Sector Responsibility Research Articles

Study on Basic Requirements and Critical Success Factors (CSF) of Implementing Availability Payment in Public-Private Partnership (AP PPP) in Regency/Municipal Government

Referring to PPP Books 2017-2023 issued by The Ministry of National Development Planning of Indonesia, there is only 1 out of 16 AP PPP projects at the municipal/regency level that have successfully reached the operational stage (6% success rate), i.e. Madiun Regency Public Street Lighting. Several municipal/regency AP PPP projects have failed, for example, Bandung Municipal Public Street Lighting. The widespread failures indicate that the application of AP in regional infrastructure has so far not been successful in Indonesia. This paper aims to identify the basic requirements, critical success factors, and lessons learned from AP PPP implementation in Municipal/Regency Governments. Thus, it is hoped that the future provision of regional infrastructure with the AP scheme can proceed seamlessly. This study used a mixed-method approach that combines qualitative and quantitative data from literature reviews, questionnaires, and interviews. The results showed that the basic requirements for AP PPP include the existence of regulations and institutions. The five main success factors of AP PPP in the Municipal/Regency Government are (1) a well-organized and committed public agency; (2) political support; (3) favorable and efficient legal framework; (4) stable political and economic situation; and (5) public and private sector commitments and responsibilities. The lesson learned from the case study is that fiscal capacity is not the main factor in the success of PPP in Madiun Regency, but rather the willingness of the local government to implement PPP by regularly holding capacity building and maintaining good relationships and communication with each stakeholder involved.

Exploring the drivers of modern slavery reporting quality in Indonesia

AbstractVulnerability to modern slavery in Indonesia, particularly driven by poverty and discrimination against minority groups, has become a primary concern in the context of information transparency. This study aims to investigate the factors that can support the reporting quality of modern slavery in Indonesia, namely the industry sector, profitability, social responsibility commitment, and gender diversity as the moderating variable. The research utilized a sample of 225 companies listed on the Indonesia stock exchange (IDX) from 2020 to 2022. Data were collected from financial reports and sustainability reports as well as the Refinitiv Eikon database. Panel data regression analysis was conducted to analyze the determinants of the disclosure quality. The research findings indicate that high‐risk industry sectors tend to disclose less information regarding modern slavery, with this outcome having a partially negative impact. However, profitability is not associated with the quality of voluntary modern slavery disclosure. In contrast, corporate responsibility commitment is positively associated. Additionally, this study reveals that gender diversity does not moderate the association between the industry sector, profitability, and corporate responsibility commitment with the disclosure quality of modern slavery. This research contributes to the growing literature on the accountability of modern slavery in an emerging country context through institutional theory and gender socialization theory lenses by identifying the firm‐level factors to enhance corporate disclosure in this area. This study also contributes to corporate understanding of modern slavery issues within supply chains. With growing attention to this problem, the awareness of labor exploitation within corporate supply chains is also increasing. The findings of this research can assist companies in recognizing the importance of transparency and voluntary disclosure regarding modern slavery in their supply chains.

Denmark’s Sector Responsibility Principle: A Tedious Cyber Resilience Strategy

Denmark’s Sector Responsibility Principle: A Tedious Cyber Resilience Strategy

Management of Green Open Spaces in the Malang City Region, Indonesia

Based on Malang City Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2011 concerning Regional Spatial Planning in Malang City, regulations have been regulated regarding the existence, management, and availability of green open space in Malang City as an ecological balance in the Malang City area. However, this policy has only partially influenced green open space development, especially city parks. So currently, the Malang City government is managing and revitalizing several green open spaces (RTH) areas and city parks; even though they need to be improved, such funding problems hamper them. This research uses descriptive research with a qualitative approach. The research location was carried out at the Malang City Environmental Service. The data sources are primary data and secondary data. The data collection techniques used were observation, interviews, and documentation. For data analysis techniques in this research, we use techniques from Miles and Huberman, namely data collection, data condensation, data presentation, and data verification. The research results explain that budget problems have resulted in managing green open spaces limited to maintenance activities. This can be seen from indicators in policy implementation, which include the communication factor, namely the clarity of policy orders from the city government to the implementing organization, even though there has been no form of socialization to the public. The next factor is resources in the form of limited regional income and expenditure budgets, limiting the management of green open spaces. The third factor is good cooperation and coordination between related areas and regional apparatus organizations from within and outside the organization, such as the private sector or corporate social responsibility (CSR).Fourth, the bureaucratic structure, namely the organizational structure, the appropriate division of tasks and functions, and standard operational procedures have been implemented in green open space for the environmental service.

