Secure Outage Probability Research Articles

Secrecy performance intelligent prediction for CRNs: An Self-CondenseNet approach

This paper studies the physical layer security (PLS) of cognitive radio networks (CRNs) with Fisher–Snedecor F distribution. To resolve the security issues within CRNs, we derived exact expressions of the security outage probability (SOP) and the probability of strict positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) for the first time, where the SOP and SPSC are uniformly given by Meijer’s G-function. The correctness of the theoretical derivations is proved by Monte Carlo simulations. The results indicate that reducing m and increasing the ratio of (ms,μE) will reduce SOP and increase SPSC. Moreover, we proposed the Self-CondenseNet model to predict the security performance of the system. By comparing with three deep learning algorithms of Transformer, MLP-Mixer and CondenseNet, the results show that the proposed Self-CondenseNet has the best prediction performance. Compared with the CondenseNet, the proposed Self-CondenseNet has a 78.26% higher accuracy and a 12.86% lower time complexity. Compared with the MLP-Mixer, the proposed Self-CondenseNet has a 85.29% higher accuracy. The comparison results show that the proposed algorithm has high prediction accuracy and low time complexity, and can be widely used in complex and changeable scenarios such as 5G, Internet of Vehicles (IoV), and mobile vehicle networking .etc.

Security analysis and prediction of multi-relay networks over Fisher–Snedecor [formula omitted] fading channels

This paper investigates the physical layer security (PLS) of multi-relay networks over Fisher–Snedecor F fading channels. Precise expressions for outage probability (OP), intercept probability (IP), secure outage probability (SOP), and probability of strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) are derived based on this considered model, which the SOP and SPSC are provided in a unified manner using Meijer’s G-function. Moreover, simulation consequences of Monte Carlo experiments validate derived mathematical expressions. Through theoretical analysis and simulation results, the interesting results are that larger msRD, smaller mRD, μRE and msRE the better secrecy performance of this system. Because deep learning has characteristics of low latency, strong learning ability, and adaptability, in order to pursue lower latency and universal applicability, we combine deep learning and wireless communication. On the basis of constructing a data set with exact closed-form expressions, the secrecy performance is predicted by utilizing a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) deep learning model. Moreover, by comparing the three algorithms of convolutional neural network (CNN), deep neural network (DNN), and two-layer long short-term memory network (LSTM), the MLP has the advantages of higher performance and lower complexity. Experimentations exhibit that the presented algorithm enhances the precision by 75.69% with LSTM for comparison and reduces the time complexity by 80.05% compared with DNN.

Secrecy analysis of collaborative NOMA networks with IQI

This paper studies the secrecy performance of collaborative non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) systems over κ–μ shadowed distribution with in-phase and quadrature-phase imbalance (IQI). The analytical expressions for outage probability (OP), intercept probability (IP), secure outage probability (SOP), and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) are derived relying on the NOMA eavesdropping model. Moreover, the Monte Carlo simulation perfectly coincides with the theoretical derivation, which confirms the accuracy of academic results. The numerical analysis indicates that IQI reduces reliability but enhances the secrecy of relaying NOMA networks. Additionally, the increase of kN or the decrease of μS can weaken the antijamming capability, whereas reducing mS or mE will strengthen the confidentiality. Furthermore, to realize real-time secrecy analysis, we investigate the anti-interference ability of the relaying system by the Elman neural network. Compared to other algorithms, the prediction accuracy is improved by 56.4% on average, and the runtime is decreased.

