Secure V2V Communication Research Articles

Dual-Signature Blockchain-Based Key Sharing Protocol for Secure V2V Communications in Multi-Domain IoV Environments

Dual-Signature Blockchain-Based Key Sharing Protocol for Secure V2V Communications in Multi-Domain IoV Environments

A Dynamic Threat Prevention Framework for Autonomous Vehicle Networks based on Ruin-theoretic Security Risk Assessment

In recent years, Autonomous Vehicle Networks (AVNs) have gained significant attention for their potential to make transportation safer and more efficient. These networks rely on Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communication to exchange critical information, such as location, speed, and driving intentions. However, V2V communication also introduces security vulnerabilities that can be exploited to compromise the safety and privacy of drivers and passengers. Malicious or selfish drivers can potentially intercept, modify, and manipulate V2V communication, causing confusion among vehicles or stealing sensitive data. Therefore, in order to identify and mitigate security threats that could jeopardize V2V communication in AVNs, the implementation of a threat prevention framework is imperative. This paper presents a threat prevention framework that assesses security risks dynamically to facilitate secure message forwarding in V2V communication. First, we propose a dynamic risk assessment technique that utilizes the PIER approach to evaluate the level of security threats posed to V2V communication, and ultimately generate a risk score. Second, we develop a security decay assessment method that utilizes ruin theory to continuously monitor security risk within the AVNs. Third, we design a risk-aware message forwarding protocol based on coalitional game theory to facilitate secure V2V communication. Our experiments using the simulator Veins demonstrate the efficiency and scalability of the proposed framework in preventing potential damage caused by common security threats and enhancing the security of the Automated Highway System (AHS).

Enhancing Security in Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication: A Comprehensive Review of Protocols and Techniques

Vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication has played a pivotal role in modern intelligent transportation systems, enabling seamless information exchange among vehicles to enhance road safety, traffic efficiency, and overall driving experience. However, the secure transmission of sensitive data between vehicles remains a critical concern due to potential security threats and vulnerabilities. This research focused on investigating the security protocols that have been employed in vehicle-to-vehicle communication systems. A comprehensive review and analysis of relevant literature and research papers was conducted to gather information on existing V2V communication security protocols and techniques. The analysis encompassed key areas, including authentication mechanisms, encryption algorithms, key management protocols, and intrusion detection systems specifically applicable to V2V communication networks. Within the context of real-world V2V environments, this study delved into the challenges and limitations associated with implementing these protocols. The research aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of the strengths and weaknesses of the current V2V communication security protocols. Furthermore, based on the findings, this paper proposes improvements and recommendations to enhance the security measures of the V2V communication protocol. Ultimately, this research contributes to the development of more secure and reliable V2V communication systems, propelling the advancement of intelligent transportation technology.

Secure V2V Communications in Relay-Assisted Cognitive Radio Vehicular Networks With Imperfect CSI

Secure V2V Communications in Relay-Assisted Cognitive Radio Vehicular Networks With Imperfect CSI

Certificateless Signature Scheme with Batch Verification for Secure and Privacy-Preserving V2V Communications in VANETs

Certificateless Signature Scheme with Batch Verification for Secure and Privacy-Preserving V2V Communications in VANETs

Conditional privacy-preserving authentication scheme for V2V communication without pseudonyms

Pseudonym is widely used in conditional privacy-preserving authentication (CPPA) scheme for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) in order to protect user’s privacy. The main disadvantage of pseudonym-based CPPA schemes is that the pseudonym has to be frequently updated, which puts a heavy burden on VANETs, due to linkage-attack. To solve this problem, we proposed a CPPA scheme for V2V communication without involving pseudonyms. The vehicle does not use any pseudonym in the proposed scheme, therefore it is immune to pseudonym updating and management problems. Moreover, the scheme enables secure V2V communication, which means that only legal vehicles have access to the transmitted messages. Security analysis shows that the scheme supports secure properties of anonymity, unlinkability, non-repudiation, message integrity, traceability, and revocation. Performance analysis and extensive simulations show that the scheme is computationally efficient and has the lowest average message delay among compared schemes.