Opportunities for Improving Herbicide Resistance Management Strategies across New Zealand’s Arable Sector

Herbicide resistance is increasingly recognised as a challenge for agricultural producers worldwide. International scholarship and practical experiences suggest that collective efforts by diverse agricultural stakeholders are crucial for effective resistance management. In New Zealand, such sector-wide initiatives and strategies remain fragmented, partly due to a lack of state coordination and national extension services. This article synthesises insights from three complementary social research methods involving actors across the country’s arable-crop-growing sector (focus groups, semi-structured interviews, and an industry workshop) to identify pathways to foster collaboration and more strategic resistance management. The presented findings detail challenges, opportunities, and potential actions across four domains: strengths and weaknesses of New Zealand’s farming context, better information and knowledge exchange, improved collaboration and coordination, and targeted education and training. Our analysis highlights that most opportunities described within these domains involve purposely strengthening existing, or forming new, social and institutional relationships as part of establishing resistance management as a shared sector responsibility. A portfolio of multipronged initiatives and programmes is then required for effective whole-industry strategies. We discuss potential next steps to collectively realise identified opportunities, from more immediately feasible steps to long-term activities. These insights conceptually contribute to the international scholarship on herbicide resistance by reinforcing the notion that industry leadership and meaningful farmer involvement are indispensable for more collaborative approaches aimed at strategically managing resistance.

Denmark’s preparedness against influence operations: Minimalist approach to a complex challenge

Since 2018, Danish governments have considered the threat from hostile influence campaigns sufficiently significant to require a constant readiness to counter such events. Over the years, Danish governments years have taken a minimalistic approach to the complex threats: A task force consisting of civil servants from various ministries supported by the national intelligence services operating under the sectorial responsibility principle. The involved personnel, which solve the task alongside their primary portfolios, are designated as the core in ad-hoc organizations that handle the challenges depending on where they emerge. The analysis compares the Danish minimalist approach with the Swedish approach. Sweden also responds to the challenge using the sector responsibility principle, but contrary to Denmark, Sweden has established a substantial and highly profiled standing organisation with no other tasks.

Pooches on a platform: Text mining twitter for sector perceptions of dogs during a global pandemic.

Businesses commonly text mine Twitter data to identify patterns and extract valuable information. However, this method is rarely applied to the animal welfare sector. Here, we describe Twitter conversations regarding dogs during a global pandemic, assess the evolution of sentiment, and examine the dynamics of sector influence. Between March and August 2020, we gathered 61,088 unique tweets from the United Kingdom and Republic of Ireland, relating to COVID-19 and dogs. Tweets were assigned to one of four pandemic phases and active accounts were assigned to a sector: Personal (i.e., UK and ROI public), Press (i.e., mass media), State (i.e., Government, Police, and NHS), and Other (i.e., welfare organizations, social enterprises, research organizations, charity, and business). Word frequency and sentiment analysis between phases and sectors were assessed, and cross correlation functions and lagged regressions were used to evaluate sector influence. Topical foci of conversations included: meat trade, separation anxiety and dog theft. Sentiment score remained stable until the last phase where sentiment decreased (F 3, 78, 508 = 44.4, p < 0.001), representing an increased use of negative language. Sentiment differed between the four sectors (F 3, 11, 794 = 52.2, p < 0.001), with Personal and Press accounts presenting the greatest use of negative language. Personal accounts were initially partly influenced by State accounts (R = -0.26; p = 0.05), however this altered to Press accounts by the last phase (R = -0.31; p = 0.02). Our findings highlight that whilst Personal accounts may affect sector-specific messaging online, perhaps more importantly: language used, and sentiment expressed by Press, State and Other accounts may influence public perception. This draws attention to the importance of sector responsibility regarding accurate and appropriate messaging, as irresponsible/ill-considered comments or campaigns may impact future human-animal interaction.

