Section Looks Research Articles

Zimmern, Athens, and the British Empire: Ancient and Modern Imperialism in The Greek Commonwealth

This article offers a reading of the intersections of ancient and modern imperialism in Alfred Zimmern's 1911 monograph The Greek Commonwealth: Politics and Economics in Fifth-Century Athens. The first section looks at Zimmern's use of ancient and modern comparisons and shows that, far from modernizing the ancient Greeks, as scholars have argued, he in fact insistently drew attention to the differences between the ancient and modern worlds. The second section examines the complexities of Zimmern's narrative of the Athenian empire, in particular the tension between politics and economics intimated by the book's subtitle and foregrounded by its structure. The article as a whole sets Zimmern's account in the context of Edwardian reflections on ancient and modern imperialism and shows, with the help of his own reflections, that his use of historical parallels was designed to encourage thought about modern political and economic problems as well as action to remedy them.

Development of Nggwaba Orthography: Syllabic, Phonemic and Tones Patterns

Nggwaba has been described as an Afro-asiatic language. Further classification situates it in the Chadic group precisely Biu-Mandara. The language is spoken in Gombi and Hong Local Government Areas of Adamawa State, North-east, Nigeria. It has been noticed that the language has largely been under-documented and under-investigated. The estimated number of people who speak the language is less than 1000. This paper presents the orthography and a preliminary analysis of a few aspects of the phonology of the language for the early primary education level. It became necessary to study, develop and document the orthography of Nggwaba language in order to prevent it from going into extinction. The study adopted a mixed-method sampling technique, cross-sectional design as well as a descriptive analysis. The paper is divided into three main sections. While the first section deals with background of the study, the second section looks at the literature review. The third section focuses on the methodology through which the study was carried out, and the fourth section discusses the framework, and finally the fifth section focuses on the result of the study. This is the first description of the phonological features of Nggwaba language. The by-product of this study has added knowledge to literature especially the area of areal linguistics.

A Mathematical Problem Formulation Based on Number Theory

A branch of mathematics known as number theory is primarily concerned with the study of whole numbers. In that sense, number theory is used less in design than it is in analytics, computation, and other fields. Its inability to be used directly in any application was the issue. However, when combined with the computing power of modern PCs, number theory provides intriguing solutions to real-world issues. It serves a variety of functions in several industries, including computing, numerical analysis, and cryptography. The study of whole numbers is the primary focus of number theory. The fundamental structure of number theory has been gradually improved as a result of the dedication made by mathematicians throughout history to advancing the study of numbers, and as a result, a comprehensive and integrated field has been established. Number theory is a foundational subject that influences many other subjects and has a big impact on teachers. Number theory has been applied in statistics in a few fascinating ways. This overview paper's goal is to highlight particular noteworthy uses of this type. In number theory, indivisible numbers make up an interesting and challenging field of study. The main component of number theory is structured by diophantine equations. A Diophantine equation is an equation that needs necessary arrangements. This paper's first section looks at a few issues related to indivisible numbers and the function of Diophantine equations in Plan Theory. It is explained why Fibonacci and Lucas numbers commit to a semi-remaining Metis structure.

Political discourse translation in contemporary Chinese and western contents

ABSTRACT This introductory article aims to provide an overview of the emergence and consolidation of research into the translation of political discourse in general and Chinese political discourse in particular. The first section looks at some of the most salient international publications regarding political discourse in Europe, the Americas and Arab countries. The second one considers the interaction between political discourse in and about China published in international periodicals and collections. Next, we provide an overview of the role of politics and translation in news production, as three of the articles in this issue analyse different aspects and genres of journalistic translation. Taken as a whole, this special issue aims to contribute to the debate on the interface between translation and political discourse in the Chinese context.

Critical study of type-2 fuzzy logic control from theory to applications: A state-of-the-art comprehensive survey

The review systematically explores the theoretical foundations of type-2 fuzzy sets and the associated mathematical frameworks of the advancements in type-2 fuzzy logic systems (T2-FLS), as well as a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art techniques and applications of type-2 fuzzy logic systems. The review's application-oriented section looks at a number of different areas where type-2 fuzzy logic has made a big difference. These areas include robotics, autonomous vehicle control, electric and electronic control, image processing, and railway control. This overview mainly discusses the past, present, and future trends in type-2 fuzzy logic applications. The primary contribution summarizes the most essential type-2 fuzzy logic research with theoretical and practical implications. This article will provide a critical path and a strong foundation for individuals interested in this field to pursue future research.

