Territorial Security Research Articles

Evaluating the Economic and Trade Cooperation Impact of the Belt and Road Initiative on China-Pakistan Relations

The BRI, initiated by Chinese President Xi Jinping, sounds like an ambitious scheme for the development of integration and network cooperation scheme in the Asia-Europe-Africa region. Pakistan is the closest ally of BRI since it occupies a strategic position as a transit route for exchange. The China-Pakistan Financial Passage (CPEC), a lead venture of the BRI, centers on improving financial participation and foundation improvement between the two nations. Whereas the BRI has encouraged Pakistan's framework development and expanded two-sided exchange with China, challenges such as debasement, responsibility, obligation supportability, and territorial security dangers have risen. Understanding the BRI's effect on China-Pakistan relations makes a difference in the project's openings, challenges, and potential dangers while directing decision-making and collaborative endeavors. To evaluate the BRI's impact, a combination of descriptive, regression, and comparative analyses was used, along with qualitative insights from policymakers. Data conception further illustrates trends in trade, investment, and economic growth.

LA NATURALEZA DE LA VIGILANCIA DEL ESPACIO AÉREO MEDIANTE LA INTELIGENCIA PARA LA DEFENSA Y LA SEGURIDAD DEL TERRITORIO DE LA REPÚBLICA DE INDONESIA

Objective: This research aims to analyze, criticize, and determine the nature of airspace surveillance through intelligence concerning the Defense and Security of the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia. It further seeks to assess the effectiveness of such surveillance and identify the factors influencing its success. Theoretical framework: In line with its objectives, this research adopts a descriptive approach with a normative legal research methodology, supplemented by sociological legal research. By employing this framework, the study endeavors to provide a comprehensive understanding of airspace surveillance within the Indonesian context. Method: To achieve its objectives, this study utilizes descriptive research methods, drawing upon normative legal research complemented by sociological legal research. Through this methodological approach, the research aims to gather empirical data and analyze legal frameworks to shed light on airspace surveillance practices. Results and conclusion: The findings of this research indicate several key insights. Firstly, the nature of airspace surveillance through intelligence is primarily framed within the context of preventive measures within the Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ). Secondly, while efforts are made, the effectiveness of airspace surveillance concerning the Defense and Security of the State Territory of the Republic of Indonesia is deemed inadequate. Thirdly, factors impacting effectiveness range from legal limitations to challenges in human resources coordination, infrastructure issues, community dynamics, and cultural attitudes. Implications of the research: The implications of this study are multifaceted. Firstly, it highlights the urgent need to optimize airspace surveillance conducted by the Indonesian Air Force, supporting the enhancement of air defense capabilities through equipment reinforcement. Secondly, it underscores the necessity of drafting legislation on Airspace Management to strengthen law enforcement against airspace violations. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of community involvement in airspace regulation, including participation in spatial development planning processes. Originality/value: This research contributes original insights into the nature and effectiveness of airspace surveillance through intelligence within the Indonesian context. By offering recommendations for improving airspace management strategies, the study provides valuable guidance for policymakers and stakeholders involved in national defense and security initiatives.

International legal mechanism for the development of urbanized territories: causes, evolution, consequences (conclusion)

This publication identifies the consequences of urbanization and substantiates their impact on the safety of urbanized territories and the life safety of residents of such territories. It is also determined that the consequences of urbanization pose a threat to the national security system, the security of the urbanized territory and the life safety of residents of such territories. In turn, the security of the urbanized territory is a component of national security, and the safety of life of citizens is a key element of both the security system of the urbanized territory and the national security system as a whole. The system of public administration in general and the processes of forming and implementing state policy in particular, focusing on the needs, interests, rights and freedoms of citizens, their health and life as the highest social value, in the context of developing a strategy to overcome the negative consequences of urbanization, ensuring the development and security of urbanized territories, it is necessary to take into account the features of the constituent elements of the national security system and the security of the urbanized territory.

A Photosensitivity-Enhanced Plant Growth Algorithm for UAV Path Planning.

