Sectoral Structure Of Employment Research Articles

Государственное регулирование занятости женщин и профессиональная сегрегация в российской сфере труда – 100 лет истории. Часть 2. 1945-1991 годы

This paper, based on a general analysis of political documents and legislative acts, examines the changes in the regulation of employment conditions and regimes for women, as well as the dynamics of gender industry segregation. The first part of the article was dedicated to the initial Soviet period and the period of the Great Patriotic War (1917-1945). The second part covers the entire post-war Soviet period (1945-1991), during which there remained a commitment to the idea of maximizing women's participation in the economy. However, perceptions of the conditions for achieving gender equality in employment changed when the country faced the threat of critically low birth rates. As this demographic problem was directly linked to the high total workload of women, a system of benefits and preferences exclusively addressed to working women began to be developed, aiming to create "the most favourable conditions for combining professional and family duties." The implementation of an ever-expanding system of benefits did not lead to the equalization of opportunities for men and women in the labour sphere but contributed to the expansion of labour discrimination by gender and the formation of stereotypical views about jobs most "suitable for men" and "most suitable for women." The article analyzes the dynamics of differences in the sectoral employment structure of women and men based on historical and contemporary statistics, demonstrating that in the Russian Soviet society, committed to traditional gender role divisions, and without pressure on women in their choice of workplace, there was an increase in gender professional segregation due to the concentration of women in non-production sectors and men in material production sectors. The empirical basis for this study relies on data from the Central Statistical Office of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RSFSR) and Rosstat. The statistical analysis of gender segregation dynamics in this study employed the Duncan index, which quantitatively assesses and compares differences between the distributions of women and men across sectors and types of economic activity.

Изменение отраслевой структуры занятости в Казахстане: тенденции и перспективы

The subject of the study is the processes of changing the sectoral structure of employment in Kazakhstan. The purpose of the work is to analyze these changes and forecast the structure of employment by economic activity in the medium term. The relevance of the study is due to the need to understand the intensive dynamics of the sectoral structure of employment and predict its changes under the influence of many different factors. The scientific novelty consists in identifying a weak relationship between changes in the structure of employment and the economic structure in Kazakhstan, which allows forecasting employment based on extrapolation of the prevailing trends. The research methods are: dynamic series analysis, comparative analysis, deduction, modeling. In the course of the study, the author obtained the following results: a weak relationship between changes in the structure of employment by economic activity and the structure of Kazakhstan's GDP was revealed; the main trends of changes in the share of employment of the main types of economic activity are revealed; a forecast assessment of the structure of employment by economic activity in the medium term is given. The author draws conclusions about a further reduction in the aggregate share of employment in the sectors of production of goods and an increase in employment in the service sector; about the outstripping growth of employment in activities with predominantly government financing; about the lagging growth of employment in the manufacturing industry and the continued decline in employment in agriculture in Kazakhstan.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯРИНКУПРАЦІУ СІЛЬСЬКОМУ ГОСПОДАРСТВІ УКРАЇНИВУМОВАХВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

Abstract. The article examines the problems of the deterioration of the Ukrainian labor market in rural areas during the implementation of martial law, analyzes the main changes that have taken place in the labor market, develops proposals for improving the state regulation of the labor market and directions for its stabilization.Today, in Ukraine, an important factor is the formation of the national market, based on the economic characteristics of the industry and taking into account the international experience of markets, in particular the labor market in rural areas.The peculiarities of the labor market in rural areas, along with the general ones, give rise to specific problems that require more thorough research and justification of the regulation of thistype of market as a permanent process of managing its functioning in order to ensure the positive evolutionary development of labor relations in various areas of the rural economy.The armed conflict caused the destruction of transport, social, and industrial infrastructure and significantly affected the real sector of the economy. All this slowed down economic activity inthe region and caused certain structural changes in the employment of the population, that is, only increased the variation in the sectoral structure of employment, which is most often associated with the political situation for a certain time.We see that there is a decline in the prestige of some professions and the growth of specialists in the direction of professionally mobile workers. Due to the lack of financial resources, employers are limited in their ability to expand their staff, so the demand is not for the number ofworkers, but for skills and qualifications, which is growing quite quickly.Real successes of effective policies on the labor market can be considered only those for which the costs of their implementation are more effective compared to the costs associated with unemployment. Therefore, estimates of the cost of the programs and the actual reduction in unemployment resulting from such policies are needed.According to the UN, since the beginning of the war, almost 7 million people have left our country, about 4 million Ukrainians have registered for temporary residence in EU countries.The start of the war and the introduction of martial law became the main factor affecting the state of the labor market in Ukraine. The following changes took place in the labor market:1. Competition on the market has increased significantly, due to the migration of the population from the occupied territories to the western and central regions of the country, stricter requirements have been imposed on employers in the selection of personnel, as a result, the workload for one workplace has increased.2. Changes in the structure of the country's labor potential, the number of the unemployed population increases, as a result of the destruction of industrial units or forced shutdown of enterprises during military operations. That is, the rate of migration of the population abroad decreased, 7 million people went abroad (according to UN data), which may lead to a labor shortage in the future.3. We observe the differentiation of the salary level and job offers relative to the regions.That is why the effectiveness of the state regulation of the labor market will largely depend on the interaction of local authorities with employers, business structures, territorial communities, and further research can provide a methodological basis, a mechanism for regulating regional labor markets.With the beginning of the war and the introduction of martial law, the labor market suffered significant losses and, according to the conclusions of many experts, there is no point in counting on the situation to improve.Keywords: labor market, rural area, government regulation, mechanism, martial law.