Expanding health justice to consider the environment: how can bioethics avoid reinforcing epistemic injustice?

We are in the midst of a global crisis of climate change and environmental degradation to which the healthcare sector directly contributes. Yet conceptions of health justice have little to...

Tata: The Global Corporation That Built Indian Capitalism by Mircea Raianu

Reviewed by: Tata: The Global Corporation That Built Indian Capitalism by Mircea Raianu Sangaralingam Ramesh (bio) Tata: The Global Corporation That Built Indian Capitalism By Mircea Raianu. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2021. Pp. 304. This book is based on documentation found at the Tata Central Archives (TCA) in Pune and the Tata Steel Archives (TSA) in Jamshedpur, India. It runs from the founding of the Empress Mills in 1877 by Jamsetji Tata, forerunner of the Tata Corporations, to India's 1975 Emergency Laws. Several monographs have appeared on the Tata company's history: Kuber and Pande, The Tatas (2020); Witzel, Tata (2010); The Tata Saga (2018); and Maira, The Learning Factory (2020). But so far, none has delved into its archives. Raianu's main argument is that the development of Tata has mirrored the transformation of the Indian economy from trade to industry and then to the services sector. From its foundation in 1877, the company has branched out to textiles, iron, and steel, as well as hydroelectric power. Jamsetji Tata was guided by the concept of constructive philanthropy, which brought him into conflict with the British rulers of India. While the British did not anticipate India's independence, Jamsetji felt that it was the Indian private sector's responsibility to build the industrial infrastructure for a future independent India. Moreover, in bequeathing an endowment for establishing the Indian Institute of Science (IISC), Jamsetji felt that besides the material infrastructure associated with factories and manufacturing, the Indian economy should also have a complementary infrastructure for the production and exchange of knowledge. This in turn would facilitate the development of an innovative economy. However, the establishment of the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) at the turn of the twentieth century reflected how underdeveloped the Indian economy had become under British rule, especially regarding the lack of skilled labor and limited urban development. TISCO was established by Sir Dorabji Tata in 1907 in Jamshedpur. As skilled labor was hardly available, TISCO trained unskilled workers to use sophisticated technology and thus laid the foundations for the urbanization of Jamshedpur. Tata set the future pattern for the industrialization of India, acting like a sovereign power, both in acquiring land from local villagers in the Jamshedpur region and in labor relations. TISCO's R&D department did not produce new technologies but implemented imported ones. The firm became a significant player in the national economy. In the period after independence, Tata expanded into chemicals, aviation, and automobiles, which required advanced technology and labor skills. However, Raianu's account of how Tata developed only goes as far as the mid-1970s. Important developments in more recent times are therefore not discussed, [End Page 920] for example the turn to neoliberalism under pressure from the IMF and the shift to the IT sector, which is now its main source of income while profits from manufacturing are declining. From its very beginnings, Tata's main contributions to India's economic development have consisted of importing technology, training unskilled labor to perform skilled, technical work, and the establishment of institutes such as the IISC. Furthermore, as India came to govern itself and the government was able to establish policies for India's development, more and more educated workers were graduating from Indian universities. As Raianu's description of Tata ends in the 1970s, he neither evaluates nor analyzes the company's endogenous technological innovations. On this topic, there is scope for another book. Sangaralingam Ramesh Sangaralingam Ramesh is currently lecturer (teaching) at University College London, School of Slavonic and East European Studies, and tutor at the University of Oxford's Department for Continuing Education. He is also the author of several books, including The Rise of Empires: The Political Economy of Innovation (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). Citation: Ramesh, Sangaralingam. "Review of Tata: The Global Corporation That Built Indian Capitalism by Mircea Raianu." Technology and Culture 63, no. 3 (2022): 920–21. Google Scholar Copyright © 2022 Society for the History of Technology

Role of Primary Care Physician in COVID-19 Response: A Review

All healthcare providers have had to adapt and be flexible in order to respond to COVID-19. Nonetheless, the emphasis, particularly at the start of the outbreak, was on the impact and response of secondary and tertiary care. The primary care sector's responsibilities in the response focused on how it could help secondary and tertiary care centers respond. A small percentage of current research and evidence focuses on health services implications or applied public health approaches, with even fewer on the role of primary care and family medicine providers. So, while our scientific understanding of the virus and its subsequent clinical consequences has grown exponentially, information about primary care responses to COVID-19 in a variety of settings, as well as the interaction with patient perspectives and priorities, and broader public health responsibilities, remains significantly hazier.

