Security In WSNs Research Articles

Enhancing agricultural wireless sensor network security through integrated machine learning approaches

AbstractWireless sensor network (WSN) works with a collection of multiple sensor nodes to fetch the data from the deployed environment to fulfill the application whether it is agricultural monitoring, industrial monitoring, etc. The agricultural region can be monitored by deploying sensor nodes to multiple verticals where continuous human presence is not feasible. These devices are equipped with limited resources and are easily vulnerable to various cyber‐attacks. The attacker can hack the sensor nodes to steal critical information from WSN devices. The cluster heads in the WSN play a vital role in the process of routing data packets and attackers launch malicious codes through sender nodes to hack or damage the cluster heads to shut down the entire deployed network of agricultural regions. This research paper proposes a framework to improve the security of WSNs by providing a shield to the cluster heads of the network using machine learning techniques. The experimental study of the paper includes the comparative analysis of three machine learning techniques decision tree classifier, Gaussian Naïve Bayes, and random forest classifier for predicting WSN attacks like flooding, gray hole, blackhole, and TDMA that are deployed to support the proposed WSN security framework on the attack dataset. The random forest classifier achieves an accuracy of 98%, Precision of 97.6%, Recall of 97.6%, and F1 score of 97.8% which is the maximum among the deployed machine learning techniques.

Cryptographic image-based data security strategies in wireless sensor networks

There is need to develop and create new data protection mechanisms aimed at the compensating for the lack of security of WSNs. This paper introduces new cryptographic image-based techniques aimed at improving data security in WSNs. The solution also integrates imaging processing techniques with advanced cryptographic principles to merge a two-layered security architecture. This work provides a new WSN-specific encryption algorithm that delivers low energy consumption and smaller computational burden. Likewise, this is connected to an image-based authentication approach which employs steganographic methods in the information hiding technique. Intensive simulations allow the approach that supports methodology, naming increased security metrics obtained without decreasing in network performance. This study seeks to fill the gap in current practice in WSN security and provides a foundation for future research on image-based techniques integrated with cryptographic algorithms aiming at more secure data protection under limited resources.

Advancing Security and Trust in WSNs: A Federated Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

Advancing Security and Trust in WSNs: A Federated Multi-Agent Deep Reinforcement Learning Approach

A modified graywolf‐basedchameleon swarm algorithm for minimizing energy consumption and enabling secure communication in wireless sensor network

SummaryThe efficiency and security of WSNs are improved by designing multiple lightweight cryptographic techniques and a 6LoWPAN protocol, depending on resource utilization and a reasonable amount of energy. This is still caused by constraints such as power resource management, authentication, key management, and flexibility protocols. To address these challenges, a novel approach called the modified gray wolf‐based chameleon swarm (MGW‐CS) algorithm is presented to select the cluster heads from WSN nodes. The MGW‐CS algorithm is an amalgamation of both improved gray wolf optimizer and chameleon swarm algorithm. During cluster head selection, the QoS parameters such as network lifetime, energy efficiency, and throughput and packet delivery ratio are improved and optimized. By presenting a lightweight and flexible cryptographic model to manage encryption complexities, the encryption parameters are automatically selected based on the currently available resources of each sensor node for data encryption. Among various WSN nodes, data exchanging and secure communication are established with the development of novel authentication and a lightweight key management model. The proposed model is implemented using the NS‐2 software. The proposed methodology offers a packet delivery rate of 98.6% for a total of 500 nodes when compared to the different state‐of‐art techniques.