Secure Privacy-Preserving V2V Communication in 5G-V2X Supporting Network Slicing

As autonomous driving technology continues to develop, communication for vehicles is becoming more important to provide an efficient and secure driving environment. Currently, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) based on fifth-generation (5G) is the only solution to meet the demanding requirements of self-driving cars in terms of ultra-low latency and ultra-high reliable connectivity under high mobility conditions, earning this technology more attention. Secure communication for vehicle-to-vehicle based on 5G (5G-V2V) is essential because vehicles decide how to maneuver and perceive situations based on the data exchanged. In this paper, we not only propose a new architecture for V2X based on 5G (5G-V2X) by utilizing network slicing (NS) to guarantee different features of V2X services but also analyze security requirements according to V2X service type. We also propose a secure V2V communication scheme based on 5G that satisfies these requirements. The security evaluation demonstrates that our scheme is secure against attacks on a V2V environment via both security proof and verification tool ProVerif. Through the performance evaluation, we prove that our scheme is more effective than the existing schemes while meeting end-to-end delay requirements for autonomous driving.

Secure V2V and V2I Communication in Intelligent Transportation Using Cloudlets

Intelligent Transportation System (ITS) is a vision which offers safe, secure and smart travel experience to drivers. This futuristic plan aims to enable vehicles, roadside transportation infrastructures, pedestrian smart-phones and other devices to communicate with one another to provide safety and convenience services. Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle to Infrastructure (V2I) communication in ITS offers ability to exchange speed, heading angle, position and other environment related conditions amongst vehicles and with surrounding smart infrastructures. In this intelligent setup, vehicles and users communicate and exchange data with random untrusted entities (like vehicles, smart traffic lights or pedestrians) whom they don't know or have met before. The concerns of location privacy and secure communication further deter the adoption of this smarter and safe transportation. In this paper, we present a secure and trusted V2V and V2I communication approach using edge infrastructures where instead of direct peer to peer communication, we introduce trusted cloudlets to authorize, check and verify the authenticity, integrity and ensure anonymity of messages exchanged in the system. Moving vehicles or road side infrastructure are dynamically connected to nearby cloudlets, where security policies can be implemented to sanitize or stop fake messages and prevent rogue vehicles to exchange messages with other vehicles. We also present a formal attribute-based model for V2V and V2I communication, called AB-ITS, along with proof of concept implementation of the proposed solution in AWS IoT platform. This cloudlet supported architecture complements direct V2V or V2I communication, and serves important use cases such as accident or ice-threat warning and other safety applications. Performance metrics of our proposed architecture are also discussed and compared with existing ITS technologies.

VABLOCK: A blockchain-based secure communication in V2V network using icn network support technology

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) provides efficient communication among vehicles (V2V). The communication among all the vehicles complies with the on-demand, which contains a secure and trustable mechanism to ensure trustable communication. The modification in the communication information may result in falsified information. Secure data is very important in V2V communication to save the lives of pedestrians and drives by delivering secure and accurate information. To address the problem and achieve secure communication in V2V, we proposed a new blockchain-based message dissemination technique to secure V2V communication. With the passive need for adaptable and sufficient content delivery, information-centric networking (ICN) is adopted to enhance trustworthiness communication in VANET. We used Cluster-based secure communication through ICN-based VANETs. As VANET is open, ICN provides direct content requests and responses without location dependency. ICN-based VANET enhances caching abilities. The blockchain-based security protocol is implemented to secure efficient communication without altering the messages. The protocol achieves privacy, security, and trust for detecting malicious nodes in VANET. Additionally, the Clustering technique is applied to adopt in-range communication. Proposed-Caching framework enhances security and provides on-demand data to vehicles. NS-2 simulator is used to simulate the Proposed VABLOCK approach. Experimental results are performed and compared with relevant techniques, which show enhanced results based on cache hit ratio, one hop count, malicious node detection, and delivery ratio. We demonstrate that proposed caching improves results on selected parameters based on results.