Differences in Attitude to Corporate Social Responsibility among Generations

The purpose of the study is to investigate the employees’ attitudes to CSR practices and reveal the differences in staff perceptions within different groups of responadents. The tasks to be accomplished are: (1) to investigate the differences of CSR perception between males and females; (2) to investigate the differences of CSR perception among representatives of different generations; (3) to investigate the differences of CSR perception among representatives of different sectors of the economy. The online survey was conducted using the authors’ developed research instrument (questionnaire). In total, 129 respondents—employed Latvian citizens—participated in the survey. To assess the influence of age, gender, and other control characteristics in the sample, the authors implemented regression-based moderation analysis in the SPSS environment. The analysis indicated the moderating role of gender in the perception of corporate social responsibility, which appeared to be strong, especially in terms of leveraging business honesty, as a predictor. The sector, too, appeared to be a moderator, though it was much less statistically significant than gender. On the other hand, generation appeared to be an independent and significant predictor of corporate social responsibility perception itself, while its moderating effect was insignificant. The findings in the paper support existing literature in terms of moderating the role of gender, as outlined previously; yet, this research estimated that males value corporate social responsibility higher than females, while our results estimate the opposite. Our research revealed that age (generation) is a significant factor, which defines a personal attitude towards corporate social responsibility, i.e., the older generation values CSR higher than the youngsters. We have not found any correlation between the economic sector and corporate social responsibility perception.

Healthy lifestyles and noncommunicable diseases: Nutrition, the life‐course, and health promotion

AbstractCardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes, and chronic respiratory diseases, targeted by Sustainable Development Goal 3.4, afflict millions of people and account for the highest global morbidity and mortality. Obesity is associated with noncommunicable diseases. Globally, diets have become sweeter, saltier with higher fat content, whereas physical activity has declined; which triggers the onset of obesity and noncommunicable diseases. Healthy nutrition and regular exercise are the foundations for healthy living and important for preventing noncommunicable diseases, in alignment with health promotion. The preconception, gestational, and lactational periods present windows for improving and optimizing progeny growth and development for better health outcomes. Malnutrition is a major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases; therefore ingesting healthy nutritious food, over the life‐course, is critical for countering these global epidemics that have a more profound adverse impact on people from low‐ and middle‐income countries. To combat obesity and noncommunicable diseases, people's ownership of their health, government action, and private sector responsibility should be aligned and supported by global initiatives and enabled through partnerships and collaborations. Many noncommunicable diseases are avertable through health promotion strategies mainly directed at the maternal and child health lifecycle, by focusing on women of reproductive age (prior to and during pregnancy, and during lactation) and during infancy and childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and ageing. Healthy lifestyles support health promotion and disease prevention, which is cost‐effective for noncommunicable diseases. The global high burden of obesity and noncommunicable diseases remains a complex and prevalent challenge; therefore, the adoption of healthy lifestyles is critical to slow down their onset and exacerbation.

Factors influencing the adoption of public–private partnership in low-cost housing development in Myanmar