Socio-Economic Dimension of Human Potential of World Countries in the Digital Space of the Labor Market

The article examines the special socio-economic conditions of human potential, which forms and expands the flow of labor in the international digital labor market. The concept of the socio-economic dimension of human potential based on the unity of its components is presented. The hypothesis of effective use of human potential at all levels of its formation is justified by relevant HRM technologies that align the labor market situation with the rate of modernization of business, state policy, and social institutions, as well as the new nature of the digital economy's growth. It is also demonstrated that, in the context of the informational transformation of the labor market, the concentration, implementation, and effective socio-economic dimension of human potential form a consistent state policy, which is strengthened by the possibilities of territorial decentralization and is aimed at overcoming disparities in the use of human resources, reducing the gap between potential and existing social-economic level of development of the countries of the world. The authors also provide the sectoral structure of employment in Ukraine and the average annual rate of growth of the indicator level in the leading countries with a digital direction of labor market development, as well as comparative socio-economic measurement and forecasting of Germany's effective use of human potential, subject to the expansion of labor inflows and the improvement of the working capacity of active human resources.

О главных факторах социально-экономического и экономического развития современной России

The paper attempts to identify the main hidden socio-economic and economic factors in the development of modern Russia in recent years. At the first stage of the study, data from the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) on the main socio-economic indicators for the period 2000–2021 were used. At the second stage of the study, to clarify the factors that determined the development of the economy in recent years, we used data from the Federal State Statistics Service of Russia (Rosstat) for the period 2019–2021 on employment, as well as data on gross value add-ed indices and the value of fixed assets for the main sectors of the economy. To identify the main hidden factors, factor analysis is used based on the method (mod-el) of principal components. The obtained research results indicate that the most im-portant role in the socio-economic development of modern Russia is played by the growth of national production and the well-being of the population in the conditions of natural decline and migration growth of the population. Changes in the sectoral structure of employment, the dynamics of gross value added, the value of fixed assets by industry indicate the inconsistency of development that combines industrial and post-industrial trends. The nature of the inconsistency may be related to the transitional processes taking place in the economy of modern Russia and requires additional research.

The labor market and technology of staff training for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine

The labor market and technology of staff training for the post-war reconstruction of Ukraine

Industrial development in Russia: the study of sectoral structure

The article deals with the issues of studying the sectoral structure of the economy of the Russian Federation and the transformation of the sectoral structure of industry. A sample of macroeconomic indicators characterizing the structure of industrial production by gross value added, the number of employed personnel, the value of exports for the period 1990-2022 was formed and analyzed. Open statistical data consolidated by the UN International Organization for Industrial Development (UNIDO) and Rosstat were used. Calculations of structural shifts in the manufacturing industry of the Russian Federation have been carried out. The article shows that the sectoral structure of the Russian economy has undergone tremendous structural transformations. During the period under review, the sectoral structure of industry in terms of gross value added was significantly transformed: the share of oil refining, chemical industry, metallurgy is increasing, while the share of machine-building and instrument-making is decreasing. In the sectoral structure of employment, the share of high-tech industries such as machine building and electronics and agriculture is decreasing, while the share of employment in trade and construction, transportation and communication is increasing. In the sectoral structure of exports, the share of manufacturing industries is decreasing and the share of extractive industries is increasing. It is concluded that for a long time the sectoral structure of the Russian economy has been under the influence of deindustrialization.

