Secure Food Supply Research Articles

A Short Overview of Measures for Securing Water Resources for Irrigated Crop Production

AbstractAgriculture is the main user of limited fresh water resources in the world. Optimisation of agricultural water resources and their use can be obtained by both agronomical and political incentives. Important options are: reduction of the loss of irrigation water in conveyance before it reaches the farm; selection of water‐efficient irrigation methods such as drip and micro‐irrigation saving 30–40 % water compared to furrow irrigation; improvement of irrigation scheduling using plant and soil sensors and remote sensing‐based models; deficit irrigation (DI) raising the water productivity in the range of 10–50 %; use of saline and wastewater for which modelling tools lately have been developed; introduction of drought and salt‐tolerant crops eases the use of DI and use of saline water; improvement of cropping systems with development of conservation agriculture. Further options are: use of the ‘virtual water’ principles so that water‐rich regions secure food supply to dry regions; reduction in waste of food, feed and biofuel from post‐harvest to the end consumer; changing of food composition to less water‐consuming products; regulating amount of irrigation water by rationing, subsidies or water pricing to support water‐saving measures such as use of drip, irrigation scheduling and DI. The potential for water saving for different measures is discussed and estimated. Reduction in waste of food and loss of irrigation water from conveyance source to farm both has a great potential for water saving compared to other measures. How to choose the measures will depend on the local situation, which is ultimately a political choice.

Application of Fuzzy-set And Multiple Approaches in Evaluation of Effectiveness of Agricultural Industry Enterprises Activities (As An Example of Animal Breeding of the Republic of Tatarstan)

Effectiveness evaluation of agricultural enterprises’ activities with the aim of formation of state subsidy politics. In the work it is used the theory of fuzzy-sets. In the current research it is considred the traditional methods of evaluation of financial and economic conditions of agricultural subjects, as well it is presented the results of activities effectiveness evaluation on the bases of sales profitability calculation (unprofitability) of agriculture producers of the Republic of Tatarstan. On the bases of calculated parameters of big and average enterprises it is suggested the criteria of complex evaluation taking into account regional aspect. Suggested methodology makes it possible to realize the analysis of commodity producers functioning efficiency taking into account the industry approach as well in view of types activities. Used at work evaluation tools form high quality new approach of conditions of budget allocations distribution, with the purpose of region food security provision. Suggested methodology has practical importance, as it is observed diversification of food demand in relation with demographic changes and in relation to this it has become topical question about effective governmental support implementation of all level agricultural producers.

Construction and physiochemical characterisation of a multi-composite, potential oral vaccine delivery system (VDS)

An increasing human population requires a secure food supply and a cost effective, oral vaccine delivery system for livestock would help facilitate this end. Recombinant antigen adsorbed onto silica beads and coated with myristic acid, was released (∼15% (w/v)) over 24 h at pH 8.8. At pH 2, the myristic acid acted as an enteric coating, protecting the antigen from a variety of proteases. The antigen adsorbed onto silica particles, coated in myristic acid had a conserved secondary structure (measured by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy) following its pH-triggered release. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) was used to measure the thickness of the adsorbed antigen, finding that its adsorbed conformation was slightly greater than its solution radius of gyration, i.e. 120-160 Å. The addition of myristic acid led to a further increase in particle size, with scattering data consistent with an acid thickness slightly greater than a monolayer of fully extended alkyl chains and a degree of hydration of around 50%. Whilst adsorbed onto the silica and coated in myristic acid, the protein was stable over 14 days at 42 °C, indicating a reduced need for cold chain storage. These data indicate that further investigation is warranted into the development of this technology.

Проблемы и тенденции развития рынка молока и молочной продукции Иркутской области

The paper deals with key challenges and trends in developing milk and milk products market of the Irkutsk region for the purpose of food supply security ensuring.

