Distribution Sector Research Articles

Monitoring System Design Using GPS Tracker and Operational Vehicle Maintenance Case Study of PT. Pertamina (Persero)

The Utilization of GPS and GSM technology in operational vehicle monitoring offers convenience and efficiency in management. This research designs a GPS-based vehicle monitoring system that is integrated with vehicle maintenance management to assist companies in making decisions related to fuel efficiency, predictive maintenance scheduling, and safety aspects. By monitoring vehicle position and condition in real-time, companies can optimize travel routes, reduce travel time and reduce operational costs. The system also includes tire pressure and fuel percentage monitoring, which serve as important indicators in an accurate and sustainable vehicle maintenance strategy. This research uses quantitative methods to analyze various aspects in designing a GPS-based monitoring system that is integrated with operational vehicle maintenance management. With the resulting data, managers are able to identify trends that support predictive maintenance as well as preventive steps to reduce the risk of sudden damage. The research results show that the integration of GPS and GSM provides significant benefits in improving performance and reliability for vehicles, especially in the distribution and logistics sectors. The implementation of this system is expected to support the company in maintaining optimal vehicle performance and contribute to operational sustainability.

Evaluating the Financial Performance of Retail Oil Distribution Companies in India: A Comparative Study of Public and Private Sectors

This study examines the financial performance of public and private sector retail oil distribution companies in India from 2013 to 2023. The research focuses on two hypotheses: first, that private sector companies (RIL and Nayara Energy) demonstrate superior profitability metrics (ROCE, ROA, ROE) compared to public sector counterparts (BPCL, HPCL, IOCL) due to operational flexibility and market-driven strategies; and second, public sector companies exhibit lower financial leverage (Debt-Equity Ratio) reflecting conservative financial management and government oversight. Statistical tools such as ANOVA were employed to analyse ten years of financial data, revealing significant differences in profitability metrics favouring private-sector companies, and lower financial leverage among public-sector entities. These findings provide investors, policymakers, and stakeholders valuable insights in understanding sectoral dynamics and making informed decisions. The study contributes to the existing literature by illustrating distinct financial strategies and performance trends within India's retail oil distribution sector, crucial for strategic planning and regulatory frameworks in the energy industry.

Design and Implementation of a Smart Wireless Access Point for A Gas Station (SWAP-GS)

The gas distribution sector is a good fit for wireless communications, especially considering how often distribution facilities are located in distant areas. The underlying communications infrastructure needs to be extremely dependable, with a resilient system that links sensors and controls throughout a vast field area network, when working with accumulated and real-time data. The resulting detail assists managers in creating and modifying business processes, managing the station site fully, and increasing operational efficiency. A wireless gas station offers an architecture based on Wi-Fi standards for applications that track and collect data all the way down sto the sensor level. The goal of the research was to install a wireless infrastructure network at a service station. When used in a gas station, plant, enable users to access real-time information, exchange and share sensor readings from the access point, and develop a smart wireless access point system with higher secure encryption than the generic wireless network. The NodeMCU microcontroller, which broadcasts the real-time data to the clients, receives inputs from a temperature, pressure, and humidity sensor. This allows the system to do such activities. It was believed that the built wireless infrastructure will enhance the existing LAN infrastructures. A few basic prerequisites are taken into account. First and foremost, a microcontroller, a sensor unit, software design, and compliance with IEEE 802.11 standards were required.

The characteristics, challenges, and opportunities of China’s food safety inspection supervision in the distribution sector

Concerns about public food safety are comparatively common in the Chinese food distribution industry. A dearth of expertise and scarce resources lead to frequent instances of incapacity and inadequate oversight, which negatively affect stakeholders in the circulation industry. The main challenges to food supervision are the need for more alignment between the technical specifications, comprehensiveness, and continuity of the existing food safety supervision legislation and the real circumstances facing the regulatory agencies. Despite the circulation field’s critical position in food safety regulation, its complex and variable characteristics make it challenging to implement and manage. There exist notable concerns over inadequate food safety standards and supervisory frameworks, vagueness in enforcing rules, and insufficient workforce and technical know-how in food safety supervision. The opportunities for regulating the food business with the government’s focus and attention considerably outweigh the obstacles that lie ahead. The growth of the food business needs to be viewed in the larger framework of the country’s economic development. Professional involvement and collaboration with technical departments can help regulatory bodies tackle non-compliant actions in the market circulation process in a timely way, resulting in a more evidence-based and responsive regulatory approach. Establishing a healthy equilibrium and elucidating the relationship between oversight and the food business will be crucial in the future.