Security in Spatially Correlated MIMO OSFBC OFDM Multicast System over Frequency Selective Fading Channel

The system performance can be improved significantly by employing orthogonal space-frequency block coding (OSFBC) and orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) because in this combination the receiver suffers lesser complexity. Recently, the wireless systems are deploying by the increasing number of closely spaced antennas. So the assumption of in-dependency among the antenna brunches is not valid. Realizing the advantages of this combination of system and taking account the effect of antenna correlation, this work demonstrates the insight of secured wireless multicasting network consisting multiple antennas both in transmitter and receiver over spatially correlated frequency selective fading channels. The desired signals have been protected from eavesdropping by useful impact of antenna diversity and antenna correlation. The main contribution of this work is the development of mathematical models of the probability of non-zero secrecy multicast capacity (PNSMC) and the secure outage probability for multicasting (SOPM) to secure the system from eavesdropping. The analytical results are verified via Monte-Carlo simulation to ensure the validity of the developed mathematical model. Moreover, the numerical analysis gives a clear indication that security in OSFBC OFDM system with antenna diversity over spatially correlated frequency selective fading channel upgrades due to the effect of transmit antenna correlation and degrades due to receive antenna correlation. But the loss of this security can be significantly reduced employing antenna diversity with OSFBC-OFDM systems.

Secrecy Analysis of DCSK-Based PLC Systems With Multiple Eavesdroppers

In the past two decades, chaotic modulation schemes have drawn much attention for their significant advantages over other traditional modulation techniques. One of the noticeable advantages is the capability of providing secure communication in the presence of an eavesdropper. In this article, we study the physical layer security (PLS) performance of low-frequency power line communication (PLC) systems against multiple eavesdroppers by employing differential chaos shift keying based modulation technique. A wiretap power line channel model is investigated by considering two different cases: 1) when all the channels are assumed to be independent and identically distributed (IID) following Log-normal distribution; and 2) the wiretap channels are considered to be identical but correlated Log-normally distributed and independent of the main channel. Contemporaneously, the Bernoulli-Gaussian random process models the PLC noise. Further, a comprehensive PLS study of the considered PLC system is characterized in terms of the average secrecy capacity, secure outage probability, and strictly positive secrecy capacity. We also propose an algorithm to maximize the secrecy throughput under security and reliability constraints. Moreover, to obtain essential insights, we reveal the impact of various crucial parameters onto the proposed system.

Effects of Eavesdropper on the Performance of Mixed $\eta$–$\mu$ and DGG Cooperative Relaying System

Free-space optical (FSO) channels offer line-of-sight wireless communication with high data rates utilizing unlicensed optical spectrum. The hybrid radio frequency (RF)–FSO system is currently receiving a great deal of research interest because atmospheric turbulence prevents enhanced secrecy performance. Except for the double generalized gamma (DGG) model, traditional FSO models typically are unable to show secrecy performance across all turbulence severity ranges. Due to this, we propose a dual-hop <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\eta$</tex-math></inline-formula> – <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mu$</tex-math></inline-formula> and unified DGG mixed RF–FSO network while taking into account the following three different eavesdropping scenarios: 1) the eavesdropper is at the RF link; 2) the eavesdropper is at the FSO link; and 3) both eavesdroppers remains active simultaneously. These proposed scenarios' security is examined in terms of the probability, of strictly positive secrecy capacity, secure outage probability and effective secrecy throughput, and further investigation is done into the implications of various system settings on the secrecy performance. The analysis shows that, when compared to the other two scenarios, the third scenario exhibits the worst secrecy condition. Intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) and heterodyne detection (HD) approaches are compared, with HD outperforming IM/DD in terms of secrecy performance. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations are used to confirm all analytical findings.

Physical layer security of single‐input multiple‐out relay networks over Beaulieu‐Xie fading channels