Factors influencing U.S. consumer support for genetic modification to prevent crop disease

This study examines support for the genetic modification (GM) of crops in the context of preventing “late blight,” a devastating potato and tomato disease that caused the Irish Potato Famine in the 1850s and results in substantial crop loss today. We surveyed U.S. adults who do the primary grocery shopping in their household (n = 859). Half of the respondents were randomly assigned to read a vignette describing late blight before responding to questions about GM, whereas the other half read a vignette about generic crop disease before responding to questions. We also examine how the perceived fairness of decision makers relates to GM support and the perceived legitimacy of GM decision making. We found that disease specificity mattered less to support and legitimacy than the perceived fairness of decision makers. The perceived risks of GM to human and environmental health negatively related to GM support and legitimacy, whereas the perceived benefits (e.g. reduced threats to crops and a more secure food supply) positively related to support and legitimacy. Objective knowledge about GM had a small, negative relationship with legitimacy whereas self-assessed familiarity with GM had a positive relationship. Overall, the results offer additional confirmation of past findings from more localized settings that perceived fairness of decision makers matters to support for GM and underscore the importance of considering how risk managers’ behaviors and actions are perceived alongside individuals’ perceptions about the risks and benefits.

Reconciling Traditional Knowledge, Food Security, and Climate Change: Experience From Old Crow, YT, Canada

Reconciling Traditional Knowledge, Food Security, and Climate Change:Experience From Old Crow, YT, Canada Vasiliki Douglas, Hing Man Chan, Sonia Wesche, Cindy Dickson, Norma Kassi, Lorraine Netro, and Megan Williams What Is the Purpose of This Study? • To determine community food security concerns in Old Crow, Yukon, Canada and to develop a community consensus on viable adaptation planning to address food security concerns. What Is the Problem? • Old Crow is a remote, aboriginal community in Arctic Canada that is highly dependent on both traditionally harvested foods and expensive market foods for sustenance, leading to experience a high degree of food insecurity. • Environmental, cultural, and economic change is altering the relationship between residents of Old Crow and their food supply. What Are the Findings? • The population of Old Crow is deeply concerned about its youth and their ability to participate in traditional culture. • A secure food supply is closely dependent on the ability to responsibly manage and harvest traditional food species, and alter the balance between them, if necessary. • Loss of traditional knowledge and culture is widely viewed as a serious threat to traditional resource management. • Market foods are a possible substitution, as is agriculture, but must be managed in conjunction with the traditional food supply. Who Should Care Most? • Members of remote communities facing a high degree of food insecurity face similar issues. • Traditional communities with strong food traditions are facing increasing social pressure to adopt mainstream diets based on market foods. They face issues of cultural food security (if not physical food security) similar to those facing Old Crow. Recommendations for Action • Communities’ options for addressing their food security and cultural security issues may be explored with the assistance of researchers, leading to recommendations for adaptation planning in close collaboration with the community • Actual adaptations must be driven from the community level, and require a high degree of community consensus for success. [End Page 3] Vasiliki Douglas University of Northern British Columbia, School of Health Sciences; Hing Man Chan University of Ottawa, Department of Biology; Sonia Wesche University of Ottawa, Department of Geography; Cindy Dickson Council of Yukon First Nations; Norma Kassi Arctic Institute of Community Based Research Lorraine Netro Vuntut Gwitchin Government Old Crow Megan Williams Vuntut Gwitchin Government Old Crow Copyright © 2014 The Johns Hopkins University Press

Cultivating resilience by empirically revealing response diversity

Intensified climate and market turbulence requires resilience to a multitude of changes. Diversity reduces the sensitivity to disturbance and fosters the capacity to adapt to various future scenarios. What really matters is diversity of responses. Despite appeals to manage resilience, conceptual developments have not yet yielded a break-through in empirical applications. Here, we present an approach to empirically reveal the ‘response diversity’: the factors of change that are critical to a system are identified, and the response diversity is determined based on the documented component responses to these factors. We illustrate this approach and its added value using an example of securing food supply in the face of climate variability and change. This example demonstrates that quantifying response diversity allows for a new perspective: despite continued increase in cultivar diversity of barley, the diversity in responses to weather declined during the last decade in the regions where most of the barley is grown in Finland. This was due to greater homogeneity in responses among new cultivars than among older ones. Such a decline in the response diversity indicates increased vulnerability and reduced resilience. The assessment serves adaptive management in the face of both ecological and socio-economic drivers. Supplier diversity in the food retail industry in order to secure affordable food in spite of global price volatility could represent another application. The approach is, indeed, applicable to any system for which it is possible to adopt empirical information regarding the response by its components to the critical factors of variability and change. Targeting diversification in response to critical change brings efficiency into diversity. We propose the generic procedure that is demonstrated in this study as a means to efficiently enhance resilience at multiple levels of agrifood systems and beyond.