Service center in electricity distribution sector with variable peak electricity time: A two-stage queuing model approach with nested simulation

Customer service is essential for any business, significantly impacting customer satisfaction, brand reputation, and reducing associated costs. In the electricity industry, this importance is heightened due to the critical nature of electricity in daily life and growing usage rate of new technologies. Effective customer service in electric distribution companies involves handling a wide range of inquiries, from billing issues to technical support, requiring both remote and on-site assistance. The variability in customer calls, influenced by factors such as peak electricity hours, and different service and customer types, presents unique challenges in designing efficient service centers. This research develops a tailored model for the service center operations of a power distribution company, focusing on optimal staffing levels within budget constraints. A two-stage queuing model is proposed to address the needs of residential and non-residential customers. The study employs nested simulation techniques to account for variability in customer arrival times and peak hours. Key performance indicators (KPIs) are used to evaluate the effectiveness of staffing policies, considering both quantitative and qualitative costs. The study integrates stochastic optimization and ranking and selection methods to identify the best staffing configurations. The findings offer actionable insights for improving customer service efficiency and operational effectiveness in electricity customer service centers.

Watering the Seeds of the Rural Economy: Evidence from Groundwater Irrigation in India

ABSTRACT This study explores the impact of private investment in groundwater extraction for irrigation on the spatial and sectoral distribution of rural economic activity in India. Exploiting a kink in access to groundwater, generated from an absolute technological constraint on the operational capacity of irrigation pumps with depth of the water table, there is evidence of a significant improvement in agricultural production accompanied with modest consumption gains. Groundwater extraction causes a substantial increase in population density, but has no effect on the employment rate or labor reallocation between sectors of the economy. Furthermore, irrigated agriculture appears to provide additional employment opportunities for waged labor from surrounding non-irrigated villages.

Identifying and Managing Risks in High-Tech Supply Networks using Explainable Artificial Intelligence

Supply chains have become vital in enabling the smooth movement of material and information in the swiftly changing high-tech industries. By utilising technological innovations like automation and AI, supply chains may improve both safety and effectiveness at every level of the process, from manufacturing to sustainability. The necessity to adjust operations, give the adoption of technology top priority for resilience, and improve supply chain management efficiency. Transformation of the Supply Chain is becoming a choice of subject, when it comes to maintain the ideal inventory levels and Just in Time service deliveries. Both AI and ML are the utmost importance for the maintenance of the inventory or service through the technology. It not only helps in reducing the loss of opportunity costs, but also it resolves the issue of overstocks of any inventory and the enhanced level of service delivery. This ultimately results in the optimum utilization of the resources through the help of technology. Moreover, it is the win-win situation for the customer and provider. Even while technology has only recently begun to be incorporated into supply chains, the manufacturing and distribution sectors have adopted it more quickly, emphasising the need for effective risk identification and mitigation techniques. Notwithstanding the possible advantages of transforming the supply chain, there are obstacles and limitations that make an entire technological shift complex. The chapter also explores the concept explainable AI which can be understood as the set of techniques that makes the decision-making processes of AI systems comprehensible to humans. Acknowledging the inherent complexities and relationships within these chains, the goal of this chapter is to explore risk identification and management in high-tech supply networks. A competent and nimble stakeholder base can manage the complex landscape of the high-tech world through the incorporation of innovative technologies, proactive actions, and constructive alliances.

The Application and Challenges of New Energy Vehicles in the Logistics and Distribution Sector

With the continuous enhancement of public environmental awareness and the promotion of sustainable development in logistics and distribution, the recognition of new energy vehicles in the logistics and distribution sector is gradually increasing due to their characteristics such as low carbon emissions and low noise. However, new energy vehicles face serious range anxiety, short driving range, low coverage of charging and swapping stations, long charging times, and lack of uniform standards, making it difficult for them to cope with the complex logistics and distribution environment. Additionally, the high initial investment in new energy vehicles hinders their promotion in the logistics and distribution sector. This article proposes suggestions such as increasing research and development efforts for new energy vehicles, accelerating the construction of charging and swapping station infrastructure, and strengthening industry collaboration to promote the standardization process, providing reference for the application of new energy vehicles in the logistics and distribution sector.

