Secure Image Watermarking Research Articles

IWT based robust and secure color image watermarking using Hessenberg decomposition and SVD

IWT based robust and secure color image watermarking using Hessenberg decomposition and SVD

In-depth exploration of digital image watermarking with discrete cosine transform and discrete wavelet transform

Digital image watermarking is a crucial technique used to protect the integrity and ownership of digital images by embedding imperceptible watermarks into the image content. This review concentrates on the utilization of discrete cosine transform (DCT) and discrete wavelet transform (DWT) in digital image watermarking schemes. DCT, widely used in image compression like JPEG, is an attractive choice for watermarking, modifying DCT coefficients with minimal impact on image quality. On the other hand, DWT offers multiresolution representation, enabling better localization and robustness against attacks. DWT-based methods use wavelet coefficients to embed watermarks in specific frequency bands or image regions. The review examines the strengths and weaknesses of DCT and DWT in digital image watermarking, exploring algorithms and approaches proposed in the literature. It also addresses challenges like attacks, synchronization, and robustness to image processing. Additionally, a comparative analysis of DCT and DWT-based methods considers imperceptibility, robustness, capacity, and computational complexity. By offering valuable insights, this review aids researchers and practitioners in implementing secure and efficient digital image watermarking solutions.

An Optimized and Secured Image Watermarking and Its Dual Authentication for Internet of Medical Things

An Optimized and Secured Image Watermarking and Its Dual Authentication for Internet of Medical Things

A novel robust and more secure blind image watermarking for optical remote sensing using DWT-SVD and chaotic maps

A novel robust and more secure blind image watermarking for optical remote sensing using DWT-SVD and chaotic maps

A highly robust and secure digital image watermarking using modified optimal foraging algorithm - based SVM classifier and hyperchaotic Fibonacci Q-matrix

Transmission media is at rise over the internet, due to which the copyright risk is alarming. In such situation, enhanced security is the main concern. Digital image watermarking is the technique that ensures the copyright protection, security, and authenticity of the digital image. This research work recommends a highly secured and robust digital image watermarking system. In this method, the cover image is confused by arbitrarily generated numbers by a six-dimensional hyperchaotic technique, then this permuted image is scattered by applying the Fibonacci Q matrix to generate a scattered host image. This scattered image is decomposed up to 3 levels through DWT and the low pass sub-band caused by DWT are further decomposed by SVD. Singular values generated by SVD are used for watermark embedding as a slight change in the value does not affect the image quality. SVM classifier is used to classify the appropriate location to insert the scattered binary watermark. In this method SVM parameters are optimized by a modified optimal foraging algorithm, so that classification error can be reduced. Pixel rearrangement of the watermark image and host image makes the proposed method more secure, and it is highly robust as SVM is trained to classify locations that are less distorted by noise. Experimental outcomes depicts that the proposed method is accurate and better to the current cutting-edge methods in terms of security and robustness of digital image watermarking, as PSNR is approx. 72db and NC values are 1 after applying all the possible attacks.

Implementation of Secured and Robust DFT-Based Image Watermark Through Hybridization with Decomposition Algorithm

Robust as well as secure image watermarking is capable of providing a promising solution in many copyright protection applications. In this paper, an improved image watermarking scheme based on DFT with a decomposition algorithm is proposed. First, two dimensional (2D) Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) is applied to the host image, and then its singular value decomposition (SVD) is performed. Second, the watermark image is encrypted with a chaotic map for ensuring security against unauthorized detection, and then its 2D FFT and SVD are also performed. Third, the singular values of the watermark image are embedded into the singular values of the host image. The hybridization of DFT with SVD ensures the increasing performance of the watermarking system from the perspectives of visual distortion and robustness. Experimental results show that our proposed method is highly robust and also imperceptible with a large watermark size and increased security than the classical DFT-based methods.