Analysis of the sectoral structure of employment of the population of the Arctic zone of Russia

Analysis of the sectoral structure of employment of the population of the Arctic zone of Russia

Модифікація структури зайнятості: глобальні тенденції та національні особливості

The article is devoted to the topical problems of employment modification at both the global and national levels. The aim of the study is to clarify global trends and allocate national features of modification of the structure of employment of the population. In the course of the study, the following methods were used: analysis and synthesis – to clarify the characteristic features of employment at the present stage of civilizational development; general and specific – to define key trends and features of employment modification at the global and national levels; induction and deduction – to identify factors influencing changes in the structure of employment and the content of labor in modern conditions. The key trends in employment modification at the global level are allocated as follows: changes in the content of work under the influence of the latest technologies, remote work, the growth of creative and intellectual industries, the growth of employment in the field of ecology, increase in demand for retraining and training, demographic changes. The author analyses features of modification of the sectoral structure of employment in Ukraine under the influence of globalization factors, world instability, the ongoing war, national features of functioning in an open economy. It is generalized that Industry 4.0 intensifies transformation processes and significantly modifies the structure of employment. The necessity of forming a new system of education and retraining of the workforce for the formation of modern skills and competencies is substantiated.

DYNAMIC CHANGES IN THE TERRITORIAL AND SECTORAL STRUCTURE OF EMPLOYMENT IN BULGARIA

The present study aims to determine the efficiency of a given industry in the regions of the country by identifying the sectors for which comparative advantages can be derived. This study will focus on the dynamic changes in the territorial and sectoral structure of employment, as those sectors that have the potential for development have been determined through defined criteria. The localization coefficient is used to determine the industries with a high degree of concentration and the effect of national and regional trends on the industry structure is established through a “shift-share” analysis of employment. As a result of the analysis, the need to increase the efficiency of the industries, for which the region has comparative advantages, is highlighted, as this is a prerequisite for increasing its competitiveness. The impact on the industries identified in the development in the direction of stimulation would have a favorable effect on the growth of the economy in the region, respectively on the economy of the country as a whole.

СТРУКТУРНА ТРАНСФОРМАЦІЯ ЗАЙНЯТОСТІ ЗА СЕКТОРАМИ ЕКОНОМІКИ: УКРАЇНА ТА КРАЇНИ ЄС

The effectiveness of the functioning of the national economy depends on the sectoral structure of employment. The structure of employment is largely a reflection of the macroeconomic proportions of the distribution of production factors, the general structure of the economy, and is directly proportional to its transformation. Changes in the structure of employment affect all spheres of social production. Transformations in the field of employment make it possible to identify positive or negative trends in structural shifts in the country's economy. The study of structural transformations of employment is updated with Ukraine's acquisition of the status of a candidate for EU membership. The purpose of the article is a comparative analysis of the structural dynamics of employment in three sectors of the economy in Ukraine and EU countries for 2010–2020, identifying dominant trends and developing recommendations for the formation of a progressive employment structure. The achievement of the purpose set in the article is carried out with the help of the following research methods: analysis and synthesis, comparison, logical generalization, grouping and classification, structural analysis, scientific abstraction, statistical methods. It was emphasized that Ukraine corresponds to the global trend of transformation of employment in the direction of anticipatory development of the tertiary sector. It has been proven that the dynamics of the sectoral distribution of employment in Ukraine is close to that of Poland. The reasons for the change in the share of the employed population in the primary and secondary sectors of the economy of Ukraine are different from those of the EU countries. An analysis of employment in the tertiary sector of Ukraine's economy was carried out according to the five-sector model. Trends in the sectoral distribution of the employed population have been revealed. Indicators of the distribution of employment in innovative types of activity according to the level of intensity of research and development work by economic sectors of Ukraine and EU countries were calculated. Guidelines for the formation of a progressive sectoral structure of employment in Ukraine are proposed.

METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO IDENTIFYING INDUSTRIAL PRIORITIES OF EMPLOYMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF ASSESSMENT OF THE PROCESS OF ITS RESTRUCTURIZATION

The regulation of the restructuring employment processes that occurs in the course of the development of the economy and the evolution of its structure should be based on the selection of sectoral priorities and be accompanied by an assessment of this process in terms of its compliance with the needs of the development of progressive types of economic activity. In this regard, the problem of elaborating methodological approaches that ensure the orderliness and controllability of the process of restructuring employment, including objectifying the choice of progressive industries and assessing the quality of shifts in the sectoral structure of employment, is highly relevant. The article substantiates approaches to identifying sectoral priorities for restructuring employment based on the criteria of economic efficiency and involvement in the implementation of government programs and also proposes a sequential process for evaluating the quality of shifts in employment based on their compliance with the selected sectoral priorities. Within the framework of the proposed approaches, using the example of the labor market in Kazakhstan, the results obtained are presented, such as a sequence of analytical actions to determine the range of priority sectors, a matrix for identifying sectoral priorities for employment, a scheme for implementing a methodological approach to assessing the quality of shifts in the sectoral structure of employment. On the basis of the proposed approaches, an assessment of the quality of shifts in the sectoral structure of employment in Kazakhstan was carried out and conclusions were drawn about the insufficient correspondence of these shifts to the priorities of the country's economic development.

Universities’ Training Programs Congruence to the Needs of the Regional Labour Market: Sectoral Analysis

The authors of this article are carrying out the analysis of the students’ training programs congruence to the sectoral structure of employment in 84 Russian regions using the sectoral model concept and the index of structural differences. The paper presents a methodological approach to assessing the congruence of training programs with the needs of the regional labor market in Russia. The level of regional higher education systems differentiation, the sectoral structure of graduates, and the level of their employment in the regional context were determined applying economic and statistical methods. The ratio of the graduates’ supply to their demand analyzed, there is presented a classification of regions according to the levels of this ration, conclusions drawn on the balance of higher education systems in the regions, taking into account the needs for training. A structural and professional disproportion between regional labor markets and regional systems of higher education in most regions of Russia is diagnosed, as well as a number of imbalances concerning specialists’ training in the secondary sector of the economy, which is decisive for the development of high-tech in dustries and provides the need for personnel within the new digital economy. The directions for overcoming dysfunction of the relationship between universities and the labor market are identified. The results of the study make it possible to make decisions on improving the policy of distributing the planned contingent of students by training programs in accordance with the needs of regional economies.

DEVELOPMENT OF REGIONAL LABOUR MARKETS IN CONDITIONS OF DECENTRALIZATION

The decentralization reform in Ukraine began in 2014 and is aimed at implementing the provisions of the European Charter of Local Self-Government, which provides for the redistribution of powers, resources and responsibilities on the basis of subsidiarity. Currently, local governments are endowed with powers and instruments of influence on enterprises located on their territory, but employment and labour market policies remains the prerogative of the central government. For a comparative analysis of the development of regional labour markets in the context of decentralization, labour force survey indicators are more appropriate, since they reflect the actual policy results from the perspective of households. For the 2015–2019 period in most regions of Ukraine, there was an increase in the level of employment and a decrease in the level of unemployment; at the same time, the gender gap in employment has increased in 16 of 25 regions; the sectoral structure of employment continues to stagnate. Some regions have significantly increased the coverage of public works, but this may indicate not the activity of territorial communities, but the lack of stable employment opportunities. Local self-government bodies should play a key role in the formation and implementation of local employment and the labour market policies, their interaction with the state employment service requiring a corresponding transformation.

The impact of the corona crisis on the state of the labor market in Kazakhstan

In the context of the coronavirus pandemic, the uncertainty of scenarios for the development of the world of work still persists. The negative impact of the crisis affects a significant part of the population from the most affected sectors, as well as those categories of the population who were previously in unprotected conditions.This article presents an analysis of the impact of the coronacrisis on the state of the labor force of the population, the sectoral structure of employment, the differentiation of labor incomes, as well as migration flows in Kazakhstan.

Influence of Structural Age Shifts of Population on Sectoral Structure of Employment

This article examines the correlation between the increase in age groups of population and branch structure of employment in the Ukrainian economy. Today, the study of human capital's impact on economic processes is an essential economic science component. The application of quantitative methods in this relationship's study provides essential information about the nature of the interconnection of individual characteristics of human capital and critical socio-economic processes in the current domestic economic reality. Applying correlation-regression analysis, modelling these interdependencies with multiple regression models, and estimating correlation and deterministic relationships, in particular, are essential means in the practical study of this macroeconomic resource impact. Economic and mathematical analysis of the interdependencies between employment in agricultural, industrial, and financial sectors and the growth of the Ukrainian population's age groups were carried out. Based on these data, conclusions were drawn about critical macroeconomic processes, which are quantitatively confirmed by the built models. The role of the age structure of the population in structural transformations of the Ukrainian economy was evaluated.