Purpose To provide low-cost housing, the Myanmar Government is attempting to use public–private partnership (PPP) to attract private investors. However, there is little information concerning the influencing factors for implementing PPP low-cost housing projects in Myanmar. This paper, therefore, aims to identify and analyse these factors. Design/methodology/approach A total of 51 in-depth interviews were conducted with interviewees involved in various kinds of housing projects implemented through the adoption of PPP or other approaches. The methods of data collection and the analysis are based on grounded theory (GT) methodology. Findings Using the GT method to analyse the interviews, five categories emerged from 50 influencing factors regarding the establishment and implementation of the PPP model for low-cost housing in Myanmar: provision of incentives; obstacles in implementing PPP for all stakeholders; barriers to private sector participation; public sector responsibilities and challenges; and attraction factors and challenges for financial institutions. Among 12 newly found factors, the three most important for PPP low-cost housing in Myanmar are the availability of project funding, the resolution of land-acquisition issues and the development of a sound financing system. Research limitations/implications Our findings strengthen previous studies by identifying factors affecting PPP low-cost housing either specific to Myanmar or common among other countries. Of the 50 factors identified, 38 factors were found in previous studies, but 12 are likely specific to Myanmar. Practical implications Our findings can be used by governments, particularly the Myanmar Government, and financial agencies to understand the low attractiveness of PPP low-cost housing for investors and to develop/improve policies to stimulate PPP low-cost housing, especially in Myanmar. Originality/value Many previous studies have been undertaken to identify factors that influence the implementation of PPP for low-cost housing. However, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, there are no prior studies specific to Myanmar in this context.

Locating transport sector responsibilities for the wellbeing of mobility-challenged people in Aotearoa New Zealand

Introductionwellbeing is a central tenet in the Aotearoa New Zealand government's Transport Outcomes Framework. Yet considerations of how place mediates diverse opportunities for wellbeing seldom identify how decision-making on transport and pedestrian infrastructure affects these opportunities. Considering the lived realities of older people and people with disabilities with a specific focus on Indigenous people, we argue it is particularly important to identify the role infrastructure plays in enhancing or undermining wellbeing for diverse communities. We also highlight state or sector responsibility for neglectful, wellbeing-diminishing infrastructure. Methodswe ground this argument in community-based participatory research findings of qualitative interviews conducted at home and during neighbourhood walks with 62 older or mobility impaired people in socio-demographically diverse neighbourhoods in Auckland, Aotearoa New Zealand. The interviews explore community perceptions of mobility and wellbeing as experienced through the losses, stresses and joys of everyday life contexts and places. Resultswe find that people seek experiences of beauty, joy, belonging, fitness, and sociality when going out, but the pursuit of these are curtailed by significant infrastructural impediments with attendant emotional costs, burdens, and risks. Historical decisions shape contemporary possibilities for wellbeing in place, and historical infrastructural injustices impacting on transport and mobility particularly affect Indigenous people's opportunities for mobility-based wellbeing. Conclusiondrawing on place-specific history and experiences of risk, we shift focus from individualized capacities to live well to conceptualizing wellbeing at a collective level, exploring place-based possibilities for a good life. These elaborations allowed us to identify signs of policy and practice abandonment and neglect, and articulate a vision for more inclusive, equitable transport infrastructure that enables the wellbeing of people differently challenged by urban environments.

Can Asia provide models for tax-based European health systems? A comparative study of Singapore and Sweden.

Singapore's health system generates similar levels of health outcomes as does Sweden's but for only 4.4% rather than 11.0% of gross domestic product, with Singapore's resulting health sector savings being re-directed to help fund both long-term care and retirement pensions for its elderly citizens. This paper contrasts the framework of financial risk-sharing and the configuration and management of health service providers in these two high-income, small-population countries. Two main institutional distinctions emerge from this country case comparison: (1) Key differences exist in the practical configuration of solidarity for payment of health care services, reflecting differing cultural roots and social expectations, which in turn carry substantial implications for financing long-term care and pensions. (2) Differing arrangements exist in the organization of health service institutions, in particular balancing public as against private sector responsibilities for owning, operating and managing these two countries' respective hospitals. These different structural characteristics generate fundamental differences in health sector financial and delivery outcomes in one developed country in Far East Asia as compared with a well-respected tax-funded health system in Western Europe. In the post-COVID era, as Western European policymakers find themselves forced to adjust their publicly funded health systems to (further) reductions in economic growth rates and overall tax receipts, and as the cost of the information revolution continues to rise while efforts to fund better coordinated social and home care services for growing numbers of chronically ill elderly remain inadequate, this two-country case comparison highlights a series of health system design questions that could potentially provide alternative health sector financing and service delivery strategies.