Analysis of the employment structure of ukraine’s population during the war

Structural shifts in employment in the modern Ukrainian economy are caused by factors such as the military situation, technological progress, demographic changes, and economic instability. These changes affect the sectoral, gender, and regional distribution of workers and require adaptation from labor market participants and social policies to ensure the stability and efficiency of employment. Addressing structural shifts in employment in Ukraine requires a comprehensive approach, which includes stimulating the development of new economic sectors, supporting entrepreneurship, modernizing education and training, and providing social protection for workers during reorientation and retraining processes. Such an approach will help achieve a balanced state of supply and demand in the labor market, thereby ensuring long-term societal protection and well-being.

Gender Disparities in Kazakhstan’s Labor Market: Evidence from the Quality Employment

Gender disparities in the labor market have remained a critical area of economic research, particularly in understanding how men and women experience different employment conditions. This study aims to assess the quality of employment for men and women, focusing on the multidimensional quality of jobs, including formal and informal employment, unemployment, and access to highly qualified professions. The research employs a standardized approach using Z-scores to analyze deviations from average labor market indicators across genders, enabling a comparative evaluation of employment trends over the past decade. Data were drawn from national labor force statistics, covering a wide range of indicators such as labor force participation, employment rates, unemployment, and sectoral distribution. The results of the study show significant gender differences. The average level of the involvement of women in the labor force during the study period was 64.96%, while for men this figure reached 76.38%. The employment rate among women was 4.5% lower on average compared to men, and for women in informal employment, it was 20.16% versus 20.76% for men. Women also showed a higher unemployment rate: 5.71% versus 4.36% for men. The study also highlights the impact of external economic shocks, such as the COVID-19 pandemic, on labor market dynamics, exacerbating gender disparities. Future research should focus on developing policies that reduce informal employment and increase job stability for women. Further study of the long-term effects of global economic crises on gender differences in the quality of employment is also necessary to develop effective measures.

Evaluation of the Success of HRIS (Human Resource Information System) using the Delone Mclean Approach and Technology Acceptance Model (Case Study At PT. Anugerah Pharmindo Lestari)

Information systems play a significant role in today's business world, enabling companies to achieve innovation and competitiveness advantages. By using information systems, companies can enhance their efficiency, effectiveness, and productivity. This has led many companies to start implementing human resource information systems. PT. Anugerah Pharmindo Lestari (APL), a company operating in the healthcare service distribution sector, has been using HRIS since 2020. However, no evaluation has been conducted, serving as the basis for the necessity of this research. The objective is to understand the influence of system quality, information quality, and user experience on user satisfaction through perceived usefulness. The research employs a qualitative approach, targeting the entire population of 73 HRIS admins at PT. APL, all of whom are included in the sample. Data is collected through interviews and questionnaire distribution. The research concludes that the system quality directly does not support perceived usefulness and user satisfaction. Information quality cannot form perceived usefulness but can shape user satisfaction. User experience can shape perceived usefulness and user satisfaction. However, perceived usefulness cannot moderate impact of system quality, information quality, and user experience to satisfaction.

Application of Cluster Analysis in the Evaluation of Automotive Fuel Prices Marketed in Goiás

Objective: The aim of this study is to present economic indicators constructed through cluster analysis, aiming to identify which gas station brands offer the lowest overall fuel prices. Theoretical Framework: The increasing demand for low-cost products, particularly automotive fuels, is a constant in the Brazilian market, significantly impacting both the economy and consumers' daily lives. This scenario underscores the analysis of prices as a crucial tool for understanding market behavior. Method: Data were obtained from the open data portal of the National Agency of Petroleum, Natural Gas and Biofuels (ANP), focusing on the historical price series of regular gasoline, premium gasoline, and ethanol in the state of Goiás. Cluster analysis was employed to group eight gas station brands into three distinct clusters. Results and Discussion: Findings reveal that Rodoil offers the lowest overall fuel prices, whereas Alesat, Ciapetro, and Raízen have the highest overall prices. These discoveries provide valuable insights into the competitive dynamics of the fuel market in Goiás. Research Implications: The significant debates generated in society by the rising prices of gasoline, ethanol, and other products such as cooking gas and diesel underscore the urgent need to revise fuel pricing policies in the country. Originality/Value: This study contributes uniquely by applying cluster analysis to identify price patterns among different gas station brands, offering an innovative approach to understanding competitiveness in the fuel distribution sector in Goiás.

