Problems Of Sector Research Articles

Innovation in Hungarian aquaculture

Before the regime change in Hungary, the aquaculture sector produced one of the largest income values within agriculture in the field of international knowledge and technology transfer. As a result of environmental effects, the strengthening of regulations and their enforcement, as well as the Covid-19 epidemic, marine fish catches decreased by 3.8% in 2020 compared to the average of 2017-2019. In addition, the EU is a net importer of aquaculture products (68% of the aquaculture products consumed in the EU are not produced in the EU). The decline in marine fisheries offers a chance to increase the market share of the freshwater aquaculture sector. However, the recent increase in energy and feed raw material prices makes the situation even more complicated. In the current economic environment, there is an increased need to respond to problems through innovation. The development of the Hungarian aquaculture sector has three target areas: i) traditional pond farming; ii) precision (intensive) fish production; iii) and modernization of fish processing are both priorities and at the same time complex development goals We examined the main challenges of these areas and identified proposed solutions that, can provide a solution to some of the sector's problems thanks to the recent innovative developments. It can be concluded that willingness and susceptibility to innovation are present in the sector. Excellent national and international developments have been made recently. It is a task for national economies to support actors in the aquaculture innovation chain in their renewal.

Challenges of Industry 4.0 for medical products and smart devices sector in Brazil

It is a fact that there is a 4th Industrial Revolution underway that imposes a new global economy. This article aims to study the factors linked to medical products and smart devices for safety and well-being that can be decisive for the success of this industry in Brazil in the face of the new scenario. The focus was to identify the growth challenges of this industry and possible solutions to these problems. The basis of the study was the technological prospection carried out initially through a bibliographic survey and a search for patents to determine the existing technologies, their qualities, limitations, and growth potentials, in addition to the scenario in which they are inserted. Then, the results were related to future industrial trends seeking to identify the sector's problems. Finally, an analysis with the Delphi technique was carried out with experts in the area regarding the results obtained to validate the study and collect suggestions for proposals to solve the problems. The obstacles to growth and proposed solutions for the context of medical products in Brazil presented by both experts and those seen in the literature of the Brazilian and international contexts proved to be complementary and concordant with each other, pointing to the need for action in human resources and technology.

Artisanal mining and its drivers in the South African context

In South Africa, Zama Zama mining is a colloquial term referring to artisanal mining. This type of mining is illegal, seeing that these mining activities are conducted without a mining license. Zama Zama mining is often associated with several social ills, for example, issues related to the miners’ health and safety, environmental deprivation, child labour and the occurrence of violence and conflict within the sector. South African mining companies and law enforcement officials tend to view the solution to these problems to lie in policing this sector but are achieving little success. This article suggests an alternative, more proactive approach by exploring the drivers of artisanal gold mining in South Africa and ascertaining the responsibilities of mining companies in mitigating the drivers. A re-examination of Zama Zama mining's marginalisation could replace the current reactive ways pursued through policing and criminalising the sector with more sustainable and proactive approaches to address the sector's problems.

ТHE CURRENT STATE AND MAIN DIRECTIONS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE BEEKEEPING INDUSTRY

The article examines the current state and prospects for the development of the beekeeping industry in Ukraine. Ukraine is known as one of the most powerful beekeeping countries in the world due to its favorable geographical location and ability to produce high-quality beekeeping products for both domestic consumption and export. In the article is emphasized the special role of beekeeping in the agro-industrial complex of Ukraine. The beekeeping industry not only produces useful food products, but also forms the raw material base for the processing industry, contributes to increased productivity and is of great importance for the product market. To achieve the goal, general scientific methods of research, such as empirical, theoretical, statistical and calculation-mathematical, were used. There was conducted a review of scientific sources, articles and publications related to the field of beekeeping, honey production and the number of bee families. This analysis provided an overview of the honey market and identified key aspects for further research. Statistical data on honey production in households, enterprises and farms, as well as data on the number of bee colonies were used to assess the state and dynamics of the development of the beekeeping industry. In addition, computational and mathematical methods were used for a comprehensive analysis of the sector's problems and prospects. The general conclusion of the article is that the beekeeping industry in Ukraine is under the influence of various factors, such as the decrease in the number of bees, climate change and external threats. The lack of a scientifically based mechanism for the formation and functioning of the honey market, as well as the insufficiency of researched issues of the development of market relations between producers, processors and suppliers of beekeeping products, limited information on the economic efficiency of the production of beekeeping products - all these issues require detailed research. The prospects for the development of the beekeeping industry lie in organic beekeeping and the use of modern technologies. This article has significant scientific and practical potential, as it provides important conclusions and recommendations for the development of the beekeeping industry in Ukraine.