Making valuable energy: Public forums, municipal futures, and infrastructural pathways

This article analyzes public discussions and engagements with Philadelphia’s energy system to highlight the degrees of tension between diverse ethical frames and energy-based strategies of value production. Looking at three different instances and genres of energy-transition planning and expression, we argue that any such tensions or alignments turn on the specific units, categories, and scales of analysis used to construct and understand them. Our first section investigates the spatial and temporal frames of “energy security” embedded in Philadelphia’s infrastructure improvement plan, showing how the meaning and political purchase of the concept of “security” changes across quotidian and infrastructural timescales and across the spatial scale of the household, city, state, and the nation. Section two considers the categories with which the City framed its study of potential decarbonization scenarios, pointing towards the way this schema produced its own seemingly intractable ethical and economic impasses. The third and final section looks at the way diverse members of the public successfully de- and re-constructed the study’s categories, scales, and units of analysis, successfully undermining the study’s “grid of intelligibility” and replacing it with their own more equity-centered alternative. Across these three ethnographic engagements, this article brings the anthropologies of ethics and value together in a novel way, showing their mediated entanglement with and within the sphere of public knowledge production. This, we argue, illustrates the seemingly mundane scalar choices that deeply inform our ethical frames and that, in the end, ultimately allow us to make energy valuable.

Top-down proteomics.

Proteoforms, which arise from post-translational modifications, genetic polymorphisms and RNA splice variants, play a pivotal role as drivers in biology. Understanding proteoforms is essential to unravel the intricacies of biological systems and bridge the gap between genotypes and phenotypes. By analysing whole proteins without digestion, top-down proteomics (TDP) provides a holistic view of the proteome and can decipher protein function, uncover disease mechanisms and advance precision medicine. This Primer explores TDP, including the underlying principles, recent advances and an outlook on the future. The experimental section discusses instrumentation, sample preparation, intact protein separation, tandem mass spectrometry techniques and data collection. The results section looks at how to decipher raw data, visualize intact protein spectra and unravel data analysis. Additionally, proteoform identification, characterization and quantification are summarized, alongside approaches for statistical analysis. Various applications are described, including the human proteoform project and biomedical, biopharmaceutical and clinical sciences. These are complemented by discussions on measurement reproducibility, limitations and a forward-looking perspective that outlines areas where the field can advance, including potential future applications.

Geopolitics and global economic governance

Abstract This article analyses the relationship between geopolitics and global economic governance from an international relations perspective, laying stress on the long-term changes that have taken place in the character and dynamics of modern global international society. First, it unpacks what is involved in talk about the ‘the return of geopolitics’, arguing that the international political system needs to be understood in its own right and according to its distinctive logics and dynamics, separate from those of modern capitalism. The second section shifts the focus from the modern international to the modern global, arguing that the ‘we’ now involved in both geopolitics and global economic governance has changed in fundamental ways and that the diffusion of power and agency and the revolt against Western dominance are far broader than the rise of China. The final section looks at future pathways: the unlikely possibility of the restoration of US hegemony; the case for the primacy of political order over global governance and for refocusing attention on the primary or foundational institutions on which all more elaborate forms of global governance must depend; and the identification of some of the most important institutional pinch-points where geopolitics and global economic governance intersect and need to be managed, including sanctions, security-related trade measures, and industrial strategy.

АРХІТЕКТУРНО-КОНСТРУКТИВНІ ЕЛЕМЕНТИ БУДІВЕЛЬ ПРИ 3D-ДРУЦІ: ПРОЕКТУВАННЯ, МАТЕРІАЛИ, ЕФЕКТИВНІСТЬ (ЧАСТИНА ПЕРША - ОГЛЯД)

The article provides an analysis of current approaches to 3D printing of buildings. It focuses on three key areas: 1) computer-aided design methods for 3D printing of buildings; 2) manufacturing methods and materials used; 3) methods for evaluating their effectiveness. The section "Design/Development" covers tools and techniques used from the design stage to the production of building elements. The Technology and Materials section looks at opportunities for engineering applications, categorized by material type. The Performance Evaluation section highlights current strategies for analyzing 3DP buildings. In the first part of this analysis (i.e., this article), the author discusses in detail the general concept of the study, focusing on its key aspects.