AbstractWith the progress of communication technology, the increasing wireless devices are hooked up the networks, and the consequent security problems cannot be ignored. At present, the solutions mainly include secret key system and physical layer security (PLS). However, secret key system that relies on highly complex algorithms for encryption and decryption still has the risk of being cracked by powerful computers. In this paper, the PLS of Beaulieu‐Xie fading channels is studied. To improve the transmission quality and support higher speed data transmission, the single‐input multiple‐out (SIMO) system considered is the Wyner eavesdropper model with decoding and forwarding (DF) relay over Beaulieu‐Xie fading. The closed‐form theoretical formulas for secure outage probability (SOP) and strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC) are obtained by complex unified functional representation, which includes two cases: and . Moreover, the theoretical formulas are verified by Monte Carlo results. By comparing the simulation results with the theoretical analysis, the authors discussed the factors to improve the secure performance. Experiments show that the larger ratio of , the smaller ratio of , smaller signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) of eavesdropping channels, smaller threshold and more legitimate antennas are beneficial to the improvement of anti‐interference capability for the relay networks with Beaulieu‐Xie distributions when the legal channel link R→D is in a state of high SNR.

Physical Layer Security Performance Analysis for Relay-Aided Visible Light Communication System

The risk of information leakage increases when the relay technology is introduced to extend the communication range and improve the quality of communication services of cell-edge users in visible light communication (VLC) systems. To evaluate these security risks, physical layer security (PLS) performance for decode-and-forward (DF) relay-aided VLC system is investigated in this paper. Specifically, the theoretical expressions of the upper and lower bounds of the security outage probability (SOP) for the DF relay-aided VLC system under the amplitude constraint are obtained based on a stochastic geometry analysis method. Monte Carlo simulation validates the correctness of the derived theoretical expressions of the upper and lower bounds of the SOP. Moreover, simulation results show that the security outage performance of the DF relay-aided VLC system is deteriorated compared with the non-relay VLC system. Furthermore, the influences of the eavesdroppers' distribution density, the radiation radius of LED source, the radiation radius and deployment height of the relay on the SOP have been investigated. Last but not least, the optimal deployment height of the relay can be determined for achieving the optimum security outage performance. These parameters can effectively guide the design of the secure relay-aided VLC system.

Secrecy Performance of α−κ−μ Shadowed Fading Channel

In this paper, the physical layer security aspects of a wireless framework over α − κ − μ shadowed (AKMS) fading channel are examined by acquiring closed-form novel expressions of average secrecy capacity, secure outage probability (SOP), and strictly positive secrecy capacity. The lower bound of SOP is derived along with the asymptotic expression of SOP at the high signal-to-noise ratio regime in order to achieve secrecy diversity gain. Capitalizing on these expressions, the consequences due to the simultaneous occurrence of fading and shadowing are quantified. Finally, Monte-Carlo simulations are demonstrated to assess the correctness of the expressions.

Secrecy analysis of cooperative NOMA-FDR systems with imperfect CSI and colluding eavesdroppers

This paper analyzes the secrecy attributes of a full-duplex relay (FDR) non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA) system, where the best relay is chosen from a set of numerous relays by using the partial relay selection (PRS) protocol. This best relay assists the communion from source to two NOMA users under the attendance of many colluding eavesdroppers. We obtain the expressions in closed-form of the exact secure outage probability (SOP) of each user, the approximate SOP, and the exact ergodic secrecy capacity (ESC) of the proposed system, taking into consideration the impacts of outdated channel state information (CSI) at source and imperfect CSI at colluding eavesdroppers. We also give the SOP and ESC of the NOMA-FDR system with PRS protocol for comparison with other benchmark systems such as half-duplex (HD)-NOMA, FD-orthogonal multiple access (OMA) systems with PRS protocol, and NOMA-FDR system with multiple-relay (MR) protocol. The simulation results verify the accuracy of our analysis results. Numerical results demonstrate that the SOP and ESC of the NOMA-FDR system greatly vary according to the number of relays and eavesdroppers, SI cancellation capability, channel estimation error, and the correlation coefficient of outdated channels. Most importantly, the NOMA-FDR system has better secrecy performance than all benchmark relay systems.