Competition authority study raises prospect of commissioning reforms

Latest reports feeding into the Care Review paint a picture of a children's social care market that fails to meet the needs of children and costs too much. Authors put forward contrasting ideas for solving the sector's problems

What knowledge is required to grow food? A framework for understanding horticulture's skills ‘crisis’

For more than a decade actors in Europe, North America and Australasia have been warning of crises with horticultural skills, highlighting shortages of specialists, educational programmes and traineeships. Related warnings predict worsening shortages of skilled workers essential for production of horticultural crops. Analysis of recent strategies from the UK finds these problems poorly defined and characterised, without articulating what horticultural skills comprise, tending to misconstrue problems and causes. This paper aims to characterise food growing knowledge systems and challenges they face. The result is a new definition of and conceptual framework for horticultural skills to enhance understanding of the sector's problems and formulation of solutions. The framework valorises knowledge of workers often portrayed as unskilled, and demonstrates how skills and labour challenges are wholly inter-linked. Knowledge flows are found to be affected by multiple impediments which contribute to a sense of crisis. Unresolved questions regarding this skills system present avenues for research to better understand the future prospects of food production skills, and demonstrate the value critical social science can bring to this topic.

Revamping Real Estate Document Storage with Blockchain

This paper reports the usage of blockchain technology in today's asset trade. Blockchain analyses disruptive power towards real estate. The real estate sector's problem is that there are various ways in which high-profile people exploit the authentic user by taking of their land and manipulating the documents. The paper-based documentation linked with real estate is more vulnerable to forgery than digital documents. This paper describes how blockchain is applied to the real-estate sector. The blockchain aims to maintain the history of all real estate transactions and registration in a network using smart contracts. Blockchain allows each property, anywhere, to have a digital address for the ownership and other attributes to maintain all past transactions. Blockchain speeds up the transactions from days/weeks/months to minutes/seconds, which has huge impact on society. This paper describes the solution to ensure the use of blockchain in land records.

Kırsal Kalkınma ve Kırmızı Et Açığını Önlemede Küçükbaş Hayvancılığın Önemi: Kastamonu İli Örneğinde Sorunlar ve Kümelenmenin Uygulanabilirliği

Bugün kırmızı et tüketiminin yeterli düzeyde olması ülkelerin gelişme düzeylerinin göstergelerinden birisidir. Fakat Türkiye‘de yeterli kırmızı et üretiminin olmaması, fiyatların yükselmesine ve kırmızı et tüketiminin düşmesine yol açmaktadır. Bu durum ithalatı zorunlu hale getirmektedir. Türkiye‘de Kastamonu gibi birçok bölge, geniş meraları ve ormanlık alanları ile küçükbaş hayvancılığa fazlasıyla uygundur. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı, Kastamonu İlinde kırsal kalkınmanın sağlanması için, küçükbaş hayvan üreticilerinin sorunlarını tespit ederek, bu sorunların kümelenme yolu ile çözülebilme durumunu araştırmaktır. Bu amaca ulaşmak için, İlde bulunan üreticiler ile görüşmeler yapılarak, sektörün sorunları ve bu sorunların çözümünde kümelenme olgusuna bakış açıları belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır.

Explaining European Union Citizens’ Trust in the European Central Bank in Normal and Crisis Times

AbstractWe study the determinants of trust in the European Central Bank (ECB) as measured by the European Commission's Eurobarometer survey, in particular during the global financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis. We find that the fall in trust in the ECB in crisis times can be rather well explained based on the pre‐crisis determinants. We also show that the fall in trust reflected the macroeconomic deterioration, a more generalized fall in the trust in European institutions in the wake of the crisis, and the severity of the banking sector's problems, to which the ECB was associated in the public opinion.

Explaining EU Citizens’ Trust in the ECB in Normal and Crisis Times

Abstract: We study the determinants of trust in the ECB as measured by the European Commission's Eurobarometer survey in particular during the global financial crisis and the European sovereign debt crisis. We find that the fall in trust in the ECB in crisis times can be rather well explained based on the pre-crisis determinants, and show that the fall in trust reflected the macroeconomic deterioration, a more generalised fall in the trust in European institutions in the wake of the crisis as well as the severity of the banking sector's problems, to which the ECB was associated in the public opinion.;

Restructuring Uganda's Coffee Industry: Why Going Back to Basics Matters

After experiencing a boom during the mid‐1990s, the performance of Uganda's coffee industry has been disappointing. Most existing analysis sees the sector's problems as quality deterioration, a poor marketing position in the global market, a weak regulatory framework, and poor infrastructure. Recommendations range from setting up a coffee auction to increasing the share of specialty coffees. This article concludes that such advice has been largely inconsistent with the stylised facts of the Uganda coffee industry, and it argues that coffee wilt disease and the effectiveness of the coffee replanting programme are the two key issues on which policymakers and the donor community should focus their activities and allocate their resources.

How sustainable is policy incoherence? A rationalist policy analysis of the Cameroonian electricity reform

Instead of being the milestone in Cameroon's economic reform program that the International Finance Corporation (IFC) claimed it would be, the 2001 privatisation of the Cameroonian electricity sector has turned out to be a millstone round the government, and country's neck. This paper documents and analyses the multidimensional incoherence embedded in the Cameroonian electricity sector reforms, initiated under the pressure of structural adjustment credit projects led by the World Bank. More specifically, 12 policy incoherencies are examined in the Cameroonian context. They range from a poor understanding of the electricity sector's problems, to pre-determined solutions and important shortcomings in the assessment of possible impacts. The results of these policy inconsistencies are analysed in terms the sector's sustainability, based upon the five key concepts introduced by Bruntland, suggesting that the reforms have failed to promote social, environmental or economic sustainability. Although this study concerns Cameroon, its relevance goes beyond this specific country, as similar policies are being implemented around the world.