TOTAL QUALITY MANEGMENT

Title: Total Quality Management: A Test of the Effect of TQM on the Performance and Stakeholder Satisfaction Background and Problem Discussion: The performance of TQM Airlines and Non TQM airlines is measured comparing statistically three major performance indicator Customer satisfaction, Employee satisfaction and Operational effectiveness. To establish a link between TQM and performance and showing the need for the adoption of total quality culture in the local airline sector of the Nigeria aviation industry. Purpose: The purpose of this thesis is to highlight the benefit of TQM implementation in the Nigerian Airline industry by examining the basic principles of TQM in the airlines. The impact of TQM implementation of the three performance indicator will be assessed. Method: Quantitative and qualitative method. Primary data is collected from the airline companies by questionnaires and interview. Secondary data is gotten from articles, journals and online resources. Theory: The theory section looks at different concepts of quality as defined and viewed by various authors. Also the benefits and hindrances of TQM implementation were reviewed. Analysis: We have used a T-test hypothesis to measure the difference in means of TQM airline and Non-TQM airlines using the three performance indicator. Conclusion: The research findings confirmed the benefits that ensue from the implementation of TQM. It showed that TQM is a strategic tool industry can employ in the quest to remain competitive. It was also discovered that for the TQM to be properly implemented, everybody in the organization must be involved from the management to the employees and even the customers.

Daily Experience of Finalist Nursing Learners on Their Support in Clinical Internship by Supervisors

Introduction: Nursing education aims to introduce future nurses to the realities of social and professional life. In the context of professional education, all these learning activities are based on two interacting poles, namely, learning in an academic situation (simulation) and clinical learning, which means alongside the patient (patient). The primary goal of our study is to understand the daily experience of finalist nursing learners regarding support during clinical internships by supervisors. Method: This study is qualitative phenomenological. She used the phenomenological survey method, the free face-to-face and individual interview technique, with the aim of allowing the interviewee to express all their thoughts. And also made use of the interview guide, the recording device, papers and pens as data collection instruments. Results: After analysis, the results show that the learners have an unpleasant experience of support during clinical internship. And for this, they propose as strategies the appropriate training of supervisors on support, supervision of supervisors, awareness of the supervision task and the development of expected skills. Conclusion: In view of these results, we suggest that the nursing science section look into the supervision of the scientific staff assigned to support learners in clinical internships.

The Role of International Law in Addressing Transnational Organized Crime

This study delves into the pivotal role of international law in combatting transnational organized crime. This phenomenon has significantly evolved and expanded in its scope and complexity. The paper begins with an introduction to transnational organized crime and the critical importance of international law in addressing these challenges. It then provides a historical background, tracing the evolution of these crimes and the corresponding development of international legal frameworks. Further, the paper categorizes various types of transnational organized crime. A comprehensive analysis of key international laws and treaties, including the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC) and various regional treaties, forms a crucial part of the study. The role of international organizations like the United Nations, Interpol, and regional entities in enforcing these laws and promoting cooperation is critically evaluated. The paper addresses the significant challenges in implementation, including jurisdictional issues, disparities in national legal systems, and political and economic barriers. Through case studies, the paper analyzes successful international cooperations as well as notable failures, providing a real-world perspective on the effectiveness of current strategies. The emerging trends and future challenges section looks at the impact of technology and changing political landscapes on transnational crime. Finally, the paper proposes potential solutions and policy recommendations, focusing on strengthening international legal frameworks and enhancing global cooperation and intelligence sharing. The conclusion summarizes the findings and reflects on the future of international law in effectively tackling transnational organized crime within the evolving global landscape.