Rural geography II

A dominant discourse in contemporary rural debate relates to food. Deliberated in multiple and complex ways, the conversation vacillates between issues of food sustainability, security, type and provenance, to those of food scarcity, access and safety. Further compounding this complexity, food is equally central to discourses of energy, climate change, biofuels, production patterns, land use and a ‘21st-century land rush’. The use and management of rural resources consequently finds itself near the top of current political, social, economic and environmental agendas. However, while there have been limited contributions by rural geographers on food-related issues, there is no doubting that the oft-declared challenge of providing safe and secure food supplies, and feeding a growing world population, has witnessed increased vigour of engagement. This report explores this engagement, deliberating on the promotion of a ‘new productivism’, the endorsement of the role of GMOs (genetically modified organisms) in securing food supplies, the escalation of global land grabs, and the subsequent impacts on sustainable rural futures.

Bioenergy Development in Thailand: Challenges and Strategies

In recognition of concerns about the security of energy supply and climate change, the Thai government has developed Alternative Energy Development Plan for the period 2012–2021. Under this plan, the production of bio- ethanol and biodiesel in 2021 is expected to grow significantly. This growth will add more pressures on water and land requirements for growing energy crops. This is likely to contribute to worsening the security of water and food supply. This paper, therefore, provides an overview of the bioenergy development and current policies in Thailand with a view to identify the challenges faced by the development of bioenergy. A review of the bioenergy policies reveals that the existing policies have been exclusively focus on energy perspective and largely ignore the significance of the implications arising from the interdependencies between energy, water and food. There is a lack of understanding of the interrelationships between bioenergy, water and food policy interactions. The lack of such understanding is likely to pose several challenges including food or fuel dilemma, security of water supply and issues surrounding land use for biofuel production. This paper further emphasizes the need to develop an integrated framework for developing an understanding of the relationships between energy, water and land.

Economic Valuation of Sea Level Rise Impacts on Agricultural Sector: Damietta Governorate, Egypt

The Nile Delta is considered to be one of the most vulnerable river deltas to Sea Level Rise (SLR) in the world. SLR is expected to affect large agricultural areas of the Nile Delta, either through inundation or higher levels and salinity of groundwater. It could be argued that such impacts would augment the problems experienced already in the area in terms of high groundwater table and salinity levels. In order to guide policy and decision making, especially in terms of assessing the economics of various adaptation options, there is a need to provide estimates of potential economic damage that could result from such changes. The paper in hand aims to estimate the economic value of potential primary impacts of higher levels of groundwater table due to expected SLR on agriculture productivity in Damietta Governorate as one of the Nile Delta coastal governorates. To conduct such an assessment, relationship between groundwater table level and agricultural productivity was first investigated in relevant literature. This was followed by reviewing prevailing conditions in the agricultural sector in the study area. Thereafter, a regression analysis for the main crops in the study area, between crop yield and groundwater table levels, was conducted. Based on the developed regression, a GIS (Geographic Information System)-based hydrological model, and a production economic model, were employed to assess economic value of higher levels of groundwater table impacts on agriculture productivity. It was found that future accumulative crop yield loss was estimated, using segmented linear regression, up to the year 2100 to be as much as L.E. 6.43 billion. It is worth mentioning that these estimates do not include indirect impacts of higher levels of groundwater table, which may include loss of jobs and/or earnings, impacts on food supply and food security in the area. A potential adaptation option, namely redesigning and upgrading existing drainage infrastructure, was found to cost a total of L.E. 190.8 million, representing about 4.5% of the estimated accumulative potential damage to agricultural productivity up to the year 2100.

Food security in the United Kingdom: External supply risks

This paper examines some of the factors that contribute to an understanding of the notion of food security for a developed country like the UK. These include the level of self-sufficiency, the agricultural sector’s dependence on imported inputs, and openness of the economy. An interesting parallel between the food security debate and that of security of energy supplies is also explored. A quantitative assessment of the security of external food supply, based on indices borrowed from the recent literature on energy security, shows that whilst the position of the UK may have worsened slightly, the level of external supply risk is very low. In consequence, security of food supply in the UK does not appear to be an issue that warrants alarm or undue concern, although the debate is likely to rumble on.