Job Automation Risk, Economic Structure and Trade: a European Perspective

Recent studies report that technological developments in machine learning and artificial intelligence present a significant risk to jobs in advanced countries. We re-estimate automation risk at the job level, finding sectoral employment structure to be key in determining automation risk at the country level. At the country level, we find a negative relationship between automation risk and labour productivity. We then analyse the role of trade as a factor leading to structural changes and consider the relation between trade and aggregate automation risk by comparing automation risk between a hypothetical autarky and the actual situation. Results indicate that with trade, automation risk is higher in Europe, although moderately so. Automation risk in the high-productivity European countries is higher with trade, with trade between European and non-European nations driving these results. This implies that these countries do not, on balance, offshore automation risk, but rather import it. The sectors that show the largest automation risk relation to trade are manufacturing, trade, transport and finance.

Sectoral structure of employment and economic cohesion in the EU regions

Motivation: Regional cohesion constitutes an important aim of European policy. Nevertheless, it is mainly assessed in terms of economic results analyzed at an aggregate level. Sectoral determinants of interregional differences are often neglected. However, as the structural convergence concept suggests, sectoral features may be decisive for minimizing interregional disparities.Aim: The paper searches for connections between two dimensions of economic regional cohesion in the EU: economic results and structural features. It tests a hypothesis about the coexistence of high diversification in GDP per capita and in the sectoral structures of employment. It is also aimed at identification of sectoral features that characterize the best performing economies.Results: The research results confirm a positive correlation between interregional differences in production and in sectoral structures. It indicates knowledge-intensive market services as a sector the most favorable for economic results. Moreover, it also finds that a high concentration of sectoral structures coexists with a high level of regional GDP per capita and economic efficiency.

ОЦЕНКА СТРУКТУРНЫХ СДВИГОВ В ЗАНЯТОСТИ РОССИЙСКИХ РЕГИОНОВ

The article deals with structural changes in the sectoral employment structure in Russian regions. Attention is paid to the comparison of structural changes in the sectoral employment structure and gross value added, the similarities and differences in the realm of such changes are shown. Assessment of regional asymmetry of structural changes, their speed, intensity and subsequent positioning of Russia's regions on the basis of the results obtained allows to determine the existing regional differentiation, while identifying groups of Russian regions, in which structural changes in employment and gross value added vary from small to very significant. The analysis indicates not only the presence of typical changes in the structure of the employed population, such as a decrease in employment in agriculture and industrial production and an increase in employment in the service sector, but also shows the existing intra-sectoral regional differences.

ВЛИЯНИЕ МЕЖОТРАСЛЕВЫХ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКИХ ФАКТОРОВ НА ЗАНЯТОСТЬ И ОПЛАТУ ТРУДА

The target of the research is the sphere of employment of the Russian labor market. The author attempts to assess the total labor costs in the sectoral context and the intersectoral structure of jobs in the economy. The aim of the study is to analyze retrospective indicators of the number and sectoral structure of employment, quantitative estimates of the impact on it of the parameters of economic dynamics. The analysis of the coefficients showed that the branches of the real sector and the service sector are characterized by different abilities to create jobs, which are determined by the structure of production in the economy. With the growth of production in the sectors of the real sector, the demand for employment (exceeding the size of the intrasectoral one) is formed more in related sectors. Most service industries have a low potential for inducing jobs in the economy. The article also substantiates that a change in final demand for the same amount in industries is differently transformed into labor income in the economy. In the service sector, the largest growth in payroll funds was recorded with a minimum increase in the income of workers in related industries. In the production sector, the situation is the opposite: the growth of final demand generates incomes for workers in related industries with a lower direct effect. The research is based on the input-output tables published by Rosstat and the symmetric input-output balance table obtained on their basis for 2017. The results of the study and the conclusions drawn are a tool for assessing the effectiveness of economic policy measures aimed at supporting and/or developing industries in terms of their impact on employment and income growth of the working population.