The Sustainable Development Goals viewed through Gross National Happiness, Ubuntu, and Buen Vivir

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)—a normative (non-binding) global international environmental agreement (IEA)—claim to be universal as they were multilaterally negotiated between UN member states. However, is giving the Global South a seat at the table truly inclusive development? This article looks at a cross-cultural comparison of the African philosophy of Ubuntu (specifically in South Africa), the Buddhist Gross National Happiness (Bhutan) and the native American idea of Buen Vivir (e.g. Ecuador) and how they view the SDGs, how they view ‘development’, ‘sustainability’, goals and indicators, the implicit value underpinnings of the SDGs, prioritization of goals, and missing links, and leadership. Viewed through the lens of the three cosmovisions of the Global, the SDGs do not effectively address the human–nature–well-being interrelationship. Other cosmovisions have an inherent biocentric value orientation that is often ignored in academic and diplomatic circles. These claim to be more promising than continuing green development approaches, based in modernism. On the positive side, the SDGs contain language of all three worldviews. However, the SDGs are not biocentric aiming to respect nature for nature’s sake, enabling reciprocity with nature. They embody linear growth/results thinking which requires unlimited resource exploitation, and not cyclical thinking replacing growth with well-being (of all beings). They represent individualism and exclude private sector responsibility. They do not represent collective agency and sharing, implying that there is a need for ‘development as service’, to one another and to the Earth. Including these perspectives may lead to abolishing the word ‘development’ within the SDGs, replacing it by inter-relationship; replacing end-result-oriented ‘goals’ with process thinking; and thinking in cyclical nature, and earth governance, instead of static ‘sustainability’. The glass can be viewed as half full or half empty, but the analysis shows that Western ‘modernism’ is still a strong underpinning of the SDGs. Bridges can be built between Happiness, Ubuntu and Buen Vivir in re-interpreting goal frameworks, global governance and the globalization process. This article is largely based on Van Norren 2017 (Development as service, a Happiness, Ubuntu, and Buen Vivir interdisciplinary view of the Sustainable Development Goals. Doctoral dissertation, Tilburg University, Tilburg, The Netherlands, 2017). Interview findings are numbered with A (Africa); B (Bhutan); E (Ecuador); S (SDGs).

Education Sector and Corporate Social Responsibility a Study on Private Sector Secondary School of District North &amp; South Delhi (India)

Educational organizations in private sector require strong corporate strategies. In order to get success in the globally competitive environment they must adopt the strategy of Corporate Social Responsibility. This study analyzed corporate social responsibility and its impact on private sector secondary schools in district North &amp; South Delhi. For this purpose primary data were collected through five point Likert’s scale. The questionnaire was fielded to private sector secondary school teachers in order to get data about the impact of corporate social responsibility on performance of secondary schools. The population of the study was 184 registered private sector secondary schools (140 boys and 44 girls) which included 900 teachers (who taught to class 10th students during session 2017-18) in district North &amp; South Delhi. A sample of 280 teachers (140 male and 140 female) in 70 private sector secondary schools (35 for boys and 35 for girls) were selected through equal allocation sampling formula. Mean, Standard Deviation and t-test were applied for analyzing the data. The Pearson’s correlation was used to evaluate the variable effects. The result from the data indicated that all the four aspects of CSR have positive significant impact on the performance of secondary schools.&#x0D;

Appraising the Changing Trends in Oil Palm Farming in Nigeria's Lower South Region