Advances and Challenges for Nutrient Management in China in the 21st Century

Managing agricultural nutrients to provide a safe and secure food supply while protecting the environment remains one of the great challenges for the 21st century. The fourth International Nutrient Management Symposium (INMS), held in 2011 at the University of Delaware, addressed these issues via presentations, panel sessions, and field tours focused on latest technologies and policies available to increase nutrient use efficiency. Participants from the United States, Europe, Canada, and China discussed global trends and challenges, balancing food security and the environment in countries with struggling and emerging economics, nutrient management and transport at the catchment scale, new technologies for managing fertilizer and manure nutrients, and adaptive nutrient management practices for farm to watershed scales. A particular area of interest at the fourth INMS was nutrient management progress and challenges in China over the past 40 years. China's food security challenges and rapidly growing economy have led to major advances in agricultural production systems but also created severe nutrient pollution problems. This special collection of papers from the fourth INMS gives an overview of the remarkable progress China has made in nutrient management and highlights major challenges and changes in agri-environmental policies and practices needed today. Lessons learned in China are of value to both developing and developed countries facing the common task of providing adequate food for an expanding world population, while protecting air and water quality and restoring damaged ecosystems.

Aqueous pesticide mitigation efficiency of Typha latifolia (L.), Leersia oryzoides (L.) Sw., and Sparganium americanum Nutt.

Agricultural pesticide use is necessary to help meet the increased demand for a safe and secure food supply for the United States, as well as the global community. Even with proper application and careful management, the possibility of pesticide leaching and detachment in runoff still exists following certain storm events. Several different management practices have been designed to reduce the impacts of pesticides on aquatic receiving systems. Many such practices focus on the use of vegetation to slow runoff and allow for sorption of the various contaminants. Three common drainage ditch macrophytes, Leersia oryzoides (cutgrass), Typha latifolia (cattail), and Sparganium americanum (bur-reed) were assessed for their ability to reduce effluent loads of atrazine, diazinon, and permethrin in simulated agricultural runoff water in 379L individual mesocosms. Of the three macrophytes examined, L. oryzoides was the most effective at mitigating atrazine, and permethrin. L. oryzoides and T. latifolia significantly reduced overall atrazine loads (45±7%, p=0.0073 and 35±8%, p=0.0421, respectively) when compared to unvegetated controls (13±20%). No significant differences in overall diazinon load retention were noted between plant species. Each plant species significantly decreased the initial load (after 6h) of trans-permethrin, while both L. oryzoides and T. latifolia significantly reduced the overall trans-permethrin loads (88±5%, p=0.0022 and 88±5%, p=0.0020, respectively) when compared to unvegetated controls (68±8%). Reversible adsorption of atrazine and diazinon to plants, noted during the flushing events, was greater than that observed in either cis- or trans-permethrin. These results demonstrate the ability of native ditch vegetation to mitigate pesticides associated with agricultural runoff. Likewise, they provide farmers and action agencies with supportive data for selection of vegetation in drainage ditches used as management practices.

Challenges for Crop Production Research in Improving Land Use, Productivity and Sustainability

The demand for food, feed, and feedstocks for bioenergy and biofactory plants will increase proportionally due to population growth, prosperity, and bioeconomic growth. Securing food supply and meeting demand for biomass will involve many biological and agro-ecological aspects such as genetic plant improvement, sustainable land use, water-saving irrigation, and integrated nutrient management as well as control of pests, diseases and weeds. It will be necessary to raise biomass production and economic yield per unit of land—not only under optimum growing conditions, but even more under conditions constrained by climate, water availability, and soil quality. Most of the advanced agronomic research by national and international research institutes is dedicated to the major food crops: maize, rice, wheat, and potato. However, research on crops grown as feedstock, for bio-energy and industrial use under conditions with biophysical constraints, is lagging behind. Global and regional assessments of the potential for growing crops are mostly based on model and explorative studies under optimum conditions, or with either water or nitrogen deficiencies. More investments in combined experimental and modeling research are needed to develop and evaluate new crops and cropping systems under a wide range of agro-ecological conditions. An integral assessment of the biophysical production capacity and the impact on resource use, biodiversity and socio-economic factors should be carried out before launching large-scale crop production systems in marginal environments.