Study of integration processes in the pharmaceutical market in the context of the development of territorial pharmaceutical ecosystems

Introduction. The ecosystem approach to the organization of business processes in the pharmaceutical market meets the prevailing trends, so the growth index of e-commerce in the retail sector of medicines for 5 years amounted to 1.87. The market distribution sector of medicines in the Russian Federation is characterized by a shift in corporate governance towards marketing cooperation based on aggregation electronic trading platforms (AETPS). Development of territorial pharmaceutical ecosystems (TFE) As a new integrative tool for managing the pharmaceutical development – production – distribution cycle, in order to achieve the target model of PHARMA 2030 at the territorial level, it requires the development of regulatory mechanisms for managing the supply of medicines. Objective: characteristics of integration processes in the industrial, wholesale and retail sectors of the pharmaceutical market to assess the potential competitiveness of territorial pharmaceutical ecosystems. Material and methods. The primary data for the analysis were: volumes of wholesale commodity residues of medicines produced in the Ural Federal District (461 registration certificates; proprietary Price and Distribution Test data for 230 trade names of LP EMIS data 2021–2022; Alpharm data 2021–2022; Datainsight 2022. In the course of the study, a structural analysis of the pharmaceutical market, a functional analysis of participants in the pharmaceutical product chain, and a marketing analysis were carried out. Results. It was found that the dynamics of the AETP segment development corresponds to the outstripping growth of highly integrated platforms: the short-term growth index of 5-pl AETP (Uteca) is 164%, 4-pl (Eapteca) is 55%, 3pl-AETP (averaged) is 36.5%. The absence of formal mechanisms of regional protectionism for the sale of finished dosage forms of local manufacturers in the Ural Federal District has been revealed. We have obtained the results of evaluating the effect of ecosystem integration of certain types of pharmaceutical market participants. For manufacturers of medicinal products, it was determined that the median coefficient of penetration of the local assortment of medicinal products into the pharmaceutical market in the context of ATX groups of level 2 is 0.67, which indicates a significant diversification of the assortment portfolio and the possibility of its aggregation without a barrier of internal competition. In the wholesale drugs sector, the potential for saving margins on medicines has been identified when implementing the scenario of localization of supplies in production regions in low and medium-low price ranges (30 – 550 rubles/unit), varying between 53–67%. It was found that the median share of regional distribution in the Ural Federal District (in packages) is 20.72%. It has been established that the Ural Federal District is one of the leaders in terms of the share of omnichannel consumers in the pharmaceutical market (63%), which is a significant incentive for the integration of organizations in the retail sector of the pharmaceutical market into the ecosystem 5pl platform. Conclusion. Situational analysis of the morphology of cooperative interactions in the pharmaceutical market allowed us to identify the prerequisites for the formation of ecosystem-organized management structures in the pharmaceutical market system – territorial pharmaceutical ecosystems. We have systematized incentives for ecosystem determination of medicines supplies, and found that: an additional channel for the market distribution of the industrial range of medicicnes in the Urals is not associated with a barrier to internal competition of pharmaceutical plants; the inclusion of regional suppliers in TFE will allow to form additional competitiveness in the “buyer's market” in conditions of market dominance of federal suppliers; the omnichannel approach to the distribution of the retail range of TFE in pharmacy organizations has a high projected conversion rate. A detailed assessment of integration processes in certain sectors of the pharmaceutical market did not reveal critical barriers to the introduction of TFE.