With the rise and development of autonomy and intelligence technologies, UAVs will have increasingly significant applications in the future. It is very important to solve the problem of low-altitude penetration of UAVs to protect national territorial security. Based on an S-57 electronic chart file, the land, island, and threat information for an actual combat environment is parsed, extracted, and rasterized to construct a marine combat environment for UAV flight simulation. To address the problem of path planning for low-altitude penetration in complex environments, a photosensitivity-enhanced plant growth algorithm (PEPG) is proposed. Based on the plant growth path planning algorithm (PGPP), the proposed algorithm improves upon the light intensity preprocessing and light intensity calculation methods. Moreover, the kinematic constraints of the UAV, such as the turning angle, are also considered. The planned path that meets the safety flight requirements of the UAV is smoother than that of the original algorithm, and the length is reduced by at least 8.2%. Finally, simulation tests are carried out with three common path planning algorithms, namely, A*, RRT, and GA. The results show that the PEPG algorithm is superior to the other three algorithms in terms of the path length and path quality, and the feasibility and safety of the path are verified via the autonomous tracking flight of a UAV.

Designing an intelligent territorial safety management system

The conceptual stage of designing an intelligent territorial safety management system is presented. The article shows the problems of information support for management associated with the need to process a large volume of unformalized data and their low reliability. Existing descriptions of objects and processes are not constructive. The approval and decision-making processes are poorly algorithmized and there are no feedback mechanisms reflecting the quality of decisions. As an alternative, the article proposes the use of intelligent technologies that change the mechanisms for collecting, processing and using data. An ontological description of a multi-level management model is presented that formalizes the main tasks of ensuring the natural and technogenic security of territories. Management levels and objects are highlighted, and their information support is shown. The model is based on assessments of territorial risks, representing a combination of comprehensive monitoring indicators. The novelty of the approach lies in the possibility of justifying the types and volumes of activities with the magnitude of risks, as well as linking management results with the necessary resources. The model is the basis of the intelligent system project. Using object-oriented programming methods, the transition from ontological description to structural and functional designing is shown. Representation of ontology elements in the form of sets allows the construction of multidimensional analytical models that reveal ways to solve management problems in specific conditions. This makes it possible to justify the composition of information and the requirements for its quality for each level of the territorial management hierarchy. Problem solving examples of ensuring territorial safety in accordance with the proposed classification are given. The model can be used as a scientific basis for management digitalization programs implemented in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

New formula for peace: the system of global non-aggressive security

The research sets out a formula for creating a new security system, which can be called the Global Non-Aggressive Security System (or GNASS). According to this formula, states, private companies, non-governmental organizations, and individuals can join the GNASS regardless of their location or place of business. At the same time, at the initial stage, the GNASS would consist of only three main elements. The first element is the Transit Territorial Security Policy, which is based on the following principles: an effective structure (based on an interstate corporation), effective transport security corridors (the SATTRON), and effective legal solutions. The second element implies the Non-Provocative Defense Policy, which is achieved by fulfilling the following conditions: the renunciation of all states from national military legislation and their accession to the UN Unified International Military Charter (which shall be developed); the reduction of the armed forces of all states through their refusal of military and other types of mobilization of people; the protection from prosecution and punishment of any individuals, private companies or non-governmental organizations that refuse to take part in hostilities. The third element is the Food Security Policy, which is based on the construction of the Underground Greenhouse-Bomb Shelter System (the SUGREBOS) to guarantee food for people both in peacetime and during military conflicts and natural disasters. According to the author, the development of a global security system based on the GNASS principle would eliminate military conflicts within several years, since the economic and security attractiveness of this system is so extreme that most states would agree to fulfill all the conditions for joining the GNASS.

International legal and economic aspects of joint use of the Paz River hydro-resources by the USSR, Finland and Norway in the 1920–1940s

The article deals with the fact that international legal relations of joint use of hydro resources of border rivers by Soviet Russia, Finland and Norway in 1920–1944 is an understudied topic among domestic and foreign researchers. This is largely due to the fact that the international legal interaction between the countries was contradictory, and the problems of security of border territories caused concern and could not create normal conditions for regional economic cooperation in this area.