How will we feed 8 billion people in 2025? Public investment in UC fosters answers for global food system

Editorial How will we feed 8 billion people in 2025? Public investment in UC fosters answers for global food system I n the 67 years that California Agriculture journal has pub- of world strawberry produc- lished landmark research by UC scientists, more than tion. Looking forward, UC Barbara Allen-Diaz 6,000 articles have reported UC Agriculture and Natural academics are advancing research Vice President UC Agriculture and Resources (ANR) research and extension to a diverse audi- to foster solutions to global climate Natural Resources ence of academics, policy-makers and engaged members of change, hunger and obesity, in- University of California the public. The journal has also provided evidence of a re- vasive pests, endangered natural markable cooperative investment to bring science-based solu- resources, and water quality and quantity concerns. tions to everyday problems. Additional information on the scope and impact of UC re- The year 2014 marks the centennial of the Smith-Lever Act search and the economic power of California agriculture can forming Cooperative Extension. Together with the Morrill be found in new UC ANR publications available on the web Act (1862) that launched public colleges and universities, and at http://ucanr.edu/files/141870.pdf and http://ucanr.edu/ the Hatch Act (1887)* that funded agricultural experiment sites/Toolkit/files/162595.pdf. stations at those institutions, the Smith-Lever Act played In 2025, providing 8 billion people with quality, affordable a crucial role in forming the land-grant system that today and accessible food will be the defining economic, sociopolit- UC re- ANR Statewide provides accessible public higher education, produces ical and ethical issue of our time. It is a global challenge. But Conference search in the public interest, and extends as the number-one agricultural state in that knowledge for the public good. The the United States, and one of the world’s return on those investments has been top food producers, it is also a challenge remarkable. to California. Today, ANR works with partners in On April 9, 2013, ANR will host the virtually every sector, disseminating Global Food Systems Forum. Producers, research and education that directly ben- geopoliticists, ethicists, economists, hu- efits citizens, communities, businesses manists and others will address the chal- Global and the environment of the state. As a lenges of protecting our natural resource Food result of those partnerships, California base (water, soil, air, plants and animals) Systems has been and continues to be the nation’s upon which our food supply depends, the Forum top agricultural state. By every measure, risks we face if we do not, and potential California’s command of this top ranking solutions for California and the world. is growing larger, with every $1 invested Keynote speakers include Mrs. Mary in agricultural research resulting in $21 in Robinson, former president of Ireland economic benefit to every Californian. and president of the Mary Robinson In 2011, California farm revenue Foundation — Climate Justice, and Wes topped $43 billion, directly providing Jackson, founder and president of the 800,000 jobs on more than 80,000 farms. Of Land Institute. In addition, two distin- more than 400 crops produced in the state, guished panels will focus on the geopo- 11 exceeded $1 billion in revenue. Our litical, ethical, economic and technical agricultural exports returned $14.7 billion challenges facing food systems from a to the state’s economy, and these statistics global and California perspective. We continue to climb. In one year alone, from invite you to view these discussions 2010 to 2011, agricultural revenues were via webcast. up 15%. To register for the Global Food Systems Forum web- Driven by the innovation and entrepreneurship of cast, please go to our website, http://food2025.ucanr.edu/. California growers and processors, UC research has been Additional information on speakers, panelists and modera- adapted to increase productivity in all major crops, benefit- tors, as well as links to social media blogs and tweets can be ting the whole food system. Over the past 30 years, average found at http://food2025.ucanr.edu/Blog/. yields of almonds are up 122%, processing tomato yields I hope you will join us for the webcast and contribute to are up 69%, and per-cow milk production is up 44%. UC- an ongoing conversation on how best to secure an abundant, developed plant varieties account for 90% of the wheat affordable, and secure food supply while protecting the natu- grown in the state, 65% of California’s strawberries, and 40% ral resource base for California and the world. California Roots Global Reach CALIFORNIA AGRICULTURE • VOLUME 67 , NUMBER 2 * Corrected by California Agriculture April 16, 2013, after press run: “(1887)” not “(1877).”