Can rural counties benefit from high-speed rail investments? The distributive economic impacts of constructing the Dallas-Houston line

High-speed rail (HSR) investments have demonstrated significant economic benefits in many regions around the world. However, there have been ongoing concerns over the potential unjust effects of HSR development on the rural areas where HSR routes traverse. In the United States, resistance from rural landowners is a major factor that has delayed or derailed numerous HSR projects. Understanding whether and how rural areas may or may not benefit from HSR investments helps facilitate timely project delivery and inform supplementary policymaking to achieve broader societal benefits. This paper presents a case study of the Dallas – Houston HSR line in Texas, USA, a proposed project with private investments totaling $16 billion from Texas Central Railroad, LLC. Applying Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) modeling, the study estimates the economic impacts of investing in the Dallas-Houston HSR line and examines the spatial and sectoral distributions of the impacts across the rural counties along the project alignment. The privately funded Dallas – Houston HSR project stalled after a decade-long effort, largely due to opposition from the rural counties along the line. The recent formation of the Amtrak-Texas Central partnership has brought back hope to revive the HSR proposal. The findings of this study are informative for Amtrak-Texas Central to develop strategies that address the unbalanced rural–urban impacts of constructing the HSR line for ultimate project success.

Sectoral carbon emission prediction and spatial modeling framework: A local climate zone-based case study of the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area

Understanding the spatio-temporal pattern of carbon emission (CE) is prerequisite for formulating carbon reduction policies. Previous studies emphasized quantitative analysis of CE inventory while ignoring sectoral spatial distribution. This study fills this gap by developing a framework for coupling the CE quantitative prediction model with the sectoral CE spatial model based on the Long-range Energy Alternatives Planning (LEAP) model, spatial proxy data and local climate zone (LCZ). The framework's sectoral CE results reveal a great varied landscape within the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (GBA), one of the leading bay areas in the world with rapid urbanization and emphasis on low-carbon development, under four carbon reduction scenarios. By 2060, the CN3 scenario that considers both energy-supply and consumption sides, predicts a drastic emission cut to 35.76 million tons, just 10 % of the business as usual (BAU) scenario's forecast, mainly from transportation (29.45 million tons) and industry (9.34 million tons) sectors. Besides, compared with the common CE spatial products, the spatial simulation results of sectoral CE in our framework present detailed spatial differences at the jurisdictional level. The findings are conducive for governments to formulate accurate CE reduction and optimization strategies of the cities towards to the 2060 carbon neutrality.

A Study on Problems of the Street Vendors in Lalbandi Municipality

Due to their lack of education and skills, street vendors are among the most vulnerable and impoverished groups in the urban informal labor market and business sector. They are also unable to obtain permanent positions in the lucrative formal sector. They constantly attempt to use their limited financial means to address the issues affecting their way of life. They serve as the primary distribution routes for a wide range of goods used on a daily basis, including fruits, vegetables, shoes, ready-made clothes, toys, household appliances, stationery, newspapers, and periodicals. A serious dilemma would arise for small-scale businesses that cannot afford to retail their products through pricey formal sector distribution networks, as well as fruit and vegetable growers, if they were to be removed from urban markets. So is found in the case of street vendors of Lalbandi Municipality. Thus, main purpose of conducting this study is to find out the problems faced by street vendors in Lalbandi Municipality. For this, descriptive research design is adopted to explore street vendors’ problems. Out of two hundred seventy-three street vendors of Lalbandi Municipality, thirty street vendors are chosen randomly. The street vendors who sell fruits, vegetables, prepared foods, and household appliances via local vehicles and permanent shelter are the subjects of the current study. The study showed that there is a noteworthy correlation between the issues encountered by the street vendors. The respondents’ general opinion of street sellers and the issues they encountered do not significantly correlate. In nutshell, the street vendors of Lalbandi Municipality have been facing various sorts of problems such as lack of security, price fluctuation, lack of sufficient amount, bribes to the authorities etc. and for that a comprehensive strategy that includes social protection measures, infrastructure and service investments, policy reforms, and initiatives to organize and empower street vendors is needed. Furthermore, the present study is useful to the stakeholders, policy makers and to those who have just started up their small-scale businesses.