РОЖДАЕМОСТЬ НА ДАЛЬНЕМ ВОСТОКЕ РОССИИ: ТЕНДЕНЦИИ, ПРИЧИНЫ, ПУТИ РЕШЕНИЯ

Significance. Given the current trends in demographic development, the existing disproportion between the population and the vast territory of the Far Eastern Federal District may significantly increase in the future, which will intensify certain concerns about a possible violation of the geopolitical balance out here. Fertility indicators have revealed the main demographic risk zones of the regions of the eastern territories. The purpose of the study is to analyze dynamics in birth rates in the Russian Far East, gender composition and age structure of the population to identify risk zones when taking effective measures to improve the situation. Material and methods. The analysis used World Health Organization data, databases and collections of Rosstat and the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation by federal district and region of Russia, information on the implementation of the National Demography Project. Results. Determining trends in dynamics in birth rates in the Russian Far East shows that in urban areas of the Far Eastern regions, the type of demographic behavior inherent in the newcomer population and focused on having one child prevails, while in rural areas the traditions of the indigenous population are preserved. Until 2015, relatively high birth rates were recorded in “national” regions with the predominance of populations belonging to the indigenous people of the North and the Far East, in whose culture large families are accepted. The mother’s average age is increasing, there was a shift in the age of first-time mothers (20-24 years) to an older age group (25-29 years and 30-34 years). A decline in fertility in the near future will be due to a significant reduction in the number of women of reproductive age, especially in its active phase (20–39 years). A new model of marital and, as a result, reproductive behavior of young families is being formed. From the point of view of marital behavior, it implies an increase in the age at first marriage, refusal of marriage, popularity of informal marriage, etc. From the point of view of reproductive behavior, it involves postponing births in marriage until material standards are achieved, as well as in the interests of increasing one’s social status. Conclusion. One of the promising areas for improving the demographic situation is the adoption of effective social measures and programs to increase birth rates in young families. Only a rising dynamics in birth rates can give a real and sustainable impetus to stabilizing fertility for the national security of the eastern territories.

Оценка современного состояния региональных финансов в контексте реализации национальных интересов

Today, national security is one of the state’s priorities. In the context of constant changes and challenges faced by modern society, it is necessary to create favorable conditions for the growth of human capital, investment and economic development of regions and the country as a whole. One of the key factors in ensuring national security is the effective distribution and use of resources, including financial ones. The article provides a review of scientific research in the field of national security and financial development of territories. Based on general scientific methods, using data from open official sources, an assessment is made of the dynamics and emerging trends of the main indicators of the consolidated budgets of the regions that are part of the Ural Federal District for 2019–2023. The selected period covers several crises: the pandemic and sanctions. The coefficient of social orientation of the consolidated budgets of the regions that are part of the Ural Federal District was calculated. The average value of the coefficient for five years for all regions of the Ural Federal District is 65%. Relatively high coefficients indicate that regional authorities are actively working to improve the quality of life of their citizens and create favorable conditions for their development. This is one of the key factors for the successful and sustainable development of the region. The presented results and conclusions allow us to better understand the current situation and develop further management decisions for the development of the financial sector of the regions.

International legal mechanism for the development of urbanized territories: causes, evolution, consequences (beginning)

This publication identifies the consequences of urbanization and substantiates their impact on the safety of urbanized territories and the life safety of residents of such territories. It is also determined that the consequences of urbanization pose a threat to the national security system, the security of the urbanized territory and the life safety of residents of such territories. In turn, the security of the urbanized territory is a component of national security, and the safety of life of citizens is a key element of both the security system of the urbanized territory and the national security system as a whole. The system of public administration in general and the processes of forming and implementing state policy in particular, focusing on the needs, interests, rights and freedoms of citizens, their health and life as the highest social value, in the context of developing a strategy to overcome the negative consequences of urbanization, ensuring the development and security of urbanized territories, it is necessary to take into account the features of the constituent elements of the national security system and the security of the urbanized territory.