Mastering Motor Skills: The Contributions of Motor Learning and Motor Development to the Growth and Maturation of Kinesiology

This paper traces the evolution of scholarship in motor learning and development over the last ∼100 years, with a focus on contributions by Fellows from the National Academy of Kinesiology (NAK). It begins with a brief discussion of the centrality of motor skillfulness in kinesiology, followed by a discussion of the appropriate label for the study of motor learning and development. The bulk of the paper focuses on the important events and milestones in the field and an examination of the most influential frameworks and models that NAK Fellows have put forward to guide research. The final section looks at future prospects and challenges for the field. Two key findings emerge: (a) Considerable overlap exists in the theoretical frameworks, conceptual models, empirical questions, research methodologies, and practical applications that dominate scholarship in motor learning and development, and (b) NAK Fellows have made enormous contributions to the field.

Plant Bioacoustics: A system of plant-sound relationship

Bioacoustics is a field of study that examines the production of sound and how it affects living things. Numerous plant species' physiology, behaviour, and eventual survival have all been greatly influenced by sound and its usage in communication. A better framework for future research may be developed along with a greater understanding of how various organisms interact acoustically with plants if the acoustic link between plants and animals is understood. A re-imagination of our knowledge of these organisms is anticipated to result from the systematic investigation of the functional and evolutionary importance of sound in plant life. This will also stimulate the emergence of new ideas and viewpoints regarding the communicative complexity of plants. The primary goal of this study is to examine some information about the bioacoustics interaction between plants and animals their sound, and ecology, including potential techniques of sound production employed by plants.
 The importance of acoustical research in plant ecology, as well as its potential mechanisms and future applications, are covered in this paper. The first section of this article reviews how plants amplify and transmit sounds produced by insect pests. The second section looks at surprising examples of carnivorous plants that show how plants have evolved to reflect but also enhance animal sounds, potentially revealing new angles in research on the interactions between animals and plants. The discussion then focuses on the mechanisms by which plants produce sound through transpiration stress and photosynthesis, as well as a potential model for these mechanisms.

Virtue, Environmental Ethics, Nonhuman Values, and Anthropocentrism

This article discusses the encounter between virtue ethics and environmental ethics and the ways in which environmental virtue ethics confronts nonhuman axiology and the controversial theme of moral anthropocentrism. It provides a reasoned review of the relevant literature and a historical–conceptual rendition of how environmental and virtue ethics came to converge as well as the ways in which they diverge. It explains that contrary to important worries voiced by some non-anthropocentric environmental ethicists, environmental virtue ethics enables and requires a rich and nuanced engagement with nonhuman values of all sorts—intrinsic as well as extrinsic, moral as well as nonmoral, anthropocentric as well as non-anthropocentric—and neither presupposes nor implies moral anthropocentrism in its normativity. Finally, the article considers the fortunes of, and some challenges for, environmental virtue ethics in its application to the ethics of climate change, an increasingly central topic in environmental ethics. This article proceeds as follows: the first section introduces virtue ethics; the second section looks at axiological and normative themes in environmental ethics; the third section discusses environmental virtue ethics; and the fourth section considers its application to climate change. The fifth section draws some conclusions.

‘Russia Wants War!’: Cartographic Productions of Victimhood from Napoleon III to Ukraine

ABSTRACT Victimhood is one of the most powerful forces in modern politics. This article examines how it has been expressed cartographically across the past two centuries, highlighting the development of new techniques and strategies that have made victim maps increasingly powerful discursive weapons. The first part of the article looks at attempts to represent victimhood before World War I, noting some of the limitations of these early efforts. The second part shows how simplification, the increasing use of new symbols, and other cartographic sleights of hand made maps more effective at conveying victimhood by the middle of the twentieth century. The final section looks at victim maps used in debates over the conflict in Ukraine (going back to 2014) to show their persistent strength and important role in shaping contemporary global politics.

The Ethics of Law: How US/UK Intervention in Iraq and Russia's Invasion of Ukraine Breach the Principle of Virtue and International Law