Decentering America's Nonprofit Sector: Reflections on Salamon's Crises Analysis

Salamon argues that the nonprofit sector is the core or “center” of civil society. He correctly diagnoses the nonprofit sector's problems but his proposal to “hold the center” through sectoral renewal and a partnership model of state–nonprofit relations is problematic. This is the case in part because the effects of economic globalization are reducing nation-state autonomy. In addition, fragmentation of social identity in a postmodern era challenges sectoral legitimacy, while devolution and localization of social welfare responsibilities reduce nonprofit effectiveness. On the basis of U.S. evidence, I argue that, rather than trying to hold the center, we should decenter the nonprofit sector—away from dominant institutions, powerful groups, and privileged places—and join the margins in an effort to weave a new, more humane and inclusive social contract.

A Multilevel, Multiobjective Policy Model: The Case of Marine Aquaculture Development

AbstractMarine aquaculture development is often constrained due to the difficulty in accommodating the industry within the evolving framework of coastal zone regulatory policy. One contributing problem is the dearth of socioeconomic, environmental, and institutional knowledge. To address this issue, a dynamic multiobjective, multilevel policy model is formulated for net‐pen aquaculture development using effluent taxes as a policy instrument. Dynamic policy frontiers are generated by solving the aquacultural sector's problem, embedding the producer's dynamic response within the policy maker's problem, and then parameterizing on policy goals. The frontiers represent economic policy information consistent with the needs of a policy bargaining process.

Impact and organization of agricultural extension

The South African Society for Agricultural Extension's annual conference was devoted to this‐topic. Agricultural services are in a melting pot. Services and institutions should be re‐evaluated. Financial management is the prime problem in commercial agriculture. The subsistence sector's problems are different. Various private and government bodies are involved in extension. Goals differ, and there is need for better communication among institutions. Confusion reigns regarding the mission of extension. Many exten‐sionists have too many other duties, and the ratio of extensionists to farmers is generally unfavourable. Extension impact is difficult to measure. There are possibilities of privatization, with some having already occurred. Distinctions should be made between providing (funding) extension and producing it. If it is to be advantageous, privatization should increase competition, must have clear objectives, be accountable, and should preclude staff problems. The diversity of Southern African agricul...

Resource Allocation in Health Care: The Allocation of Lifestyles to Providers

The objective of this article has been to draw the spotlight onto a much neglected facet of the discussion on resource allocation in health care: the process by which society decides what lifestyle the providers of health care may extract, directly or indirectly, from the patient's pocket book. Given the slice of the GNP society surrenders to the providers of health care collectively, the quantity of real health care resources made available to patients obviously varies inversely with the elevation of the lifestyle attained by the providers. These reflections have been triggered by a vexing paradox plaguing contemporary American health care: incessant talk about rationing in the midst of plenty. Conference after conference in this country has been dedicated in recent years to the "agonizing choices visited upon American health care by the age of restricting resources." Remarkably, few of the avid conference organizers, and few of their fiery orators, ever stop to think just what resource flow has actually been constricting. Has it been the supply of physicians? Has it been the supply of hospital beds? Has it been the flow of real purchasing power into the health care system? In general, the preference has been to bypass these questions altogether and to lament in a data-free context. What has been contracting in American health care has not been the flow of money into the sector, nor the flow of professionals, facilities, and entrepreneurs seeking to to do well there by doing good, but, if anything at all, the flow of real health services from providers to patients, certainly to patients who are uninsured and of modest means. And what seems required to solve the sector's problem is not so much an infusion of yet larger sums of money, but a decision-making algorithm capable of using the money already in the system to redirect real health care resources from persons who now receive perilously too many health services to persons who now receive perilously too few. Part of such an algorithm, of course, would be a sensible determination of the lifestyles the health care process needs to support among the providers of care. Under the ideal circumstances envisaged by libertarian thinkers, the determination of these matters could safely be entrusted to the free market. For reasons not difficult to fathom, however, no modern society is willing to adopt that form of arbitration over resource allocation in health care.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

Private medical care and the British conservative government: what price independence?

This paper discusses issues raised by the uneven expansion of private health care in Britain in recent years. The problems being experienced by the industry have exposed divisions in the private health care industry and have provoked criticisms of the Government and requests for a greater degree of state support for, and regulation of, the industry. The paper therefore examines the scope for changes of government policy to facilitate further expansion. It argues that few of the alternatives are either technically adequate, in terms of solving the private sector's problems, or politically feasible, in the sense of being electorally justifiable. It concludes that policies to further private sector expansion could be implemented only at the cost of the private sector's independence, or at the expense of the Government's commitment to the NHS.