Secure Global Positioning System For Vehicle To Vehicle (V2V) Communication

In this paper, we first focused on the developing a secure global positioning system for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication which adopts the secure transmission with respect to vehicle location. In literature, different existing positioning and wireless communication technologies have been presented with their detailed comparison with the global positioning system. In methodology we proposed a GPS-based model of Contention Intensity Control with Rate Control (CICRC) for efficient and secure V2V communication. We deduced the PDR and mean packet delay between heavy and low vehicle load scenarios under fully-connected vehicle network case and a hidden terminal participation case. We also presented the PDR and mean packet delay of safety messages generated with deterministic inter-arrival time and exponential inter-arrival time, respectively. Our GPS-based CICRC model provides a good match with simulation results on well-known MATLAB tool with wireless and networking toolbox. We also verified the model by showing our simulation provides good match with analytical results. Finally, comparing PDR, mean delay and PCR with proposed CICRC by some metrics, we can verify that CICRC improves V2V communication performance compared to existing communication methods. The simulation results we obtained show the packet delivery ratio under CICRC increases nearly 10% compared with that under CSMA [8] in heavy vehicle load scenarios for secure communication undermining the vehicle location. We have also found that if packet collisions occur in some vehicles at the during V2V communication, the collision probability between those vehicles in deterministic inter-arrival time will be always higher than that in exponential inter-arrival time. Average successful packet reception time under CICRC is around 20ms lower than CSMA in heavy vehicle loads, which verifies that CICRC improves on CSMA for the GPS performance especially in heavy vehicle load scenarios for secure communication

A Scalable and Secure Group Key Management Method for Secure V2V Communication.

Safety applications based on vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications can significantly enhance road safety and reduce traffic fatalities. Ensuring the security and privacy of the vehicular network is essential for the widespread adoption of V2X communications for commercial use. V2X safety and service applications require periodic broadcast communications among all the vehicles. However, compared to unicast communication, it is extremely challenging to provide broadcast communication with network security requirements such as confidentiality, in infotainment contents distribution, sensor data sharing, and security credentials management services. To address the providing confidentiality of vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) broadcasting, we propose a group key management and message encryption method that is secure, lightweight, and scalable. The proposed group key management method can efficiently handle various scenarios like a node joining or leaving the group, with scalable rekeying algorithms. It employs a distributed and scalable architecture that offers several advantages such as the reduction of the key management overhead and the enhancement of the security level by keeping the key sizes with large networks. In addition, the proposed method employs a lightweight matrix-based encryption algorithm that can be easily applicable with the proposed group key management method. Further, we have implemented the proposed method and evaluated the performance using a V2V network simulator with several networks of highly dynamic group members. The simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce computation time for group key generation and message encryption by more than 80% compared to existing methods.

B-TSCA: Blockchain Assisted Trustworthiness Scalable Computation for V2I Authentication in VANETs

The rapid development of 5G networks has made smart driving possible. The vehicular ad-hoc networks (VANETs) are the main environment for smart driving, providing road information, instant communication between vehicle and vehicle (V2V) or vehicle and infrastructure (V2I). The information interaction security of VANETs is critical to the proper functioning of the traffic. Much research in recent years has focused on secure communication in VANETs, especially the secure V2V or V2I communications. However, current security schemes often require complex identity re-authentication when vehicles enter a new infrastructure coverage, which greatly reduces the efficiency of the entire network. In addition, the emergence of blockchain has created opportunities to overcome the challenges in VANETs mentioned above. In this article, blockchain is utilized to enhance the scalability of the trustworthiness scalable computation. The proposed blockchain assisted trustworthiness scalable computation based V2I authentication (B-TSCA) scheme achieves rapid re-authentication of vehicles through secure ownership transfer between infrastructures. Note that, trustworthiness scalable computation assisted by blockchian technology ensures the decentralization and non tamperability of the scalable computation result. The security analysis indicates that B-TSCA scheme is a CDH-secure scheme. The time cost of the novel handover authentication phase is half of that of the initial one as is presented in the simulation.

Secure V2V Communication in IOV using IBE and PKI based Hybrid Approach

We live in the world of “Internet of Everything”, which lead to advent of different applications and Internet of vehicles (IOV) of one among them, which is a major step forward for the future of transportation system. Vehicle to vehicle (V2V) communication plays a major role in which a vehicle may send sensitive, non-sensitive messages and these messages are encrypted with public keys, which makes distribution of public keys is a major problem due to the vehicle need to be anonymous having pseudonyms which changes more frequently and makes it more complicated. Here we proposed a hybrid approach, which uses existing Public key certificate for authorization of the vehicle and Identity Based Encryption to generate public keys from the pseudonyms and use it in secure V2V communication without compromising anonymity of the vehicle.