Hybrid Cryptography Algorithm for Securing Wireless Sensor Networks from Node Clone Attack

Background: Security in WSNs is the most significant because sensor nodes deployed are in an unattended environment, and the information is communicated over insecure wireless channels. Therefore, there is a need to put enhanced security measures for securing sensor nodes as well as ensure secured transmission of information. Objective: These resource-constrained networks suffer from various attacks namely, node clone attack, Sybil attack, and DoS attack. In this paper, we proposed a hybrid cryptography algorithm, which secured WSNs from node clone attack. Methods: The proposed algorithm uses a combination of symmetric (AES) and asymmetric (ECC) cryptography techniques along with the hash function. Further, the proposed algorithm checks the integrity of messages during communication in the sensor network. Results: The performance of the proposed hybrid algorithm was examined through the various metrics like communication, computation, and storage overheads. The comparison of the results validates the efficiency of the proposed hybrid algorithm. Conclusion: The proposed hybrid algorithm provides a secure and efficient solution to the energy sensor networks.

Simple, secure, and lightweight mechanism for mutual authentication of nodes in tiny wireless sensor networks

SummaryWireless sensor networks (WSNs) are widely used in large areas of applications; due to advancements in technology, very tiny sensors are readily available, and their usage reduces the cost. The mechanisms designed for wireless networks cannot be implied on networks with tiny nodes due to battery and computational constraints. Understanding the significance of security in WSNs and resource constraintness of tiny WSNs, we propose a node authentication mechanism for nodes in wireless sensor networks to avoid security attacks and establish secure communication between them. In the proposed mechanism, a base station (BS) generates a secret value and random value for each sensor node and stores at the node. The sensor node authenticates using secret value and random number. Random nonce ensures freshness, efficiency, and robustness. The proposed mechanism is lightweight cryptographic, hence requires very less computational, communication, and storage resources. Security analysis of the proposed mechanism could not detect any security attack on it, and the mechanism was found to incur less storage, communication, and computation overheads. Hence, the proposed mechanism is best suitable for wireless sensor networks with tiny nodes.

A Trust based Clustering Routing Scheme to Enhance the Security of WSNs

Because of the nature of efficiency and load balancing, LEACH based hierarchical routing protocols mixed with trust management techniques can be one of the good choices to design a trustable and secured wirelesssensornetwork where each node can trust highly on the next hop on their forwarding path.Trust management models can be used as much powerful while aimimg at designing a secured and attack-resistant protocol for routing in wireless sensor networks.In case of trust management models,there are various methodologies and ways exist for computing trust value of a normal sensor node and/or that of a cluster head node and afterwards the resulted trust value can be used in different ways to find a secure routing path.This paper aims to provide a trust management scheme to address the packet drop attack or blackhole attack made by a compromised sensor node inside WSNs.Alongwith the security feature against the above attack,we have implemented DIJKSTRA shortest path algorithm to regain the speed efficiency which may have been degraded due to trust computation in various phases of the routing inside and outside of clusters in the network.

Systematic literature review on designing trust-based security for WSNs

<span>The study assessed the design and development of trust-based security for wireless sensor networks. A qualitative approach was opted by employing systematic review analysis, which was assessed using secondary data collection. The design and development of trust-based security were mainly targeted, and 140 publications were randomly reviewed, from which 24 studies were finalized after excluding irrelevant data and studies that only contained abstracts. The results were analyzed focusing on the designs, applications and protocols and trust factors. Different studies have been evaluated, which have suggested that proper design and development of trust-based security should be the foremost aim to be applied in user environments. The study suggested that designing the trust management models based on the taxonomy of routing applications and relevant algorithms could be a part of future investigations.</span>

An Efficient Broadcast Authentication Scheme in Wireless Sensor Networks

Abstract: Broadcast source authentication is a challenging topic in wireless sensor networks. This security service allows senders to broadcast messages to multiple receivers in a secure way. Although several authentication mechanisms have been proposed to address the need for security in WSNs, most of them are resource consuming and are inadequate for constrained environments. In this paper, we shed the light to the security vulnerabilities of symmetric key based authentication mechanisms, and their inability to tackle memory DoS attacks. Moreover, we provide a new efficient broadcast authentication scheme based on a Bloom filter data structure in order to reduce the communication overhead. Finally, we run a thorough set of simulations to assess the efficiency of our approach compared to some state of the art solutions in terms of energy consumption, communication and computation overhead. Our results provide insight into the suitability of our approach for use in WSNs.

