Secondhand Smoke Exposure In Children Research Articles

Effect of children secondhand smoke exposure associated with GABA concentration: Influence from parents who are extremely heavy smokers in urban households

BackgroundSecondhand smoke (SHS) poses the most considerable health risk to children in urban households. However, limited evidence exists regarding the impact of children exposure to SHS on gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels. This study aimed to investigate the level of cotinine and GABA and their association with variables related to children exposed to SHS. MethodsA cross-sectional analysis was conducted to assess urinary cotinine and GABA levels in respondents. The study involved 85 participants aged 2–4 years who resided with parents exhibiting heavy smoking habits in urban households in Bangkok, Thailand. Urinary cotinine and GABA concentrations were utilized as biomarkers and measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit. An independent t-test was employed to compare contributing factors with urinary cotinine metabolites. Spearman's correlation test was utilized to assess the relationship between cotinine metabolites and GABA concentration. ResultsThe study found a correlation between urinary cotinine metabolites and GABA concentration among children's (r = 0.260, p-value = 0.016), particularly influenced by parents exhibiting extreme heavy smoking in urban households. Male children exhibited significantly higher urinary cotinine metabolite concentrations than females (p-value = 0.040). Moreover, significantly elevated levels of cotinine metabolites (57.37 ± 10.27 ng/ml) were observed in households where parents engaged in extreme heavy smoking. ConclusionsThis research establishes a link between urinary cotinine metabolite levels and GABA concentration among children exposed to extreme heavy smoking by their parents in urban households. Consequently, smoking might impact neurobehavioral effects, potentially leading to insomnia. The study emphasizes the importance of promoting and safeguarding non-smokers from exposure to SHS in indoor workplaces, public spaces, and households, advocating for the implementation of smoke-free public health regulations.

Secondhand Smoke Exposure in Childhood and Mortality from Coronary Heart Disease in Adulthood: the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study for Evaluation of Cancer Risk.

We examined whether secondhand smoke exposure in childhood affects the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) in adulthood. In the Japan Collaborative Cohort Study, we analyzed data on 71,459 participants aged 40-79 years, with no history of CHD, stroke, or cancer at baseline (1988-1990) and who completed a lifestyle questionnaire including the number of smoking family members in childhood (0, 1, 2, and 3+ members) and followed them up until the end of 2009. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate the multivariable hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of CHD mortality according to the number of smoking family members in childhood. During the median 18.9 years' follow-up, 955 CHD deaths were reported. There was a dose-response relationship between the number of smoking family members at home and CHD mortality among middle-aged individuals (40-59 years); the multivariable HRs (95% CIs) were 1.08 (0.76-1.54) for 1, 1.35 (0.87-2.08) for 2, and 2.49 (1.24-5.00) for 3+ smoking family members compared with 0 members (p for trend=0.03). The association for 3+ smoking family members among the middle-aged group was more evident in men than in women (the multivariable HRs [95% CIs] were 2.97 [1.34-6.58] and 1.65 [0.36-7.52], respectively) and more evident in non-current smokers than in current smokers (the multivariable HRs [95% CIs] were 4.24 [1.57-11.45] and 1.93 [0.72-5.15], respectively). Secondhand smoke exposure in childhood was associated with an increased risk of CHD mortality in adulthood, primarily in middle-aged men and non-current smokers.

Randomized clinical trial examining financial incentives for smoking cessation among mothers of young children and possible impacts on child secondhand smoke exposure

This randomized clinical trial examined whether financial-incentives increase smoking cessation among mothers of young children and potential impacts on child secondhand-smoke exposure (SHSe). 198 women-child dyads were enrolled and assigned to one of three treatment conditions: best practices (BP, N = 68), best practices plus financial incentives (BP + FI, N = 63), or best practices, financial incentives, and nicotine replacement therapy (BP + FI + NRT, N = 67). The trial was completed in Vermont, USA between June 2015 and October 2020. BP entailed staff referral to the state tobacco quitline; financial incentives entailed mothers earning vouchers exchangeable for retail items for 12 weeks contingent on biochemically-verified smoking abstinence; NRT involved mothers receiving 10 weeks of free transdermal nicotine and nicotine lozenges/gum. Baseline, 6-, 12-, 24-, and 48-week assessments were conducted. Primary outcomes were maternal 7-day point-prevalence abstinence and child SHSe through the 24-week assessment with the 48-week assessment exploratory. Results were analyzed using mixed model repeated measures for categorical data. Odds of maternal abstinence were greater among mothers in BP + FI and BP + FI + NRT compared to BP at the 6- and 12-week assessments (ORs ≥ 7.30; 95% CIs: 2.35–22.71); only abstinence in BP + FI remained greater than BP at the 24-week assessment (OR = 2.95; 95% CIs: 1.06–8.25). Abstinence did not differ significantly between treatment conditions at the 48-week assesssment. There was a significant effect of treatment condition (F[2109] = 3.64, P = .029) on SHSe with levels in BP and BP + FI significantly below BP + FI + NRT (ts[109] ≥ −2.30, Ps ≤ 0.023). Financial incentives for smoking abstinence are efficacious for increasing maternal cessation but that alone was insufficient for reducing child SHSe.ClinicalTrials.gov:NCT05740098

Childhood secondhand smoke exposure and respiratory disease mortality among never-smokers: the Japan collaborative cohort study for evaluation of cancer risk.