A Secure Image Watermarking Scheme Based on DWT, SVD and Arnold Transform

The rapid advancement and extensive growth in communication technology is creating a critical need to develop novel methods and techniques to protect copyright, ownership, authentication and content integrity of digital media. An efficient solution to this kind of problem is digital watermarking of multimedia. A watermark refers to a visible or invisible digital data to be embedded in a cover data so as to provide copyright protection at time when need arises. Numerous watermarking methods have been presented in the literature and several watermarking software packages have been developed in past decades. Still robustness and security of watermark against a variety of attacks is one of the most important issues to be solved. In this paper, techniques are presented for watermarking of 8-bit images. The watermark is subjected to Arnold Transform to introduce randomness, thus enhancing security and improving PSNR. Embedding is done in low frequency LL band of original image. Inverse Discrete wavelet Transform is then computed to obtain the watermarked image. The results are evaluated by applying number of attacks on the watermarked image. The experimental results show that the proposed watermarking technique is robust and efficient.

An adaptive, secure and imperceptive image watermarking using swarm intelligence, Arnold transform, SVD and DWT

Digital image watermarking is one of the important method of copyright protection and rightful ownership of the digital image and video. In this paper, the existing algorithm based on DWT-SVD is improved and made adaptive with particle swarm optimization (PSO) which increases the robustness and imperceptibility. Existing as well as proposed algorithm based on PSO creates diagonal line in the extracted watermark image against some of the noise attacks. Further to remove diagonal line from the extracted watermark image an algorithm based on PSO and Arnold transform is proposed. Both proposed algorithms (PSO and AT-PSO) are implemented and tested with different types of cover images. The comparative analysis of these two proposed algorithms is carried out with the existing algorithm. The comparative analysis shows that under most of noise attacks both the proposed algorithms outperform over the existing algorithm in terms of Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Normalized Similarity Ratio (NSR). Moreover, the imperceptibility offered by Arnold transform based algorithm is better as compared to the other proposed algorithm. Robustness of both the proposed algorithms is close to each other.

A secure and robust color image watermarking using nature-inspired intelligence

The security of multimedia information is a prime concern in the present digital world. As a remedy, a robust color image watermarking in the transform domain using artificial intelligence is reported in this article. A color host image is secured by embedding a color watermark by utilizing the singular value decomposition and discrete wavelet transform. The color watermark information is scrambled with a chaotic map to give an additional stage of protection to overcome the problem of illegal copying and alteration of digital data by unauthorized users. All three RGB color channels of host singular values are modified with principal components of respective RGB information of scrambled watermark image. Ownership of data is provided by extracting the watermark in the presence of a secret key used while embedding process. To overcome the trade-off between the imperceptibility and robustness of the proposed algorithm artificial bee colony is used to optimize the scaling factor. The implementation of the proposed algorithm is performed on the MATLAB tool to compute the performance against the intentional and non-intentional image processing attacks. Comparative analysis with other related watermarking algorithms proves the robust, secure, and invisible nature of the proposed watermarking scheme.

Robust and Secure Digital Image Watermarking Technique Using Arnold Transform and Memristive Chaotic Oscillators

With the advent of technology and multimedia production, the world has witnessed a tremendous increase in digital media attacks, which duplicates, forges and tamper the data leading to the violation of copyright laws. In this paper, a robust and secure digital image watermarking is proposed, which exploits the chaotic behaviour of the non – linear oscillators realized through Memristive diodes. The proposed scheme relies on a Human Visual System (HVS) model in order to mimic the real-life scenario. To improve the robustness of the proposed approach and to further increase the security of the digital watermarked media whilst still retaining compatibility with the real-time events, Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HOG) and extreme learning machine (ELM) is implemented. Secure key generation by means of scrambling through Arnold Transform and the coefficients of Memristive Chaotic Oscillator ensures extreme security. The watermark embedding followed the pixel transformation based on discrete cosine coefficient modification, and a semi-blind watermarking extraction procedure was carried out through trained ELM models. A detailed analysis has been presented to evaluate the tradeoff between imperceptibility, security and robustness using performance metrics like PSNR, NC, SSIM, and BER. To establish a real-time implementation of the proposed architecture, the simulated results were verified using real-time chaotic signals generated from the chaotic oscillator, which dictates excellent performance against watermarking attacks and image processing tasks.

A secure image watermarking for tamper detection and localization

Data security has become a major concern of present time. Digital image watermarking is seen as a viable solution to ensure the integrity of image data. Watermarking algorithms can detect the presence of various attacks on images. In this work, a secure and efficient fragile image watermarking technique is proposed. The proposed watermarking algorithm aims to find image tampering and its location. The proposed approch is a spatial domain, block-based embedding technique. It introduces a unique key based embedding using SHA-1 (Secure Hashing Algorithm) hashing. The watermarked images have high PSNR and SSIM. The algorithm can handle various size of tampering, from very small to large. The proposed technique has been tested for a wide variety of tampering attacks like copy-paste, copy-move, constant average, and general tampering. It can efficiently detect tampering in the presence of these attacks.

