Security In Wireless Body Area Networks Research Articles

The Smart Trust framework for WBAN: An AI-driven approach for node trust assessment

The primary contribution of this research lies in its innovative use of artificial intelligence to automate the trust assessment process in WBANs, providing a dynamic solution to the challenge of maintaining data integrity and network reliability. The SmartTrust (SmTr) framework uses advanced machine learning techniques to accurately analyze historical and behavioral data of network nodes. Thus, computer trustworthiness scores allow one to effectively distinguish between trustworthy nodes and potentially malicious nodes. WBANs and their services are rapidly gaining popularity, but they pose unprecedented security challenges. These requirements are being met with WBAN as it evolves. In an increasingly complex, heterogeneous, and evolving mobile environment, completing these tasks can be difficult. A more secure and adaptable WBAN environment can be achieved by using trust management to meet WBAN security requirements. The reliability of a wireless sensor network is evaluated through behavioral evidence. Researchers use the results of node behavior almost directly or combine them with the results of third-party evaluation, instead of studying the original evidence of node behavior and ignoring the analysis of the history of node behavior, which leads to low confidence, rationality, and reliability. SmartTrust (SmTr) is a new approach based on artificial intelligence (AI) to improve trust and reliability over wireless body area networks (WBAN). As a modern healthcare system, this technology can be considered. Experimental results from implementing the SmTr framework demonstrate its effectiveness in improving network resilience against security threats, improving resource allocation, and thus increasing the quality and reliability of healthcare delivery.

Security In Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) Using Blockchain

In this era of increased technological and medical advancements, remote monitoring of patients and elderly people has become more popular. Even in situations like the Covid'19 pandemic, the hospital and medical facilities are in demand. In such scenarios, elderly people who need medical care and patients who need round-the-clock medical attention can be made to stay in their homes and can be monitored remotely with the help of a remote patient monitoring system. Such a system can be built by incorporating Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN). WBAN encompasses various biological wearable sensors which monitor the patient’s health around the clock. The accumulated sensor data is then shared with hospitals and medical professionals through wireless sensor networks. This data includes personnel details, various vital parameters, medical images, etc. which are highly confidential. So providing security and confidentiality in such networks is mandatory. Several cryptographic mechanisms and algorithms are available for ensuring security in WBANs. In recent days several works have been proposed to incorporate the emerging Blockchain technology to improve the privacy, security, and confidentiality in WBANs. In this survey, we discuss various research that proposed blockchain-based solutions for ensuring security, integrity, and data privacy in WBAN.

A Cluster-Based Energy-Efficient Secure Optimal Path-Routing Protocol for Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks.

Recently, research into Wireless Body-Area Sensor Networks (WBASN) or Wireless Body-Area Networks (WBAN) has gained much importance in medical applications, and now plays a significant role in patient monitoring. Among the various operations, routing is still recognized as a resource-intensive activity. As a result, designing an energy-efficient routing system for WBAN is critical. The existing routing algorithms focus more on energy efficiency than security. However, security attacks will lead to more energy consumption, which will reduce overall network performance. To handle the issues of reliability, energy efficiency, and security in WBAN, a new cluster-based secure routing protocol called the Secure Optimal Path-Routing (SOPR) protocol has been proposed in this paper. This proposed algorithm provides security by identifying and avoiding black-hole attacks on one side, and by sending data packets in encrypted form on the other side to strengthen communication security in WBANs. The main advantages of implementing the proposed protocol include improved overall network performance by increasing the packet-delivery ratio and reducing attack-detection overheads, detection time, energy consumption, and delay.

Current security and privacy posture in wireless body area networks

Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have emerged as a promising technology for remote health monitoring and healthcare applications. However, ensuring the security and privacy of sensitive health data in WBANs is crucial to foster user trust and prevent unauthorized access or data breaches. This paper provides an overview of the key challenges, techniques, and research gaps in WBAN security and privacy. The findings indicate that the challenges in WBAN security and privacy include resource constraints, compatibility issues, privacy concerns, dynamic network environments, security and usability trade-offs, emerging threat landscape, and user awareness and education. To address these challenges, various security techniques have been developed, such as authentication and authorization mechanisms, encryption, access control, secure communication protocols, intrusion detection systems, and privacy-preserving data handling techniques. Despite the progress made, there are research gaps that require further investigation. These research gaps include the development of secure and lightweight authentication mechanisms, privacy-preserving data analysis techniques, trust and security management frameworks, resilience to insider threats, security of data aggregation and fusion, user-centric security designs, and addressing legal and ethical considerations. Addressing these research gaps and challenges requires collaboration between researchers, device manufacturers, policymakers, and end-users. Ongoing research and innovation are necessary to develop robust security techniques, privacy-enhancing technologies, and user-friendly solutions tailored for WBANs. Additionally, compliance with privacy regulations, user education, and awareness are critical for responsible and ethical use of WBANs.