HEF Clustering for Secure and Efficient Data Transmission in CWSN

the modern wireless networks, wireless sensor network plays a prominent role. Bunch reduces the general energy consumption. In this paper HEF (High Energy First) bunch protocol is employed. This protocol provides improved network time period since the energy level of the nodes are considered while choosing the cluster head. The cluster area is fashioned dynamically and sporadically. The cluster heads are usually having more resources (generally energy) on comparison with other nodes in the cluster. We tend to propose a globally trust management theme that enhance security in WSNs. In this trust management scheme, trust model takes 2 methodologies, trust from direct observation methodology and trust from indirect observation method. In direct observation methodology observer node gets trust value by exploiting theorem reasoning. On the other hand, with indirect observation trust value is obtained from neighbor nodes of the observer node. The trust value for this methodology is based on Dempster-Shafer theory. Combining these 2 trust models, we tend to get a lot of correct trust values that results the effectiveness of our methodology. KeywordsSensor Networks (WSN), High Energy First (HEF), Dempster -Shafer theory, Harmonic Search Algorithm (HSA), Cluster Head (CH), Base Station (BS), Cluster based WSN (CWSN)

The Survey of Wireless Sensor Networks Information Security in Smart Grid

This paper discusses the application of wireless sensor network in the smart grid and information security requirements, such as confidentiality, integrity, availability, and data freshness. We also analyze the physical attack and several typical network attacks of WSNs in smart grid. We elaborate the implementation process, characteristics and the hazards to the power grid of these attacks. In the paper, we propose a communications security policy of WSNs in smart grid and corresponding information security technologies, we analyze the characteristics and existing solutions of such information security technology, then we propose corresponding solutions of security technology applicable to smart grid. In the end, we summarize some issues in the realization of WSNs security technologies in smart grid and discuss the latest trends.

A New Routing Protocol for Efficient and Secure Wireless Sensor Networks

This paper presents an improved LEACH protocol to save energy and enhance network security for wireless sensor networks. All nodes are distributed evenly in sensing area. The sensing area is divided into a number of small squares called cells, and a cluster consists of four cells. The cluster structure does not change in whole network lifetime. A cell head is chosen in each cell and a cluster head is selected from four cell heads in each cluster. The data are transmitted from clusters to the base station by employing the multi-hop manner. All nodes that communicate each other establish pairwise keys. Analysis demonstrates that the new routing protocol saves more node energy, distributes energy consumption to all nodes more evenly, prolongs more lifetime for WSNs than the LEACH protocol dose. Moreover, it enhances the security for WSNs. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/telkomnika.v11i11.3530

MAXIMIZING THE LIFETIME AND SECURITY OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Recent technological advances have facilitated the widespread use of wireless sensor networks in many applications such as battle field surveillance, environmental observations, biological detection and industrial diagnostics. In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are typically power-constrained with limited lifetime, and so it’s necessary to understand however long the network sustains its networking operations. We can enhance the quality of monitoring in wireless sensor networks by increasing the WSNs lifetime. At the same time WSNs are deployed for monitoring in a range of critical domains such as military, healthcare etc. Accordingly, these WSNs are vulnerable to attacks. Now this proposed work concentrate on maximizing the security of WSNs with the already existing approach (i.e. combination of A* and fuzzy approach) for maximizing the lifetime of WSNs. This paper ensures sensed data security by providing authenticity, integrity, confidentiality. So, this approach provides more effective and efficient way for maximizing the lifetime and security of the WSNs.