Secure transmission in backhaul NOMA systems: A physical layer security design with untrusted user and eavesdropper

In order to improve the Physical Layer Security (PLS) perspective, this paper aims to empower function of PLS by considering a backhaul Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) system in two practical situations. In the proposed schemes, the untrusted user intercepts information transmitted to the far user, or the external eavesdropper overhears confidential information sent to the far user in the context of NOMA technique. Unlike the conventional NOMA systems, this paper emphasizes the actual situations of the existence of actual illegal users and legitimate users, especially the reasonable use of relay selection architecture to improve the confidentiality performance. To evaluate the security properties of the proposed scheme, a comprehensive analysis of the Security Outage Probability (SOP) performance is first performed, and then the corresponding SOP asymptotic expressions are derived for real scenarios related to eavesdroppers and untrusted users. Numerical results are performed to verify the analysis in terms of the secure performance metric.

Physical layer security of reconfigurable intelligent surface empowered wireless network with cooperative jammer

This paper evaluates the physical layer security performance of a reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) enabled wireless network in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. To secure the information transmission, a cooperative jammer is proposed to generate interference signal that degrade the performance of the eavesdropper. The source-to-RIS and RIS-to-destination links are subjected to Rician and Rayliegh fading distributions with phase errors, respectively, while other transmission links in the network follow the Nakagami-m fading distributions. The system phase error of the RIS is estimated by the von Mises distribution. To quantify the secrecy performance of the concerned system, the exact closed-form expressions in terms of connection outage probability (COP), security outage probability (SOP), and secrecy throughput (ST) are derived. In addition, the asymptotic expression of the system COP is obtained at high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), providing more insight about the system performance. The accuracy of the derived expression is justified by Monte Carlo simulation. Also, the results clarify the analysis of the security performance, taking into account the impact of system and channel parameters on the system.

Systematic Performance Analysis of Hybrid FSO/RF System over Generalized Fading Channels with Pointing Errors

Hybrid free space optical (FSO)/radio frequency (RF) system has attracted extensive attention because of its advantages of both the FSO and RF links. From the viewpoint of overall system performance, this paper presents a systematic analysis method of communication performance and security performance of the hybrid FSO/RF system with the Málaga turbulence channel and the α−μ fading channel. The hybrid FSO/RF system adopts the diversity method of maximum ratio combining (MRC) to receive signals. The new expressions of communication performance parameters (i.e., the bit error rate, the outage probability, the ergodic channel capacity) of the only FSO system and the hybrid system are obtained. Then, the new expressions of the security performance parameters (i.e., the security outage probability and the strictly positive secrecy capacity) of the hybrid system with the FSO or RF links eavesdropping are derived, respectively. Our derived analytical expressions present an efficient tool to investigate the impact of system parameters on the overall performance of the hybrid system, namely modulation scheme, turbulence intensity, pointing errors, target rate, and eavesdropper output signal-to-noise ratio. The simulation results show that compared with the only FSO system, the hybrid system can significantly improve the communication performance of the system; the communication performance of the hybrid system using coherent binary phase shift keying (CBPSK) modulation is obviously better than the other two modulation technologies; with the deterioration of atmospheric environment (increasing turbulence intensity and pointing errors), the communication performance and security performance of the hybrid system will decline; both RF link eavesdropping and FSO link eavesdropping have a greater impact on the security performance of the hybrid systems; whether it is FSO link eavesdropping or RF link eavesdropping, the reduction of target rate and output signal-to-noise ratio of the eavesdropper can improve the security performance of the hybrid system.

A NOMA-Enabled Framework for Relay Deployment and Network Optimization in Double-Layer Airborne Access VANETs

A non-orthogonal multiple access (NOMA)-enabled double-layer airborne access vehicular ad hoc networks (DLAA-VANETs) architecture is designed in this paper, which consists of a high-altitude platform (HAP), multiple unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and vehicles. For the designed DLAA-VANETs, we investigate the UAV deployment and network optimization problems. In particular, a UAV deployment scheme based on particle swarm optimization is presented. Then, the NOMA technique is introduced into the designed architecture, which can improve the transmission rate. Afterward, we take the information security into account and formulate a downlink total transmission rate maximization problem by optimizing UAV height and subcarrier allocation. For tackling this non-convex problem, we decouple this downlink total transmission rate maximization problem as two subproblems, where UAV height and subcarrier allocation problems are solved in turn. Moreover, the transmission performance of the designed DLAA-VANETs is analyzed, based on which the security outage probability (SOP) is derived. Finally, simulation results demonstrate that the presented UAV deployment scheme can maximize the relay coverage ratio. In addition, the proposed can achieve a higher downlink total transmission rate in comparison with the current works.