An Enhanced Secure Authentication Scheme for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Without Pairings

In the recent paper, Nai-Wei Lo and Jia-Lun Tsai mathematically proposed an efficient authentication scheme for vehicular sensor network. It uses elliptic curve cryptography based ID-based signature (IBS) for authentication purpose without pairings. The proposed scheme provides secure authentication in Vehicle-to-RSU (V2R) and RSU-to-Vehicle (R2V) communications. But it does not provide secure Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) communications. It also has few other drawbacks. Hence, we propose a new ID-based authentication scheme without pairings for vehicular networks. It provides secure V2R, R2V and V2V communications with other security features like privacy preservation, message integrity and tracability. In this paper, we first review the authentication scheme proposed by Nai-Wei Lo et al. along with its limitations. Then we illustrate the proposed IBS based authentication scheme without pairings. At last, the performance of the proposed scheme is compared with that of the Nai-Wei Lo et al.’s scheme. NS2 simulation result shows that the proposed scheme has less computation and communication overhead than the latter scheme.

Secured Multi-Hop Clustering Protocol for Location-based Routing in VANETs

In today’s world, with the rise in the count of vehicles and lack of proper navigation, the congestion has become a major problem. In this scenario, VANETs play a very important part in improving the traffic condition and also in providing proper navigation. Improved navigation system reduces congestion thereby reducing the possibility of occurrence of accidents. In this research work, we have used a position-based routing protocol i.e., GPSR (Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing Protocol) to effectively analyze the geographical position of the vehicles in the network and to provide updated navigation information. In this system, we have used a security mechanism to identify valid and invalid messages for secure V2V and V2I communications. This mechanism drops all the invalid messages thereby keeping the VANET secure. It also reduces the possibility of attacks on wireless communications in the VANET. This system has better safety features and network performance compared to other hybrid schemes via NS2 simulation.

An Efficient Privacy-Preserving Mutual Authentication Scheme for Secure V2V Communication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network

Recent years have witnessed that the new mobility Intelligent Transportation System is booming, especially the development of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs). It brings convenience and a good experience for drivers. Unfortunately, VANETs are suffering from potential security and privacy issues due to the inherent openness of VANETs. In the past few years, to address security and privacy-preserving problems, many identity-based privacy-preserving authentication schemes have been proposed by researchers. However, we found that these schemes fail to meet the requirements of user privacy protection and are vulnerable to attacks or have high computational complexity. Hence, we focus on enhancing privacy-preserving via authentication and achieving better performance. In this paper, first, we describe the vulnerabilities of the previous scheme. Furthermore, to enhance privacy protection and achieve better performance, we propose an efficient privacy-preserving mutual authentication protocol for secure V2V communication in VANETs. Through security analysis and comparison, we formally demonstrate that our scheme can accomplish security goals under dynamic topographical scenario compared with the previous scheme. Finally, the efficiency of the scheme is showed by performance evaluation. The results of our proposed scheme are computationally efficient compared with the previously proposed privacy-preserving authentication scheme.

Privacy-preserving communication and power injection over vehicle networks and 5G smart grid slice

As an important combination of autonomous vehicle networks (AVNs) and smart grid, the vehicle-to-grid (V2G) network can facilitate the adoption of renewable resources. Based on V2G networks, parked electric vehicles (EVs) can charge during off-peak hours and inject excess power to the grid during peak hours for earnings. However, each EV's power injection bids in V2G are sensitive and vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication may be eavesdropped, which has become an obstacle to the wide deployments of AVNs. Aiming to efficiently tackle these security and privacy issues in AVNs, we propose an efficient privacy-preserving communication and power injection (ePPCP) scheme without pairings, which is suitable for vehicle networks and 5G smart grid slice. In ePPCP, each EV calculates two secret keys shared respectively by the utility company and the gateway to blind power injection bids. A novel aggregation technique called hash-then-homomorphic is used to further aggregate the blinded bids of different time slots. Our security analysis indicates that individual bids are hidden and secure V2V communication is ensured. Furthermore, extensive performance comparisons show that ePPCP is efficient in terms of the computation cost and communication overhead.