MAXIMIZING THE LIFETIME AND SECURITY OF WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS

Recent technological advances have facilitated the widespread use of wireless sensor networks in many applications such as battle field surveillance, environmental observations, biological detection and industrial diagnostics. In wireless sensor networks, sensor nodes are typically power-constrained with limited lifetime, and so it’s necessary to understand however long the network sustains its networking operations. We can enhance the quality of monitoring in wireless sensor networks by increasing the WSNs lifetime. At the same time WSNs are deployed for monitoring in a range of critical domains such as military, healthcare etc. Accordingly, these WSNs are vulnerable to attacks. Now this proposed work concentrate on maximizing the security of WSNs with the already existing approach (i.e. combination of A* and fuzzy approach) for maximizing the lifetime of WSNs. This paper ensures sensed data security by providing authenticity, integrity, confidentiality. So, this approach provides more effective and efficient way for maximizing the lifetime and security of the WSNs.

A Security Scheme based on Location for Wireless Sensor Networks

A pair wise key pre-distribution scheme based on the concept of the Overlap Key Sharing (OKS) and clusters for wireless sensor networks is proposed. This strategy divides the sensing area into square cells and logical groups and distributes key information to the sensor nodes by employing the OKS scheme. Sensor nodes establish their secure communication through using their keys. Analysis and comparison demonstrate that this scheme has good network connectivity, effectively reduces storage cost and enhances the security for WSNs and provides flexible security grades.

Signal Strength based Hello Flood Attack Detection and Prevention in Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor network is a highly distributed network of small lightweight wireless sensor nodes, deployed in large numbers to monitor the environment or system. These sensor networks have limitations of system resources like battery power, radio range and processing capability. Low processing power and wireless connectivity make such networks vulnerable to various attacks like sink hole, black hole, Sybil attacks, selective forwarding, worm hole, hello flood etc. Among these hello flood attack is an important attack on the network layer, in which an adversary, which is not a legal node in the network, can flood hello request to any legitimate node using high transmission power and break the security of WSNs. The current solutions for this type of attack are mainly cryptographic, which suffer from heavy computational complexity. Hence these are less suitable in terms of memory and battery power. In this paper a method has been proposed to detect and prevent hello flood attack using signal strength of received Hello messages. Nodes have been classified as friend and stranger based on the signal strength of Hello messages sent by them. Nodes classified as stranger are further validated by sending a simple test packet; if the reply of test packet comes back in a predefined time then it is treated as valid otherwise it is treated as malicious. The algorithm is implemented in ns-2 by modifying the AODVrouting protocol. The performance of algorithm has been tested under different network scenarios. The simulation results show improved performance of the new algorithm in terms of number of packet delivery ratio as compare to AODV with hello flood attack.

A Secure Strategy for Location-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

A Secure Strategy for Location-Based Wireless Sensor N A cluster-based secure strategy for wireless sensor networks is proposed. The two-dimension sensing area comprises a number of clusters, each of which contains four small squares called cells. The WSNs structure is a two-layer structure. The upper layer consists of all cluster heads and the lower layer consists of all ordinary sensors managed by their cluster heads. The cluster heads establish their pairwise keys through utilizing a key pre-distribution scheme based on cluster head identifications and the ordinary sensors establish their pairwise keys through employing a dynamic key management strategy based on exclusion-based systems (EBSs). Analysis and comparison show this scheme enhances the WSNs security, decreases WSNs communication consumption, saves cluster head and sensor energy expenditure, and prolongs the lifetime of both cluster heads and ordinary sensors.etworks

Dynamic High Level Cross Layer Security Mechanisms for Wireless Sensor Networks

In dynamic insensitive application specific network, WSN consists of hundred and thousands of sensor nodes densely deployed in the sensor field. Majority of sensor nodes are static having power limitations, low network throughput, message transfer delays and computation power limits that are major obstacles. The limited communication range of WSN nodes, link asymmetry, and the characteristics of the physical environment lead to a major sources of QoS degradation in WSNs. The potential applications of the WSNs typically range from those in defense, military, environmental monitoring, health monitoring and civilian surveillance applications etc. All of these applications being omnipresent in nature necessitate appropriate heavy secure mechanisms to ensure the data security and privacy. On the other hand, the WSN nodes, being extremely resource constrained, it is really challenging to devise the WSNs security protocols. So need to propose dynamic high level cross layer security mechanism for detecting various attacks and the countermeasures taken to avoid the same without comprising any network resources.