On Secrecy Performance of a Dual-Hop UAV-Assisted Relaying Network with Randomly Distributed Non-Colluding Eavesdroppers: A Stochastic Geometry Approach

Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-based relaying has been considered to offer an excellent performance due to its flexible mobility, on-demand deployment, and cost effectiveness compared to conventional ground-relaying methods. This paper studies the secrecy performance of a dual-hop UAV-assisted relay network, where the base station communicates with the ground user via a low altitude UAV in the presence of randomly distributed eavesdroppers. A stochastic geometric approach is employed to model the spatial locations of the ground user and the eavesdroppers which follows a Homogeneous Poisson Point Process (HPPP). Based on this theory, cumulative distribution functions (CDF) of the ground user and the eavesdroppers are obtained. Considering the decode-and-forward (DF) relay protocol, the CDF equivalent end-to-end instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the network is derived. To characterize the network secrecy performance, the exact analytical expressions for the network security outage probability (SOP), the strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), and the average secrecy capacity (ASC) are derived. Moreover, a Monte-Carlo simulation is provided to show the accuracy of the derived analytical expressions. The results depict that both the network and channel parameters that include the fading parameter, the density of the eavesdroppers, the average SNR of the B-to-U link, the average SNR of the U-to-E link, the UAV altitude, and the coverage radius have a significant influence on the network secrecy performance.

Secure transmission in smart grid dynamic wide area network by exploiting full‐duplex jamming scheme

AbstractThis article studies a smart grid dynamic wide area network where a friendly jammer is proposed to enhance the secrecy of the network. In the network, the smart meter (SM) in each household communicates with the full‐duplex meter data control unit (FD‐MDCU) via a decode‐and‐forward data aggregation unit in the presence of an eavesdropper. To improve the security of the network, the FD‐MDCU transmits jammer signal which interfere with the eavesdropper. It is assumed that all the household are not sending data at the same time, thus Markov chain is employed to model the number of active SM. Thus, to evaluate the performance of the proposed network, the closed‐form expressions of connection outage probability (COP), security outage probability, and secrecy throughput metrics are obtained. Moreover, more insight about the network performance is provide by obtaining the COP asymptotic expression at high signal‐to‐noise ratio. Also, the accuracy of the derived expressions is justified by Monte‐Carlo simulations. Our findings demonstrate the impact of network and channel parameters on the network security performance.

The Statistical Analysis of the Security for a Wireless Communication System with a Beaulieu-Xie Shadowed Fading Model Channel

The paper considers the problem of a wireless communication system’s physical level security for a multipath signal propagation channel and the presence of a wiretap channel. To generalize the propagation effects, the Beaulieu-Xie shadowed channel model was assumed. To describe the security of the information transfer process, such a metric as the secure outage probability of was considered. An analytical expression of the secure outage probability was obtained and analyzed depending on the characteristics of the channel and the communication system: the average value of the signal-to-noise ratio in the main channel and the wiretap channel, the effective path-loss exponent, the relative distance between the legitimate receiver and the wiretap and the threshold bandwidth, normalized to the bandwidth of a smooth Gaussian channel. The analysis considers the sets of parameters that cover all practically important scenarios for the functioning of a wireless communication systems: both deep fading (corresponding to the hyper-Rayleigh scenario) and small fading, both in the case of a significant line-of-sight component and a significant number of multipath clusters, and with significant shadowing of the dominant component and a small number of multipath waves, as well as all intermediate options. It is found out that the value of the energy requirements for guaranteed secure communication at a given speed is determined primarily by the power of multipath components, as well as the existence of an irreducible secure outage probability of a communication session with an increase for channels with strong overall shadowing of the signal components, which from a practical point of view is important to take into account when imposing requirements for the values of the signal-to-noise ratio and the data transfer rate in the direct channel, providing the desired degree of security of the wireless communication session.