PSDCE: Physiological signal-based double chaotic encryption for instantaneous E-healthcare services

As fundamental technical support to instantaneous E-healthcare services, Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) have attracted huge attention in the scientific and industrial community in recent years, which defines a unique wireless communication protocol for medical and healthcare circumstances. However, the concerns of the network and data security in WBANs have become an obstacle to the rapid development of it. In this paper, a double chaotic encryption method containing the natural randomness by adding physiological signal, electroencephalogram (EEG), is proposed. Initially, the three-dimensional eigenvalues contained deep multi-domain features are extracted as the initial factors of the chaos-based pseudo-random number generator to ensure the natural randomness of the initial values. Then, a hybrid pseudo-random number generator based on two chaotic maps, Piecewise linear Map (PLCM) and Coupled Logistic-Tent map (LTM), is proposed, which has the advantages of high randomness and low hardware complexity. Finally, the double chaotic encryption method based on the EEG eigenvalue for WBANs is presented. Various types of evaluations are performed to verify the efficiency and robustness of the proposed solution.

Dual-Factor WBAN Enhanced Authentication System Based on Iris and ECG Descriptors

At present, COVID-19 is still spreading and affecting millions of people worldwide. Minimizing the need for travel can significantly reduce the probability of infection and improve patients’ quality of life. The wireless body area network (WBAN) transmits the patients’ physiological data to the doctor remotely through the sensors in a way that minimizes physical contact with others. However, existing WBAN security authentication schemes have a core limitation that includes weak authentication performance and overconsumption of resources that precludes their widespread adoption in practical applications. Therefore, in this article, an enhanced dual-factor authentication system that addresses the mentioned drawbacks is proposed for securing WBAN resources. By combining iris and electrocardiogram (ECG) features, users would be required to pass the first-level iris authentication before performing the second-level ECG authentication, thus enhancing the overall security scheme of a WBAN system. Furthermore, we examined the existing inter-pulse-interval (IPI) encoding methods and propose a more efficient ECG IPI encoding algorithm, which can effectively shorten the encoding time without affecting the overall encoding performance. Finally, extensive experiments were performed to verify the performance of the proposed dual-factor iris and ECG-based WBAN authentication system using public iris and ECG databases. The experimental results show that the false acceptance rate (FAR) is close to 0.0%, and the false rejection rate (FRR) is close to 3.2%. Findings from this study suggest that the proposed dual-factor authentication scheme could aid the adequate deployment of security schemes to protect WBAN resources in practical applications.

DATA SECURITY — THE NEXT IMPERATIVE IN HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS

Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have significantly impacted healthcare applications by giving the possibility of monitoring the patient’s physiological parameters using different sensors. The use of WSN and the wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) offers possible solutions for monitoring the health parameters in remote areas. On the other hand, the use of wireless communication medium and information security is the primary concern in WBANs. Because WBANs use the different small sensors placed on the human body to collect the physiological data. They need resource and computational restrictions, thus, building the use of complex and advanced encryption algorithms infeasible. It is essential in the WBAN to monitor and transmit the data to provide reliable and secure communication. Wrong and incomplete information can create difficulties in patient health which can be sometimes more dangerous. This gives the motivation to make such security protocols or algorithms to achieve high security in WBANs. So, the research has been currently focused on reliable communication between the doctor and patient, routing algorithms, and the data’s security by using various new technologies. This paper discusses the different security threats and solutions for designing healthcare applications and routing and layer attacks. Furthermore, the paper has been focused on the Data Distribution Service Models for data security. The paper also includes artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms in healthcare implemented by various companies.

Securing Wireless Body Area Network with Efficient Secure Channel Free and Anonymous Certificateless Signcryption

In the last few years, the wireless body area network (WBAN) has emerged as an appealing and viable option in the e-health application domain. WBAN technology is primarily used to offer continuous screening of health data to patients, independent of their location, time, or activity. A WBAN, on the other hand, is vulnerable to different cyberattacks due to the openness of the wireless environment and the privacy of people’s physiological data. A highly efficient and secure cryptographic scheme that can fulfill the needs of resource-constrained WBAN sensors and devices is considered necessary. First, we take a look at the most up-to-date security solutions for WBANs. Then, we go through some of the underlying concerns and challenges with WBAN security. We propose a new framework called secure channel free certificateless signcryption scheme for WBANs based on a hyperelliptic curve that can meet security requirements such as confidentiality, anonymity, integrity, resistance against unauthorized users, unforgeability, public verifiability, forward secrecy, and antireplay attack, all of which can be achieved with low computation and communication costs. The computation cost of the proposed scheme is 3.36 ms, which is much better than its counterpart schemes.