통계적 여과 기법 기반 센서 네트워크에서 라우팅 경로 최적화를 위한 영역별 부분 경로 선택 방법

무선 센서 네트워크에서 라우팅 경로는 네트워크 보안 유지를 위해 매우 중요하다. 이러한 라우팅 경로를 유지하기 위해선 지속적인 경로 재설정 및 관리가 요구된다. 영역 분할 기반 경로 설정 기법은 통계적 여과 기법이 적용된 센서 네트워크를 여러 개의 하위 영역으로 나누고 각 영역별로 경로 설정 및 관리하는 방법을 제공한다. 이 기법은 부분적인 네트워크 위상 변화 또는 노드의 에너지 고갈 등의 문제로 인한 경로 재설정 시 사용되는 에너지 소모를 많은 부분 절약할 수 있다. 하지만 경로 설정에 사용되는 정보가 해당 영역에만 제한되어 전체 네트워크 관점에서 항상 최적화된 보안 라우팅 경로를 보장하기 어렵다. 본 논문에서는 통계적 여과 기법 기반 센서 네트워크에서 기존 영역 분할 기반 경로 설정 기법으로 설정된 라우팅 경로 최적화를 위한 영역별 부분 경로 선택 방법을 제안한다. 제안 기법에서는 기지 노드가 영역 단위로 설정된 부분 경로 정보를 수집하여 모든 후보 경로들을 평가 함수를 이용해 평가한다. 평가를 통해 결정된 보안 라우팅 경로 정보는 전체 경로 정보 메시지를 통해 각 영역의 최상위 노드(Super DN)에 전달된다. 따라서 각 영역의 최상위 노드는 해당 경로 정보를 이용해 이벤트 발생 위치에 따른 최적화된 라우팅 경로를 제공할 수 있다. 시뮬레이션을 통해 제안 기법의 성능을 검증하였으며, 제안 기법은 기존 영역 분할 기반 경로 설정 기법의 성능 향상을 위해 유용하게 활용할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. Routing paths are mightily important for the network security in WSNs. To maintain such routing paths, sustained path re-selection and path management are needed. Region segmentation based path selection method (RSPSM) provides a path selection method that a sensor network is divided into several subregions, so that the regional path selection and path management are available. Therefore, RSPSM can reduce energy consumption when the path re-selection process is executed. However, it is hard to guarantee optimized secure routing path at all times since the information using the path re-selection process is limited in scope. In this paper, we propose partial path selection method in each subregion using preselected partial paths made by RSPSM for routing path optimization in SEF based sensor networks. In the proposed method, the base station collects the information of the all partial paths from every subregion and then, evaluates all the candidates that can be the optimized routing path for each node using a evaluation function. After the evaluation process is done, the result is sent to each super DN using the global routing path information (GPI) message. Thus, each super DN provides the optimized secure routing paths using the GPI. We show the effectiveness of the proposed method via the simulation results. We expect that our method can be useful for the improvement of RSPSM.

SecLEACH—On the security of clustered sensor networks

Clustered sensor networks have recently been shown to increase system throughput, decrease system delay, and save energy while performing data aggregation. Whereas those with rotating cluster heads, such as LEACH (low-energy adaptive clustering hierarchy), have also advantages in terms of security, the dynamic nature of their communication makes most existing security solutions inadequate for them. In this paper, we investigate the problem of adding security to hierarchical (cluster-based) sensor networks where clusters are formed dynamically and periodically, such as LEACH. For this purpose, we show how random key predistribution, widely studied in the context of flat networks, and μ TESLA , a building block from SPINS, can be both used to secure communications in this type of network. We present our solution, and provide a detailed analysis of how different values for the various parameters in such a system impact a hierarchical network in terms of security and energy efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, ours is the first that investigates security in hierarchical WSNs with dynamic cluster formation.