The war in Iraq and the recent war in Ukraine symbolise the importance of resolving the crisis of international law and laws of war. In addition, the problematic aspect of these wars stems from the misconception of aggression or the composition of aggression. This falsity consists solely of the concept of aggression under international law, which has been abused, fragmented and confused. Therefore, this false idea of the concept of aggression under international law contributes to the development of modern conflicts. In an attempt to rationalise some of the fundamental failures in international law and the United Nations Security Council (hereinafter UNSC), this article seeks to examine whether the inclusion of ethics in the mechanism by which international law is implemented will be relatively useful. It explores whether ethical code can be incorporated into the mechanism by which international law is implemented, and if so, how can ethics enhance the existing rules and states' conduct? What role can ethics play in the justification of the use of force by the states, and what conclusion can be drawn from UNSC and states' practice? The article is divided into four sections. The first tries to explain the fundamental principles of ethics, while the second views international law in the conception of subject matter application and practice. The third section looks at Russia’s invasion of Ukraine and the UK/US invasion of Iraq. And the final part presents a philosophical conclusion on the subject matter. Keywords: Laws of War; Russia, Ukraine, Iraq and Ethics; International Law;

‘To be or not to be’: a hit or a miss for Shakespeare’s early readers? (1603‒1800)

This essay focuses on the early reception of Hamlet’s ‘To be or not to be’ speech. Its first section looks at the print configuration of the play’s original editions. The article then moves on to examine the passage’s early reception by its readers until the Restoration. It also offers a succinct exploration of the critical debates around Hamlet’s now famous speech in a third section. The last two sections continue to survey readers’ reactions and appropriations of the speech, this time from a later era (c. 1700 to 1800). The article’s findings are that even the most appreciative and learned readers never openly embraced the speech fully. However, on early stages, the speech acquired an aura: theatre managers, or directors sought through it to stir genuine emotions in their audiences – sentiments that readers could probably not wrestle with when engaged in the private study of the passage.

AI for peace: mitigating the risks and enhancing opportunities

Abstract This article focuses on measuring the impact of artificial intelligence (AI) on the peace and security agenda, taking stock of recent initiatives and progress in this area. While there is a keen awareness of the fact that AI can be weaponized to become a tool of power politics and military competition, there is comparatively less systematic attention paid to what technology can do for peace. While it is important to address risk mitigation, equal space should be given to thinking about how to harness the peace potential of AI on a large scale. This study follows a series of publications that aim to assess the impact of technological innovation on peace, also referred to as PeaceTech, Global PeaceTech, peace innovation, or digital peacebuilding. The first section provides an overview of the debate on the impact of AI on peace and conflict. The second section examines conceptual frameworks and measures of the impact of AI on peace and conflict. The third section looks at the risks to peace and conflict posed by the use of AI and possible governance measures to mitigate them. The fourth section provides examples of AI-enabled initiatives that are having a positive impact on peace, providing a compass for public and private investment. The conclusion offers policy recommendations to advance the AI for peace agenda.

Civil Legal Protection Against Misuse of Free License of Copyright Works For Font Designs Provided For Personal Use

Purpose: The purpose of this research is to find out how civil law protection is applied and how civil disputes are resolved regarding the abuse of free licenses for personal use of copyrighted font design works. This research uses empirical and sociological jurisprudence with a descriptive qualitative approach. Copyright—the exclusive right owned by the creator of the creation—emerges directly from the declarative basis for seeing a creation made. There are two ways of settling disputes over license abuse: non-litigation (outside the Court) and litigation. Theoretical reference: Five facets of the activity are covered in this article. First, the primary methods and early experiments pertaining to human computer emulation are examined. The second section looks at the connected moral, legal, and technical issues raised by the artificial person phenomena. Thirdly, consideration is given to licensing provisions for the use of cloned individuals' backbone platform. Fourth, the division of virtual people within the public domain legal framework is examined. Lastly, improvements to the pertinent legal perspectives, driven by the development of mind-uploading tech, are expounded upon. All things considered, the study contributes to the advancement of moral and legal guidelines for the science and technology of artificial life. Method: The type of research used is empirical and sociological juridic research with methods of qualitative approaches that are descriptive and tend to use analysis. Result and Conclusion: Based on research findings, this study shows that the protection of civil law and the process of settling civil disputes is linked to license abuse. Instead, an arbitrator helps the arbitration process. Furthermore, the primary legal source for protecting individuals from the use of free use licenses in private is Article 113, paragraph (3) of the Copyright Act No. 28 of 2014. Article 40, paragraph (1), letter F provides further explanation. Implication of Research: is to explain the protection of public law against the abuse of a copyright-free license for the design of fonts available for public use Originality/Value: this research concentrates on the area of law related to the abuse of free licenses and copyright made personally.