During the early 20th century when Nigeria was the largest producer of palm oil globally, the South Eastern region accounted for much of the output. Being the chief source of revenue responsible for the development of the zone at that time, the prosperity exuded therein from oil palm trade, spilled over to other parts of Nigeria in varying forms. Considering the large presence of palm trees and the associated plantations in the Southern region. The prominence of Nigeria in the sector was such that the exported items to destinations all over the world penetrated major markets where palm produce drew regular interests from buyers. Added to that, during the civil war in the late 1960s and the discovery of petroleum in the South East region, palm oil plantations were obliterated, and output waned as petroleum emerged as the major export of the nation. Yet, what seems forgotten is that palm oil was instrumental in the economic advancement of the nation, with market access and infrastructure essential to product delivery concentrated in riverine communities along the Delta. However, with the post war slide, no serious effort was made to revive the foundering sector amidst institutional neglect and misplacement of policy priorities. Even with the present scramble to revive it, the amenities for industrial revival and up to date studies on the state of the sector remain elusive. Compounding that, the Southern region still lacks complete georeferenced info on oil palm activities essential for planning under a mix-scale model. For that, this paper will fill that void by assessing the state of the palm oil sector in Southern Nigeria. Emphasis are on the issues, trends, impacts, factors and efforts using mix-scale tools of Geographic Information System (GIS) and descriptive statistics. The results not only reaffirmed the region’s position as the frontier of oil palm with changes in output and cultivated areas from 2006-2012, but Akwa Ibom and Imo state outpaced the other states. Also, from 1961-1965, the former Eastern region stood out in all statistical categories associated with production and usage beginning with 74.08% in output and 93.48 to 59.1% in purchases and residential consumption. The ecological impacts consist of 6.6% deforestation rates nationwide and the loss of forested land in Cross River state followed by continued forest land declines (10.26 -16.24%) in 2002-2006 and 47.58% in 2007 from palm oil production activities. Aside from land grabbing incidents by oil palm companies at the expense of local communities, there are greater risk exposures from the use of agrochemicals with threats to biodiversity. While the GIS mappings revealed the firm concentration in output and cultivated areas in the core producing states, the patterns also show gradual dispersal of oil palm indicators onto the other states. Given the linkages to socio-economic, and physical elements, to remedy the problems, the paper offered some suggestions ranging from improved farm policy towards the oil palm sector, community participation, and corporate social responsibility and the design of a regional oil palm information system to ameliorate the situation.

Climate conscious professional kitchens? Analysing the Scottish food sector through a feminist lens

As we enter what has been defined as a climate emergency, governments are formulating policy responses that address sustainability through low carbon transitions. This article examines the relationship between policy representation in climate mitigation, business and food policies, and the implementation of sustainable practices in professional kitchens. The restaurant industry is a major consumer of natural resources as many practices throughout the supply chain are carbon intensive. Following Carol Bacchi’s «What is the problem represented to be?» framework, this article examines the extent to which policy representation of sustainability and food governance influences everyday practices in professional kitchens in Glasgow, Scotland, based on research undertaken in 2019. This study revealed that climate change, business and food policies promote the idea that sustainability will be achieved alongside economic growth, without considering the complexities of social inequalities. The policies significantly overlook the private sector responsibility to transform away from unsustainable practices, whilst the potential approaches to improve social and environmental sustainability are obscured. The article concludes by calling for policies to integrate issues of social justice in the representation of the problem to produce more transformative and socially equitable outcomes.

Typological analysis of public-private partnerships in the veterinary domain.

Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) are defined as a collaborative approach in which the public and private sector share resources, responsibilities and risks to achieve common objectives and mutual benefits in a sustainable manner. PPPs are identified as a key solution to reinforce Veterinary Services. However only limited information is available on the scope, added value and enabling factors of PPPs in this sector. The aims of this study were to develop a typology of PPPs in the veterinary field and to identify key success factors and obstacles to their implementation. A structured questionnaire was sent to all 181 World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) Member Countries and to 47 private contacts. 36 different variables characterizing PPP initiatives were collected. 97 examples of PPPs were retrieved from 76 countries. Dimensionality reduction techniques were combined with clustering and discrimination methods to establish a typology of PPPs and to derive a set of simple rules to classify new instances of PPPs. Three clusters were identified, separated according to two main variables: the type of private partners and the type of interaction. Cluster 1, transactional PPPs, represented the traditional understanding of PPPs by Veterinary Services, initiated and funded by the public sector, giving service delivery accreditation to mostly private veterinarians; cluster 2, collaborative PPPs, included partnerships between producer associations and public Veterinary Services, driven by trade interests; cluster 3, transformational PPPs, represented joint programs initiated and funded by private companies and initially driven by business development objectives. Specific success factors and key obstacles affecting the performances and sustainability of these initiatives were identified for each cluster. This study represents the first practical attempt to develop a meaningful typology of PPPs in the field of animal health and to identify fundamental obstacles currently inhibiting the development of PPPs, and suggests ways to support national Veterinary Services in overcoming these obstacles.