Dual-Hop Transmission and Multiple Relays for Performance Analysis of Designing Physical Layer Security for IoT Networks

This article presents a secure performance metric of a downlink nonorthogonal multiple access (NOMA) in the presence of interference from the traditional user. In the context of NOMA, we deploy two-hop transmission to improve the performance of destinations. Further, multiple relays are implemented to aid robust signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) at destinations. We derive a closed-form expression of secure outage probability (SOP) to characterize security concerns in the case an eavesdropper exists in the overage of second hop transmission. We verify all expressions by employing Monte Carlo simulations.

Security Outage Probability Analysis of Cognitive Networks With Multiple Eavesdroppers for Industrial Internet of Things

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has been recognised as having the potential to benefit a range of industrial sectors substantially. However, widespread development and deployment of IIoT systems are limited for some reasons, the most significant of which are a shortage of spectrum resources and network security issues. Given the heterogeneity of IIoT devices, typical cryptographic security techniques are insufficient since they can suffer from challenges including computation, storage, latency, and interoperability. This paper presents a physical layer security analysis of the underlying cognitive radio networks for IIoT. Through consideration of the spectrum, IIoT devices can opportunistically utilise the primary spectrum, thereby improving spectrum efficiency and allowing access by an increased number of devices. Specifically, we propose two cognitive relay transmission (CRT) schemes, optimal single CRT (O-SCRT) and multiple CRT (MCRT), to improve transmission reliability further. Since it is challenging to obtain channel state information in the wiretap link, we provide a sub-optimal single CRT scheme and derive closed-form expressions of security outage probability by invoking both selection combination and maximal ratio combination techniques at the eavesdropper. To provide a benchmark, the round-robin single CRT scheme is also analyzed. Simulation results are provided to verify our analysis and show that O-SCRT provides the best system security outage performance.

Secure Performance Analysis of Aerial RIS-NOMA-Aided Systems: Deep Neural Network Approach

The next generation of wireless systems has benefits in terms of spectrum and energy inefficiencies by exploiting two promising techniques including Non-Orthogonal Multiple Access (NOMA) and Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS). The scenario of two legitimate users existing together with an eavesdropper is worth examining in terms of secure matter while enabling machine learning tools at the base station for expected improvement. The base station deals with a highly complicated algorithm to adjust parameters against the attack of eavesdroppers and to better improve the secure performance of mobile users. This paper suggests a better solution to allow the base station to predict performance at destinations to adjust necessary parameters such as power allocation coefficients properly. To this end, we propose a deep neural network (DNN)-based approach which also leverages the benefits of aerial RIS to achieve predictable performance and significant secure performance improvement could be enhanced. We first derive the formulations for security outage probability (SOP) in closed-form expressions and analyze the strictly positive secrecy capacity (SPSC), which are crucial performance metrics to determine how the systems are against the existence of eavesdroppers. Such eavesdroppers intend to overhear signal transmission dedicated to intended users and incur degraded system performance. The numerical simulations are expected to evaluate how the machine learning tool works with the traditional computation of system performance metrics which is able to be verified by comparing with the Monte-Carlo method. Our numerical simulations demonstrate that the design of a higher number of meta-surface elements at the RIS, as well as a higher signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) levels at the base station, are key parameters to achieving improved security performance for users. For detailed guidelines of the RIS-NOMA aided system, we provide a table of parameters samples resulting in secure performance as expected.