A Secure Image Watermarking Architecture based on DWT-DCT Domain and Pseudo-Random Number

The outburst media contents in today's platforms a need for securing the ownership, authentication and data tampering raised. Protection against tapering the media contents is one of the challenges facing the individuals and industry in a digital age, in another hand rise of artificial neural network models such as deep fake and media contents editors threaten the originality and ownership of media in today digital base life. Demands to secure the ownership and authenticity of data that create by author risen. Hidden the true identity and originality of the media is one way to protect digital creation. Using a watermarked content is one way to protect the ownership of the digital media. It is possible to hide the watermark in the original content to secure it from tapering or illegally usage of the product, by hiding the watermark more securely and acceptable imperceptibility to sensors it is possible to have minimised the effect of watermark process on original contents. In this paper researchers designed an architecture that enhanced and centred on robustness and security of the watermarked image. In this method, we used four random number as seeds generated by a pseudo-random number generator, randomised numbers used as Initial value for encryption of watermark image. Watermark designed in a way that has a lesser footprint on the covered image. Outputs evaluate using PSNR, SSIM and different modification attacks tested against the watermarked image. The result shows that the architecture output is in acceptance range and enhanced the security and robustness of watermarking compere to some existing watermarking architectures and algorithms.

Secure and robust host-adapted color image watermarking using inter-layered wavelet-packets

This work presents a secure and robust color image watermarking for copyright protection applications, that is based on exploiting the multi-spectral properties of the primary color components of the RGB image. The proposed scheme employs the interconnection between the subbands of the primary color components in the wavelet-packet domain. The scheme is constructed to be adaptive, in the sense that the watermark bits are embedded in safe locations, depending on the inter-layer energy of coefficients in the wavelet-packets. The scheme immunity to attacks is improved by applying a two-level security procedure. To validate the high performance of the proposed scheme, several experimental tests were conducted and a comparative analysis was provided. The obtained results have shown improved watermarking robustness against a wide range of attacks while preserving a high watermarking imperceptibility.

Secure and Robust Image Watermarking Scheme Using Homomorphic Transform, SVD and Arnold Transform in RDWT Domain

The main objective for a watermarking technique is to attain imperceptibility, robustness and security against various malicious attacks applied by illicit users. To fulfil these basic requirements for a scheme is a big issue of concern. So, in this paper, a new image watermarking method is proposed which utilizes properties of homomorphic transform, Redundant Discrete Wavelet Transform (RDWT), Arnold Transform (AT) along with Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) to attain these required properties. RDWT is performed on host image to achieve LL subband. This LL subband image is further decomposed into illumination and reflectance components by homomorphic transform. In order to strengthen security of proposed scheme, AT is used to scramble watermark. This scrambled watermark is embedded with Singular Values (SVs) of reflectance component which are obtained by applying SVD to it. Since reflectance component contains important features of image, therefore, embedding of watermark in this part provides excellent imperceptibility. Proposed scheme is comprehensively examined against different attacks like scaling, shearing etc. for its robustness. Comparative study with other prevailing algorithms clearly reveals superiority of proposed scheme in terms of robustness and imperceptibility.

A Hybrid Secure Watermarking Scheme Using Nonnegative Matrix Factorization and FastWalsh-Hadamard Transform

We present a robust and unnoticeable secure image watermarking approach using Nonnegative Matrix Factorization (NMF) and Fast Walsh-Hadamard Transform (FWHT). The core idea of the proposed scheme consist of four key steps: The original cover image is divided into small blocks. The NMF is then applied to each block separately, followed by using the FWHT to the generated weight matrix. Finally, the singular values of the watermark image are distributed over the transformed blocks. The experimental results certainly show enhanced visual imperceptibility and exceptional resiliency against various types of attacks.