FACTORS OF RUSSIAN IRREDENTISM IN UKRAINE: HISTORICAL ANALYSIS

This article examines the Russian policy of irredentism, namely its manifestations in relation to Ukrainian territories. Threats from the Russian Federation to Ukraine's national and territorial security prompt the study of the genesis of Russian expansionist policies. The notion of irredentism is extremely complex and multifaceted, and has different interpretations. In particular, it is seen as the desire of an ethnic minority to secede from a multi-ethnic state in order to unite with a neighboring kin state. In the modern concept, irredentism is seen as a state policy aimed at annexing territories inhabited by ethnically related populations. Russian irredentism, defined as Russia's aggressive policy towards the territories of former post-Soviet countries, has much deeper roots, as the idea of the hegemony of the Moscow tsars over the entire Slavic Orthodox world dates back to the sixteenth century. and was actively pursued by the Russian imperial authorities, which from the mid-seventeenth century seized a significant part of Left-Bank Ukraine, and by the end of the seventeenth century, as a result of three divisions of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Russian-Turkish wars, almost all Ukrainian lands. An in-depth historical analysis of the origins and manifestations of Russian aggressive policy has shown that irredentism plays a key role in Russian aggression and has a number of factors: historical, geopolitical, economic, and ideological. Keywords: irredentism, irredentist policy, "Novorossiya", "fifth column", ethnopolitics, kin-state.

Assessment and Monitoring of the Security of Information Resources as an Emergency Situation

Formulation of the problem: control (evaluation) and monitoring of the information protection system (IPS) effectiveness are an integral part of the protected information objects operation process (state information systems, information systems of personal data, significant objects of critical information infrastructure). Imperfection of the control and monitoring means of the IPS together with her the vulnerabilities often leads to computer incidents with protected informatization object subsequent failure and/or degradation of its. One of the effective ways to solve this problem is the organization and implementation of preventive measures. The purpose of the work is reducing the response time and elimination of consequences from a computer incident caused by IPS measures to control (evaluate) the effectiveness. An additional goal is to neutralize information security threats implemented by an external intruder using sociotechnical methods (fishing). Methods: generalization and analysis of the existing regulatory and methodological support for the actions of information security units to carry out control (evaluation) measures, as well as in case of emergency situations and the occurrence of computer incidents. Novelty: the novelty elements is consideration of the event on ISP effectiveness control (evaluation) as a non-emergency situation in the informatization object operation under protect. Result: the necessity of introducing a threat to information security new class – the threat of information resource performance disruption caused by IPS control (assessment) and monitoring of the effectiveness are proved. Practical significance: the results of the work can be used to ensure organizations information resources security when the Center for Information Protection and Special Communication FSS of and territorial security bodies in relation to them measures to assess their security and the ability of bodies (organizations) to resist threats to information security.

Role of Cooperation in the Providing of Rural Population Employment: International Experience

The transformation of the operating conditions of rural cooperatives, which has significantly changed the models and other aspects of their activities, affects not only their own results (directions of economic activity, revenue, income, geography of distribution of products and services), but also the livelihoods of the rural communities related to them (employment, supply of goods and services, meeting infrastructure and ecosystem needs). Serious environmental fl uctuations observed in rural areas recently are due, firstly, to the negative consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic, secondly, to natural anomalies caused by unfavorable climate change, and thirdly, to the negative eff ects of the aggravated geopolitical situation. In such a situation, in order to ensure territorial security, overcome threats of an economic, social, environmental nature, it is relevant to specify such forms of economic activity organizing that have the resources and potential not only to maintain the viability of the organization itself, but also to actively participate in solving difficulties and problems arising in the countryside. International practice in the development of cooperation during the coronavirus crisis and currently demonstrates that it may be rural cooperatives, adopting various organizational models (from the simplest to modern) and introducing all kinds of innovations, that are capable of becoming key "players" in rural areas, complementing or even replacing structures that have left for objective reasons their territories (commercial organizations, government agencies). In this article, in this regard, some research results are presented regarding the possibilities of rural (including agricultural) cooperatives to expand the range of their multifunctional activities, to attract representatives of various agricultural and non-agricultural professions to their members and employees, thereby ensuring decent employment and income for the villagers. The theoretical basis of the undertaken research was made up of modern scientific publications, which were the result of increased interest among scientists in new cooperative practices and the adaptability of existing cooperatives to emerging risks and threats. In turn, the empirical basis was provided by numerous examples of rural cooperatives functioning in some countries of the world, in which, despite differences in the environment, the conditions for the rural cooperation development have changed significantly.