State Policy In The Field Of Alternative Energy Sources In The Conditions Of Ensuring Energy Security Of Ukraine

The article analyses features of state policy in the field of alternative energy sources, particularly replacing traditional energy resources with alternative energy sources, aiming to reduce the energy intensity of Ukraine’s gross domestic product and ensure the state’s energy security. It is noted that Ukraine has significant potential for developing alternative energy sources, particularly wind energy, solar energy, bioenergy, hydropower, and geothermal energy. An analysis of the growth dynamics of the installed capacity of alternative energy source facilities operating under the «green» tariff has shown that solar energy is currently the most developed in Ukraine. This creates a foundation for further development of wind and bioenergy. The main practical benefits of energy storage systems are highlighted, including ensuring electricity supply to businesses when the external grid is disconnected, storing cheap electricity during excess capacity, and supplying it during peak demand when it is more expensive. Additionally, these systems have the potential to support and restore grid frequency. Storing surplus energy from solar power plants can increase the overall efficiency of the energy system. The author identifies the main tasks to be implemented within state policy to ensure energy security. These include investing in the restoration and decentralization of the energy system (increasing the share of electricity production from alternative energy sources, including the construction of wind and solar power plants, as well as energy storage facilities for the development of energy storage technologies produced from renewable sources), building biomethane production capacities, introducing new types of environmentally friendly fuels, increasing the construction of interconnectors with ENTSO-E to integrate Ukraine’s electricity system with the European power grid, enhancing the localization of energy storage systems, implementing innovative and efficient technologies in the electricity distribution sector, including smart grids, microgrids, and «vehicle-to-grid» systems, and resolving issues related to the «green» tariff.

Firm size in gas distribution. Economies of scale, regulatory dynamics, and policy implications

We revisit the discussion on the optimal size of firms in the piped gas distribution sector, focusing on developments within the Argentine industry. Utilizing a comprehensive dataset spanning nearly three decades, we analyze the evolving cost patterns among gas firms, significantly influenced by shifting customer demands and regulatory dynamics. We find that firms benefit from economies of scale and emphasize the significance of addressing capital stock imbalances when formulating sectoral policies, as excess capacity can lead to diverging policy recommendations. Additionally, we identify considerable cost benefits for firms integrated within larger conglomerates. Our findings underscore the need to revise sectoral policies to align with dynamic market conditions, thereby enhancing cost efficiency and facilitating the development of well-informed sectorial policies.

STRATEGI PEMASARAN USAHA HOME INDUSTRY IKAN ASIN DALAM PENINGKATAN EKONOMI KELUARGA MASYARAKAT KELURAHAN MALABERO KOTA BENGKULU

The aim of this research is to analyze the marketing strategy of the salted fish home industry business in improving the family economy of the people of Malabero Village, Bengkulu City. This type of research is a qualitative approach. The location of the research conducted by researchers is located in Malabero Village, Bengkulu City,. Data collection techniques in this research are observation, interviews and documentation. The sample in this research was 17 people in the salted fish home industry business, Malabero Village, Bengkulu City. Based on the research results, it was found that in the product sector, 17 salted fish sellers varied their products by varying the types of fish available, then the salted fish sellers created product characteristics. The price sector is where salted fish sellers are able to compete with other entrepreneurs by selling salted fish at prices according to existing standards or markets. The distribution sector is where salted fish sellers have carried out distribution well and in a planned manner because the distribution reach of selling salted fish is not only within the city but has reached outside the city. In the promotion sector, salted fish sellers already have attractive promotional activities for consumers. Apart from carrying out promotions through verbal communication for people they know, salted fish sellers have also promoted their salted fish through social media, namely Facebook, Tik Tok and WA which can help in the process. promotion. By implementing strategies in the product, price, distribution and promotion sectors, entrepreneurs will increase income thereby improving community welfare. Keywords: Strategy, Home Industry, Marketing, Economic Improvement

Modeling the United Oscillation and Wave of economic policy and urban planning employing spatial population dynamics.

Modern urban dynamics are increasingly shaped by the interplay between economic policy and urban planning, yet often lack an integrated approach. This study bridges this gap by examining the dynamic equilibrium between these two realms using the "Oscillation and Wave Framework." Specifically, we focus on the impact of variations in congestion parameter λ on urban sectoral spatial distribution and population dynamics. Our approach utilizes an advanced agent-based model to simulate interactions within an urban economic landscape, offering a detailed analysis of the relationship between agglomeration economies and congestion diseconomies. The results highlight the significant influence of congestion parameter adjustments on urban patterns, particularly in terms of cluster density and development. Therefore, this study not only provides a deeper understanding of the intricate balance between economic and urban planning factors but also emphasizes the necessity of incorporating these insights into urban planning and policy formulation for sustainable urban development. The findings also have important practical implications for addressing the dynamic complexities of urban environments, especially the interactions between different industries and their role in shaping urban structures.