Imperceptible and secure image watermarking using DCT and random spread technique

Watermarking is a copyright protection technique, while cryptography is a message encoding technique. Imperceptibility, robustness, and safety are aspects that are often investigated in watermarking. Cryptography can be implemented to increase watermark security. Beaufort cipher is the algorithm proposed in this research to encrypt watermark. The new idea proposed in this research is the utilization of Beaufort key for watermark encryption process as well as for spread watermark when inserted as PN Sequence substitute with the aim to improve imperceptibility and security aspects. Where PN Sequence is widely used in spread spectrum watermarking technique. Based on the experimental results and testing of the proposed method proved that imperceptibility and watermark security are increased. Improved imperceptibility measured by PSNR rose by about 5dB and so did the MSE score better. Robustness aspect is also maintained which has been proven by the excellent value of NCC.

Singular Values Decomposition and Lifting Wavelet Transform for Speech Signal Embedding into Digital Image

Background: In this paper, we propose a secure image watermarking technique which is applied to grayscale and color images. It consists in applying the SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) in the Lifting Wavelet Transform domain for embedding a speech image (the watermark) into the host image. Methods: It also uses signature in the embedding and extraction steps. Its performance is justified by the computation of PSNR (Pick Signal to Noise Ratio), SSIM (Structural Similarity), SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio), SegSNR (Segmental SNR) and PESQ (Perceptual Evaluation Speech Quality). Results: The PSNR and SSIM are used for evaluating the perceptual quality of the watermarked image compared to the original image. The SNR, SegSNR and PESQ are used for evaluating the perceptual quality of the reconstructed or extracted speech signal compared to the original speech signal. Conclusion: The Results obtained from computation of PSNR, SSIM, SNR, SegSNR and PESQ show the performance of the proposed technique.

A highly robust and secure image watermarking based on classification and visual cryptography

In this paper a new robust image watermarking algorithm based on blocks classification and visual cryptography (VC) is presented. First the original image is decomposed into non-overlapping blocks. Then, we use canny edge detection and the support vector machine (SVM) classification method to categorize these blocks into smooth and non-smooth classes. The VC technique is used to generate two image shares: A master share that is constructed according to the block classification results and an owner share generated by using the master share together with a binary watermark. To verify the ownership of the image, the watermark can be retrieved by stacking the master share and the owner share. By skipping blocks which are not robust against attacks, the robustness of our proposed watermarking method is significantly improved. Our method is completely imperceptible because the watermark pattern is concealed without modifying the original host image.

Hybrid secure and robust image watermarking scheme based on SVD and sharp frequency localized contourlet transform

In this paper, using singular value decomposition (SVD) and sharp frequency localized contourlet transform (SFLCT) a secure and robust image watermarking procedure is introduced. The SVD and SFLCT are applied on both watermark and original images and using the properties of the SVD and utilizing the advantages of the SFLCT, noticeable results of the watermarking requirements are obtained. Since most of the SVD based watermarking schemes are not resistant against ambiguity attacks and suffer from the false positive problem, this objection is resolved without adding extra steps to the watermarking algorithm and the suggested scheme is secure and resistant against ambiguity attacks. The simulation of the scheme is implemented and its robustness against various types of attacks is experimented. In comparison with some of the recent schemes this procedure shows high imperceptibility, capacity and robustness and these features make the scheme a suitable choice for the image processing applications.

Secure Image Watermarking Based on LWT and SVD

Nowadays, digital watermarking is employed for authentication and copyright protection. In this paper, a secure image watermarking scheme based on lifting wavelet transform (LWT) and singular value decomposition (SVD), is proposed. Both LWT and SVD are used as mathematical tools for embedding watermark in the host image. In this work, the watermark is a speech signal which is segmented into shorted portions having the same length. This length is equal to 256 and these different portions constitute the different columns of a speech image. The latter is then embedded into a grayscale or color image (the host image). This procedure is performed in order to insert into an image a confidential data which is in our case a speech signal. But instead of embedding this speech signal directly into the image, we transform it into a matrix and treated it as an image (“a speech image”). Of course, this speech signal transformation permits us to use LWT-2D and SVD to both the host image and the watermark (“a speech image”). The proposed technique is applied to a number of grayscale and color images. The obtained results from peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and structural similarity (SSIM) computations show the performance of the proposed technique. Experimental evaluation also shows that the proposed scheme is able to withstand a number of attacks such as JPEG compression, mean and median attacks. In our evaluation of the proposed technique, we used another technique of secure image watermarking based on DWT-2D and SVD.