Features of ensuring food security in the arctic territories of North America

In recent decades, the Arctic region has become an important geopolitical object, leading to an increase in research on various areas of state activity in this region. This article summarizes the features of the functioning of food systems and the assurance of food security for the population of the Arctic territories in North American countries. It concludes that there is a need to improve data collection and monitoring of factors that ensure the food security of the Arctic territories at the macro-regional level.

China’s Role in Ensuring Human Security in North Korea

Abstract This study analyzes China’s current role in human security in North Korea, utilizing both broad and narrow interpretations of human security in its analysis. It outlines Chinese engagement with North Korea, human security as a concept, and Chinese conceptualizations of human security, then examines the role China plays in North Korean human security in terms of food aid, development and infrastructure projects, refugee repatriation, and sanctions. It argues that while China protects human security in terms of food aid, it does not promote human security intentionally, as its motivations are strongly related to traditional territorial security. Furthermore, China harms North Korean security when it comes to refugees. In areas of infrastructure and sanctions, however, it has negligible impact. The study thus concludes ways in which China ensures, harms, and negligibly impacts human security in North Korea.

Resource Potential of Socio-Economic Development in the Regional Sustainability Context: the Role of Energy Security and Environment

The current dynamics pose a number of primary tasks for society and the state, related both to the issues of accelerating economic growth and taking into account regional specifics in terms of increasing the requirements for ensuring the sustainability of socio- economic development strategies (SED). This requires ensuring the rational use of regional resources, including the need to maintain energy security (ES) of territories and environmental (EnM) protection. This article studies the interrelationships between the regions’ RP and the main factors of their sustainability: ES and the state of EnM. The purpose of the study is to analyze the impact of ES and the state of EnM on the RP regions in the process of their SED, taking into account the state of sustainability from the strategic perspective. The methodological basis of the study is based on the use of the comparativist approach, which allowed us to consider the factor states of regional sustainability through comparative analysis in order to select common characteristics that affect the RP state. As a result, the authors have formed models aimed at determining the relationship between sustainability factors and RP regions.

SOSIALISASI PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN MENGENAI CLIMATE CHANGE MELALUI SHARING SESSIONS DI KALANGAN REMAJA DALAM PEMBAHASAN KASUS KEBAKARAN HUTAN DI RIAU

Nowadays, security issues have increased rapidly, not only regarding traditional security in the context of territorial security and military power of a country, but have expanded to non-traditional security issues. One example of a non-traditional security issue is the threat of haze pollution. Students as human beings with high intellectual and social control It is expected to contribute to society. This means that in this case, the role of students as social controllers is very important, and they are expected to contribute to the wider community in various aspects. Therefore, to realize this, the International Relations Student Association of the University of August 17, 1945, Jakarta took the initiative to hold community service activities by conducting socialization with students of SMAN 110 Jakarta through Sharing Sessions on Climate Change. This service activity is aimed at students of SMAN 110 Jakarta and aims to increase knowledge about climate change, especially the effects of forest fires, through case studies of forest fires that occurred in Riau and make it happen in everyday life.