Minimizing path loss and improving security in wireless body area networks

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is energy consumption and security. To extend the sensor’s life span, saving the energy in a sensor is important. In this paper, biosensors are implanted or suited on the human body, and then, transposition has been applied for biosensors for reducing the sensor distance from the sink node. After transposition path loss has been calculated, security is maintained and also compared the results with the existing strategies.Design/methodology/approachNowadays, one of the most emergent technologies is wireless body area network (WBAN), which represents to improve the quality of life and also allow for monitoring the remote patient and other health-care applications. Traffic routing plays a main role together with the relay nodes, which is used to collect the biosensor’s information and send it towards the sink.FindingsTo calculate the distance and observe the position, Euclidean distance technique is used. Path loss is the main parameter, which is needed to reduce for making better data transmission and to make the network stability. Routing protocols can be designed, with the help of proposed values of sensors locations in the human body, which gives good stability of network and lifetime. It helps to achieve as the less deplete energy.Originality/valueThis scheme is compared with the two existing schemes and shows the result in terms of parameter path loss. Moreover, this paper evaluated a new method for improving the security in WBAN. The main goal of this research is to find the optimal sensor location on the body and select the biosensor positions where they can get less energy while transmitting the data to the sink node, increasing the life span in biosensors, decreasing memory space, giving security, controlling the packet complexity and buffer overflow and also fixing the damages in the existing system.

A survey on healthcare data security in wireless body area networks

Advances in remote interchanges, the internet of nano things have empowered the wireless body area networks (WBAN) to end up a promising systems of networking standard. It involves interconnected tiny sensors to gather ongoing biomedical data and transmit over the network for further analysis. Due to possibility of active and passive number of attacks, the healthcare data security is quite essential and challenging. This paper presents the systematic literature review (SLR) of the multiple security schemes for WBAN. We have identified a research question to analyses the possibility of several attacks while preserving the memory constraints. We have performed quality valuation to ensure the relevance of schemes with the research question. Moreover, the schemes are considered from 2016 to 2020 to focus on recent work. In literature, several existing schemes are explored to identify how the security is enhanced for exchanging patients' healthcare data. The data security schemes using AES, ECC, SHA-1 and hybrid encryption are analyzed based on influential traits. Several methodologies for data security in WBAN are considered and the most appropriate methodologies are appraised. We also analyses the security for different attack scenarios.

Efficient Anonymous Authentication Scheme in Body Area Networks Via Signal Propagation Characterization

Owing to its capability to measure the sensitive biological data of patients through embedded sensors and transmit them via open wireless channels to remote medical experts, wireless body area network (WBAN) has been playing an important role in pervasive healthcare systems. However, the open nature of the wireless channels renders the data susceptible to being eavesdropped by an adversary and linked to the identities of the transmitting devices, which can enable the adversary to gain sensitive information and launch targeted physical attacks. Therefore, anonymous authentication and confidentiality of the data in WBAN are vital. In the last few years, numerous anonymous authentication schemes based on cryptographic primitives and physiological features were designed to enhance security in WBAN. However, most of the existing schemes are not computationally efficient or require additional sensing hardware. To address these limitations, we propose an efficient anonymous authentication scheme for WBAN based on signal propagation characteristics. The key idea in the proposed scheme is to utilize the distinct received signal strength (RSS) variation profiles between on-body and off-body communication channels to conceal the identities of communicating devices, thereby ensuring their anonymity during authentication. We perform security and performance analyses of the proposed approach to prove its security strength and computational efficiency, respectively. Moreover, extensive experiments are conducted on human volunteers in indoor and outdoor environments to show the robustness of our approach. The results of the analyses and the experiments show that our scheme can successfully mitigate 88.8% of active attack attempts with less computation overhead.

A Survey on Trust Management for WBAN: Investigations and Future Directions.