Efficient Privacy-Preserving Dual Authentication and Key Agreement Scheme for Secure V2V Communications in an IoV Paradigm

The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) aims to provide a new convenient, comfortable, and safe driving way, and in turn enables intelligent transportation through wireless communications among road-side units, on-board units (OBUs), phones, and other devices inside a vehicle. However, significantly increasing reliance on wireless communication, control, and computing technology makes IoV more vulnerable to potential attacks, such as remote intrusion, control, and trajectory tracking. Therefore, efficient authentication solutions preventing unauthorized visitors need to be addressed to cope with these issues. Hence, in this paper we focus on the security and privacy-preserving by developing a dual authentication scheme for IoV according to its different scenarios. First, the OBU self-generates an anonymous identity and temporary encryption key to open an authentication session. Second, the legitimacy of the vehicle’s real and anonymous identity can be verified by trust authority (TA). After that, the vehicle’s reputation is evaluated according to its history interactive behavior and the session key for V2V can be finally established. There are three major advantages, including privacy-preserving and security enhancement without a burden of key management in the condition of acceptable time delay range, introducing trust evaluation into authentication protocol, as well as considering the vehicle behavior attributes in the new reputation evaluation method. In addition, we also prove the correctness of this scheme using the Burrows–Abadi–Needham (BAN) logic, and the performance comparison against the existing schemes is given as well.

Secure V2V Communications via Relays: Resource Allocation and Performance Analysis

In this letter, we will investigate the joint relay selection and subcarrier allocation problem for decode-and-forward relay assisted secure vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communications, where the eavesdroppers could be any illegal receivers or non-intending information destinations. The joint relay selection and subcarrier allocation scheme will be proposed to minimize the secure outage probability of each ${V_{\text {Tx}}}$ - ${V_{\text {Rx}}}$ pair while guaranteeing fairness. Specifically, the joint relay selection and subcarrier allocation problem in secure V2V communications is formulated into a random bipartite graph (RBG) model. The considered problem is then equivalent to generate the maximum matching on every sample of the RBG, thus it can be solved by R2HK algorithm with low complexity. By analyzing the properties of the RBG model-based maximum matching, the closed-form approximation formula of the secure outage probability is then obtained. Simulation results will not only verify the accuracy of theoretical derivations, but also show the performance improvement of the proposed approach.

VANET에서 ECDH 기반 그룹키를 이용한 그룹간 인증 설계

본 논문에서는 안전한 V2V 통신과 V2I 통신을 보장하는 ECDH(Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman) 기반 그룹키를 제안하였다. 본 논문에서 제안하는 ECDH기반 그룹키는 AAA 서버를 사용하지 않고 차량과 차량사이의 그룹키인 VGK(Vehicular Group Key), 차량 그룹 사이의 그룹키인 GGK(Globak Group Key), 그리고 차량과 RSU사이의 그룹키인 VRGK(Vehicular and RSU Group Key)를 ECDH 알고리즘을 이용하여 생성한다. 차량과 RSU 사이의 그룹키인 VRGK는 현재 RSU에서 다음 RSU에게로 RGK(RSU Group Key)로 암호화하여 안전한 채널을 통하여 전달하기 때문에 완벽한 순방향 기밀(Perfect Forward Secrecy) 보안 서비스가 제공된다. 또한, 메시지를 전송한 차량이 해당 그룹의 구성원인지를 그룹키 이용하여 확인함으로써 Sybil공격을 탐지할 수 있다. 그리고 그룹간의 안전한 통신으로 불필요한 네트워크 트래픽이 발생하지 않으므로 메시지 전송 시간 및 서버의 오버헤드를 줄일 수 있다. This paper proposes a group key design based on ECDH(Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman) which guarantees secure V2V and V2I communication. The group key based on ECDH generates the VGK(Vehicular Group key) which is a group key between vehicles, the GGK(Global Group Key) which is a group key between vehicle groups, and the VRGK(Vehicular and RSU Group key) which is a group key between vehicle and RSUs with ECDH algorithm without an AAA server being used. As the VRGK encrypted with RGK(RSU Group Key) is transferred from the current RSU to the next RSU through a secure channel, a perfect forward secret security is provided. In addition, a Sybil attack is detected by checking whether the vehicular that transferred a message is a member of the group with a group key. And the transmission time of messages and the overhead of a server can be reduced because an unnecessary network traffic doesn't happen by means of the secure communication between groups.