State management of financial support in the field of nature management and environmental protection as a strategic direction for the development of territories

This study examines topical issues of the environmental tension in the regions, ensuring environmental safety, as well as increasing the anthropogenic impact on the environment as a result of the growth of industrial development and the increase in the amount of resources consumed in the socio-economic development of territories in the context of state regulation of nature management. The purpose of this study is to analyze the current legislation and assess the volume of financial support for activities aimed at ensuring environmental safety and environmental protection. As part of the study, the evolution of legislation in the field of environmental development and security of territories was studied, followed by an assessment of the dynamics of spending on the implementation of the national project «Ecology». The importance of developing a management mechanism in the field of nature management and environmental protection to improve the ecological situation of the territories is shown. On the basis of a complex indicator, the dynamics of the ranking of regions was assessed. The share of expenses of the consolidated budgets of the constituent entities of the Ural Federal District for environmental protection has been calculated and analyzed. It has been established that the costs of environmental protection and conservation activities are an important part of the costs of the regional budgets of the Russian Federation, although they are not a significant part of it. The rank of the regions that are part of the Ural Federal District is analyzed in terms of budget expenditures on environmental protection per capita among all subjects of the Russian Federation. Along with state regulation of the environmental sphere and building relationships with enterprises that use natural resources, in order to reduce environmental damage, the need to form an ecological culture of the population as a new way of life for people is reflected.

Spatio-temporal dynamics and sensitive distance of nighttime light environment in Pearl River Delta Protected Areas, China.

Protected areas (PAs) are important barriers to ensure the ecological security of territory. Light pollution is a threat to PAs, which is particularly obvious in the urban agglomeration environment. We used multi-source big data (satellite remote sensing light data, land cover types and points of interest) to quantitatively analyze the temporal and spatial dynamics of nighttime light in the PAs of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) urban agglomeration from 2000 to 2018, the correlation between the night light environment within the PAs and human activity intensity outside, as well as the sensitive distance of the PAs to artificial light interference. The results showed that the total value of nighttime light data of PAs in the PRD increased from 71107 nanoW·cm-2·sr-1 to 127682 nanoW·cm-2·sr-1 from 2000 to 2018, the mean value per pixel increased from 15.3 nanoW·cm-2·sr-1 to 23.7 nanoW·cm-2·sr-1, and the lighted ratio increased from 73.3% to 86.4%, indicating that the nighttime light environment of PAs in the region were facing cumulative deterioration risks and serious challenges. The nighttime light intensity of the PAs in the core area of the PRD was much higher than that in the peripheral areas such as Zhaoqing and Huizhou, whereas the expansion degree of the PAs in the peripheral areas was higher than that in the core area. The nighttime light environment inside the PAs was positively correlated with the intensity of human activities around it. The most sensitive distance of the PAs to the artificial light interference around it was 10 km, and the interference degree tended to be stable after 30 km. We proposed that 0-10 km area outside the boundary of the PAs should be the light control core zone and 10-20 km area as the control buffer zone.

Community Preparedness in Facing Mount Semeru Eruption to Support National Security

The change in national security paradigm has turned into security sector reform. This change causes that national security does not only focus on territorial security but also focuses on human security. One of the factors that can disturb human security is disaster. The community's lack of preparedness for the eruption of Mount Semeru means that the community is still at high risk, causing 64 people to die. This study aims to analyze community preparedness in facing the eruption of Mount Semeru in order to support national security. This research method uses a qualitative research approach with a descriptive approach. The data analysis technique uses the qualitative data analysis technique belonging to Miles, Hubermen and Saldana. The results of this study are as follows: 1) In terms of the preparation of temporary evacuation sites, fulfillment of basic needs, and preparation of restoration of facilities and infrastructure have been carried out well while the preparation of RPKB, early warning systems, training and simulations, and preparation of accurate data is still not well executed; 2) Efforts made by the government and stakeholders in increasing community preparedness for an effective response and building better have been carried out well through training in Disaster Resilient Villages, Disaster Safe Education Unit, making the Jaga Semeru application and creating a Whatsapp Group which makes the community have preparedness better in dealing with the eruption of Mount Semeru. If the government and stakeholders make efforts to increase preparedness, the community will have an effective response and build back better.