The rapid uptake of the Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) and their services poses unprecedented security requirements. WBAN are evolving to support these requirements. Fulfilling these tasks is challenging as their mobile context is increasingly complex, heterogeneous, and evolving. One potential solution to meet the WBAN security requirements is trust management that helps to reach a more secure and adaptable WBAN environment. Accordingly, this article aims to serve as a brief survey of trust management approaches within intra-WBAN and inter-WBAN. For that, we first summarize trust management concepts, discuss WBAN challenges and classify the attacks on WBAN trust management models. Subsequently, we detail and compare the existing trust based approaches in a WBAN context. We pinpoint their limitations and provide a new classification of these different approaches. We also propose a set of best practices that may help the reader to build a robust and an efficient trust management framework. We complete this survey by highlighting the open future directions and perspectives for research.

Investigating of nodes and personal authentications utilizing multimodal biometrics for medical application of WBANs security

The authentication of the Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) nodes is a vital factor in its medical applications. This paper, investigates methods of authentication over these networks. Also, an effective unimodal and multimodal biometrics identification approaches based on individual face and voice recognition or combined using different fusion types are presented. The cryptography and non-cryptography-based authentication are discussed in this research work and its suitability with the medical applications. Cryptographic based authentication is not suitable for WBANs. The biometrics authentication is discussed and its challenges. In this work, different fusion types in multimodal biometric are presented. There are two unimodal schemes have been presented based on using the voice and face image individually, these two biometrics have been used in the multimodal biometric scheme. The presneted multimodal scheme is evaluated and applied using the feature and score fusion. The mechanism operation of presented algorithm starts with capturing the biometics signals ‘Face/Voice’, the second step is the feature extracting from each biometric individually. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN), The Support Vector Machine (SVM) and the Gaussian Mixture Model (GMM) classifiers have been employed to perform the classification process individually. The computer simulation experiments reveal that the cepstral coefficients and statistical coefficients for voice recognition performed better for the voice scenario. Also, the Eigenface and support vector machine tools in the face recognition scheme performed better than other schemes. The multimodal results better than the unimodal schemes. Also, the results of the scores fusion-based multimodal biometric scheme is better than the feature fusion-based scheme. Hence, the biometric-based authentication is effective and applicable for the WBANs authentication and personality continuous authentication on these medical applications wireless networks.

Authenticated key agreement for blockchain-based WBAN

Certificateless authenticated key agreement (CLAKA) is important to prevent the escrow problem. It also mitigates the certificate management burden in storage and during the message exchange. However, many previously designed CLAKA protocols were designed in the centralized system architectures that may cause the single point of failure. A new CLAKA is designed in a decentralized (blockchain) architecture that is very suitable for wireless body area networks (WBANs). The proposed protocol is secure as long as it computes a common session key between WBAN user and blockchain nodes. An ID-based blind signature with message recovery is used between blockchain nodes. The blind signature with message recovery is used to achieve authentication and anonymity by acquiring a signature without disclosing the message. It also has advantage in minimizing the size of signature and it is efficient in a situation of limited bandwidth. The protocol analysis shows that it is secure and can resist many WBAN security attacks compared to the existing authenticated key agreement protocols.

Secure Wireless Body Area Networks for Healthcare Applications

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is the most important recent trending approaches to provide Medical care for patients through remote monitoring and data collection using body sensors. It's a well-known system offering a high standard of security and also privacy. Therefore, it provides us a very big interest for discussing the issues of privacy and security in WBAN. In this paper, the architecture of WBAN communication network, various safety threats and it’s measures, several types of research methodologies to secure health records and research issues are reviewed on the basis of various secure routing protocols of recent publications. Also, this paper tabulated the detailed comparison study of analysis of security requirements, resistance to various attacks, computing costs during authentication and running time between the application provider and the customer. At last, open fields are investigated for future research.

Efficient and Secure Anonymous Authentication With Location Privacy for IoT-Based WBANs

Internet-of-Things (IoT)-based wireless body area networks (WBANs) play an important role in modern medical systems for patient-health monitoring. WBANs have the capability to collect real-time biological information from the patients’ body using intelligent sensors and then send the collected information to the remote doctors or medical experts using the Internet. In recent years, numerous anonymous authentication schemes were proposed to provide security in WBANs. However, many of these schemes are not computationally efficient during anonymous authentication. Moreover, the previous schemes did not provide location privacy for both doctors and patients. In order to overcome these limitations, in this article, we propose an efficient and secure anonymous authentication framework with location privacy preservation for IoT-based WBANs. The comprehensive analysis section shows that the proposed scheme overcomes the security weaknesses in the existing schemes and also provides low computation cost during anonymous authentication.