Melting Pots of Biodiversity: Tropical Smallholder Farm Landscapes as Guarantors of Sustainability

In the rush toward securing food supplies and saving nature, agroecosystems such as smallholder farming landscapes in the tropics appear at times to be a missed opportunity.1 Efforts tend to focus instead on two distinct pathways in separate portions of the landscape: efficient agriculture in larger scale farmlands and wild nature for conservation. The mixed tropical landscapes managed by smallholder farmers tend to be seen as neither very productive, nor good for nature. For conservationists in particular, a key obstacle is that these agroecosystems host many introduced or invasive species, instead of just native or endangered species. In this article, we argue that the arrival of alien plants in these ever-changing melting-pot landscapes can contribute to people's adaptation to social and environmental changes, to a diversification of livelihoods and habitats, to avoided deforestation, to biodiversity conservation, and finally to sustainability. Based on a three-part analytical framework applied to several case studies, we argue that more resources should be dedicated toward understanding, protecting, and enhancing tropical smallholder farming systems, and that introduced plants should not be an obstacle to this. (Resume d'auteur)

Rural geography I

Rural areas are increasingly thought of in terms of opportunity, as engines of growth in a world of economic uncertainty, they are being challenged in terms of their role in providing safe and secure food supplies, and they are being lauded and criticized in terms of climate change and mitigation. The multiple scales of these discussions, and the intensity and increased volume of rural debate that has emerged, see rural geographers occupy an interesting space in terms of conceptualizations, engagement and understanding of rural livelihoods and rural sustainability. Through the lens of agriculture and related spheres, the principal issues pertaining to agriculture as a sectoral activity and an instrument of rural and regional development, this report explores rural geographers’ critique of agriculture and small-scale farming in sustainable rural futures and the changing expectations and contradictions that currently abound.

President's address 2013

Security of food supply, sustainability of food production and safety in food processing - the three Ss of food - have featured in the news globally over the last twelve months. New Zealand has not been immune, and was the focus mid-year. The repercussions are still being felt. A successful pathway to the future will include improved understanding of agriculture and science - which means education at all levels is required. The role of the New Zealand Grassland Association continues to be information exchange and hence education - fuelled by science and tempered by experience.

Problemy społeczne Galicji Zachodniej w początkach II Rzeczypospolitej (wybrane zagadnienia)

In the first months of the regained independence Polish lands experienced serious social and economic problems. So it was in Western Galicia. The most urgent issues were to secure food supplies and take organized care of the people who found themselves in a difficult situation (poverty, unemployment). In Western Galicia the responsibility for social assistance was largely taken by the Polish Liquidation Committee which closely collaborated on a number of issues with local governments and various organizations. The main obstacles in providing active assistance were limited financial resources and the difficulties in gathering the required amount of food. Despite the rather serious food shortages in West Galicia there were no cases of prolonged shortages of basic foodstuffs, such that could jeopardize life and health of the public on a larger scale. The disorganized labor market needed a lot of intensive initiative. Similarly to other Polish lands, at the beginning of independence Western Galicia had to face high crime rate. It partly resulted from the weakening of the security service and the ineffectiveness of judicial authorities. Another issue which destabilized the social order were ethnic conflicts.

A case of champagne: A study of geographical indications

The urgency of securing food supply has increased dramatically in a period when the GFC, environmental degradation, global warming and the rapid increase in industrialised food production has revealed the fragility of the world’s food production systems. In July 2012, Australia published its first Green Paper on food security. noting; ‘in the next 30 years the world will have to produce 70% more food to feed the world’s growing population’.[1] In the same month, the US Congress commenced a legislative debate about policy directions and public funding through taxation for farm subsidies to American primary producers. In May 2012, The Canadian government introduced the first National Food Strategy, to manage failures of the social security system to provide adequate and nourishing food to around 800,000 Canadians. In July 2013, the Indian government issued an ordinance to give the nation’s population the right to get 5kgs of food grains every month at highly subsidised rates. This will be the biggest food security program on the planet. Food policy involves vital challenges in humanitarian, health and environmental law. Food law and governance plays an important role in facilitating the transition to sustainable agriculture and food security. The Centre for Commercial Law is embarking on a project to produce international publications, colloquia, presentations and research analysing and proposing reform to areas in food law. Our mission is to conduct research and publishing in the vital area of Food Governance and Food Security policy making, celebrating food, local terroir and its relationship with society. The Centre provides legal studies of culinary modernism, tourism, restaurants, the gourmet and health aspects of food, wine and trade law. Our first contribution, the fruit of a successful Colloquium on Food and Law in 2012, is on Champagne and Geographical Indications. It is both informative. enjoyable and a little long on taste, like a fine wine. [1] National Food Plan, DAFF, 2012