluation and reflecting the social equity to the greatest degree, so that the decision-making can be more people-oriented. Based on the analysis of the P&R travelling features of sedan cars and the transfer facilities service level, this paper, from the perspective of the public evaluation, makes a structural equation model which shows the evaluation of sedan car travelers toward the transfer efficiency of rail transit P&R facilities and elaborates the identification, fitting, correction and applications of the model.

Mine Your Own Business: Market-Structure Surveillance Through Text Mining

Web 2.0 provides gathering places for Internet users in blogs, forums, and chat rooms. These gathering places leave footprints in the form of colossal amounts of data regarding consumers' thoughts, beliefs, experiences, and even interactions. In this paper, we propose an approach for firms to explore online user-generated content and “listen” to what customers write about their and their competitors' products. Our objective is to convert the user-generated content to market structures and competitive landscape insights. The difficulty in obtaining such market-structure insights from online user-generated content is that consumers' postings are often not easy to syndicate. To address these issues, we employ a text-mining approach and combine it with semantic network analysis tools. We demonstrate this approach using two cases—sedan cars and diabetes drugs—generating market-structure perceptual maps and meaningful insights without interviewing a single consumer. We compare a market structure based on user-generated content data with a market structure derived from more traditional sales and survey-based data to establish validity and highlight meaningful differences.

Effect of humidity on pedestrian legform impactor-to-car bumper impact test results

The effect of humidity on the measured injury criteria of the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) legform impactor in the bumper impact test was evaluated. The following investigations were conducted in two different humidity conditions – 30% and 60% relative humidity (RH) environments. First, dynamic certification tests were conducted. Second, legform impactor-to-bumper impact tests using two sedan cars were conducted to capture the trend in results for different cars. Third, to clarify the mechanism of the effect of humidity on the measured criteria, numerical simulations were conducted using newly developed finite element models of the dynamic certification test and a bumper impact test for one sedan car. In the legform impactor-to-bumper impact tests and the numerical simulation, the measured injury criteria used were the same for the two humidity conditions. The results indicate that the humidity condition does not affect any injury measure in the legform impactor-to-bumper impact test. The numerical simulation elucidated the mechanism of the effect of humidity on the measured criteria of the legform impactor.

Mine Your Own Business: Market-Structure Surveillance Through Text Mining

Web 2.0 provides gathering places for internet users in blogs, forums, and chat rooms. These gathering places leave footprints in the form of colossal amounts of data regarding consumers’ thoughts, beliefs, experiences, and even interactions. In this paper, we propose an approach for firms to explore online user-generated content and “listen” to what customers write about their and the competitors’ products. Our objective is to convert the user-generated content to market structures and competitive landscape insights. The difficulty in obtaining such market-structure insights from online user-generated content is that consumers’ postings are often not easy to syndicate. To address these issues, we employ a text-mining approach and combine it with semantic network analysis tools. We demonstrate this approach using two cases - sedan cars and diabetes drugs, generating market-structure perceptual maps and meaningful insights without interviewing a single consumer. We demonstrate the validity of the approach by comparing a market structure based on user-generated content data with market structure derived from more traditional sales and survey-based data.

THE RISK OF INJURY AND VEHICLE DAMAGE SEVERITY IN VEHICLE MISMATCHED SIDE IMPACT CRASHES IN BRITISH COLUMBIA

As occupant protection offered by new passenger vehicles has improved, there has been growing concern about the harm that some vehicle designs may inflict on occupants of other vehicles with which they collide. Preceding analyses of crash statistics have clearly demonstrated the incompatibility between passenger sedan cars (PS) and pick-up trucks (PU) involved in side impact crashes in British Columbia. A comparison of light truck and passenger car crashes in previous literature reveals that light truck vehicles inflict greater harm than passenger cars for a number of reasons including their greater weight, stiffer structure, and higher ride height. These features place occupants of passenger cars at a disadvantage should they be involved in a collision with a light truck vehicle. The injury risk for passenger sedan car occupants is greater than the risk for pick-up truck occupants in two-vehicle crashes (Odds Ratio (OR) 1.87; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.38-2.52). In addition, the risk of vehicle damage severity was increased for passenger cars compared with pick-up trucks (write off vehicle-OR 5.35; 95% CI 3.75-7.63, severely damaged vehicles-OR 5.87; 95% CI 4.79–7.19, moderately damaged vehicles-OR 2.86; 95% CI 2.44–3.36). There is strong justification for injury prevention experts and policy makers to step up motor vehicle crash injury prevention advocacy by implementing evidence-based policies to reduce rates of injury as a result of passenger sedan cars and pick-up trucks involved in side impact crashes in the province of British Columbia.