Flexible and Secure Data Transmission System Based on Semitensor Compressive Sensing in Wireless Body Area Networks

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) collect some physiological parameters of the human body. Each sensor uses limited energy to maximize its own life. There are three crucial problems including adaptiveness, energy, and security in WBANs. In order to solve these problems, a flexible and secure data transmission system is proposed in this paper. The proposed scheme is composed of semitensor compressive sensing (CS), hash function, Arnold scrambling, and chaotic scrambling. For the adaptiveness problem, our scheme uses semitensor CS to encrypt multiple signals with different dimensions. The chaotic sequence is applied to generate the semitensor measurement matrix. On the one hand, we only transmit a few chaotic parameters, which reduces the number of data storage and transmission. On the other hand, the size of the measurement matrix is small, and the computation overhead can be reduced. The security is considered by the proposed scheme which combines Arnold scrambling and logistic scrambling to improve the encryption effect. Numerical simulations and security analyses are given to show that our scheme performs well. The total key space is approximately 2420. The absolute value of adjacent pixel correlation is less than 0.004. Traditional CS method stores 524 288 bytes, while the proposed scheme only stores 2048 bytes. When the compression ratio is less than 0.7, the peak signal to noise ratio of our scheme is obviously higher than those of other three schemes.

Authenticated key management protocol for cloud-assisted body area sensor networks

Due to recent advances in various technologies such as integrated circuit, embedded systems and wireless communications, the wireless body area network (WBAN) becomes a propitious networking paradigm. WBANs play a very important role in modern medical systems as the real-time biomedical data through intelligent medical sensors in or around the patients' body can be collected and sent the data to remote medical personnel for clinical diagnostics. However, wireless nature of communication makes an adversary to intercept or modify the private and secret data collected by the sensors in WBANs. In critical applications of WBANs, there is a great requirement to access directly the sensing information collected by the body sensors by an external user (e.g., a doctor) in order to monitor the health condition of a patient. In order to do so, the user needs to first authenticate with the accessed body sensors, and only after mutual authentication between that user and the body sensors the real-time data can be directly accessed securely by the user.In this paper, we propose a new user authentication and key management scheme for this purpose. The proposed scheme allows mutual authentication between a user and personal server connected to WBAN via the healthcare server situated at the cloud, and once the mutual authentication is successful, both user and personal server are able to establish a secret session key for their future communication. In addition, key management process is provided for establishment of secret keys among the sensors and personal server for their secure communication. The formal security based on broadly-accepted Real-Or-Random (ROR) model and informal security give confidence that the proposed scheme can withstand several known attacks needed for WBAN security. A detailed comparative analysis among the proposed scheme and other schemes shows that the proposed scheme provides better security & functionality features, low computation and comparable communication costs as compared to recently proposed related schemes. Finally, the practical demonstration using the NS2 based simulation is shown for the proposed scheme and also for other schemes.

A biometric security scheme for wireless body area networks

Wireless body area networks (WBANs) are receiving significant interest as the next generation of wireless networks and emerging technology in the field of health monitoring. One of the most important factors for the acceptance of WBANs is the provision of appropriate security and access control mechanisms. Due to its nature in transferring the patients' sensitive data, WBAN has both classical and specific security requirements. In this paper, we survey such requirements and propose a new security scheme for satisfying them in WBANs. The proposed scheme deals with the overall network architecture, including intra- and inter-WBAN tiers, and proposes two mutual authentication and key exchange protocols for diverse WBAN environments. In our scheme, we use biometrics as one part of the solution for authentication and key exchange, and the simple password three-party key exchange protocol as the other part of the WBAN security. Our scheme meets security requirements along with energy-constraint considerations. We verify our scheme through BAN Logic. Unlike the majority of the existing security protocols, our scheme proposes a solution for entire WBANs communications, from biosensors to the medical server as a trusted third party.

Wireless Body Area Network Security and Privacy Issue in E-Healthcare

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is a collection of wireless sensor nodes which can be placed within the body or outside the body of a human or a living person which in result observes or monitors the functionality and adjoining situations of the body. Utilizing a Wireless Body Area Network, the patient encounters a greater physical versatility and is never again constrained to remain in the hospital. As the Wireless Body Area Network sensor devices is being utilized for gathering the sensitive data and possibly will run into antagonistic situations, they require complicated and very secure security medium or structure to avoid the vitriolic communications within the system. These devices represent various security and privacy protection of touchy and private patient medical data. The medical records of patients are a significant and an unsolved situation due to which a changing or exploitation to the system is possible. In this research paper, we first present an overview of WBAN, how they utilized for healthcare monitoring, its architecture then highlight major security and privacy requirements and assaults at different network layer in a WBAN and we finally talk about various cryptographic algorithms and laws for providing solution of security and privacy in WBAN.