The main source of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during childhood occurs at home due to close family members who smoke. This study examined the association between childhood SHS exposure and the risk of respiratory disease mortality among non-smoking adults. Data from 44233 never-smoking Japanese men and women aged 40-79years who participated in the JACC study between 1988 and 1990 were analyzed. The Cox proportional hazards model was used to calculate hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals of respiratory disease mortality according to the number of smoking family members during childhood. Subdistribution HRs (SHRs) were calculated as a competing risk analysis. A total of 735 deaths from respiratory diseases were documented in a median follow-up of 19.2years. Living with three or more smoking family members during childhood was associated with a higher risk of respiratory disease mortality in adulthood among women; multivariable SHR compared with participants with no family member smokers during childhood was 1.60 (1.01-2.54) for participants with three or more family members who smoked during their childhood. SHS exposure from three or more family members during childhood was associated with an increased risk of respiratory disease-related mortality in adulthood.

Trends in Exposure to Secondhand Smoke Among Adolescents in China From 2013-2014 to 2019: Two Repeated National Cross-sectional Surveys.

It is well-known that secondhand smoke exposure in childhood or adolescence is positively associated with morbidity and mortality. However, less is known about the current status of and most recent trends in secondhand smoke exposure among adolescents in China. We aimed to assess recent changes in the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure among adolescents in China using nationally representative data. We used data from 2 repeated national cross-sectional surveys conducted in 2013-2014 and 2019. A total of 155,117 students (median age 13.5 years) in 2013-2014 and 147,270 students (median age 13.1 years) in 2019 were included in this study. Sociodemographic factors and secondhand smoke exposure information were collected via a standardized questionnaire. Exposure was defined as secondhand smoke exposure ≥1 day during the past 7 days at home or in public places. Other frequencies of secondhand smoke exposure (ie, ≥3 days, ≥5 days, and every day) during the past 7 days were also assessed. The weighted prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure was calculated according to the complex sample design for surveys. The prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure in any place (home or public places ≥1 day during the past 7 days) decreased from 2013-2014 (72.9%, 95% CI 71.5%-74.3%) to 2019 (63.2%, 95% CI 62%-64.5%), as did exposure at home (2013-2014: 44.4%, 95% CI 43.1%-45.7%; 2019: 34.1%, 95% CI 33.1%-35.2%) and in public places (2013-2014: 68.3%, 95% CI 66.9%-69.6%; 2019: 57.3%, 95% CI 56%-58.6%). The prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure decreased with increased gross domestic product per capita in each of the 2 survey years irrespective of exposure frequency or location. The prevalence of exposure at other frequencies (ie, ≥3 days, ≥5 days, or every day during the past 7 days) also decreased in any place, at home, and in public places. Secondhand smoke exposure was associated with higher school grade level (ninth vs seventh grade: odds ratio [OR] 1.76, 95% CI 1.68-1.84), gender (boys vs girls: OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.15-1.22), urban status (urban vs rural: OR 1.10, 95% CI 1.01-1.19), and cigarette smoking (yes vs no: OR 6.67, 95% CI 5.83-7.62). Although the prevalence of secondhand smoke exposure among Chinese adolescents declined from 2013-2014 to 2019, it remains unacceptably high. More effective strategies and stronger action are needed in China to further, and dramatically, curb secondhand smoke exposure among adolescents.

Abstract C129: Lifetime cumulative cigarette exposure and young-onset breast cancer risk by subtype in the Young Women’s Health History Study

Abstract Few studies have described the association between lifetime smoking exposures and young-onset breast cancer (YOBC) risk by BC subtypes including the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) subtype. This study explored associations between lifetime cumulative cigarette smoking exposure from both secondhand smoke (SHS) and personal smoking exposures and YOBC risk, overall and by BC subtype. Data are from the Young Women’s Health History Study, a population-based, case-control study of BC in non-Hispanic Black and White women 20-49 years of age. Invasive BC cases were identified in the Los Angeles County and Metropolitan Detroit Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registry areas, 2010-2015 (n=1,812). Controls were identified through area-based sampling and frequency matched to cases by study site, race and age (n=1,381). Lifetime cumulative cigarette exposure (LCCE) was categorized as no personal or SHS exposure, only SHS exposure in childhood, only SHS exposure in adulthood, SHS exposure in childhood & adulthood, and ever personally smoked (with or without SHS exposure). BC subtypes were defined as Luminal A, Luminal B, HER2-type, and triple negative (TN) BC. We conducted multivariable adjusted sample-weighted logistic regression analysis to estimate the association between LCCE and YOBC risk among all participants and then among women who never personally smoked by duration of SHS exposure (<15 and ≥15 years). We also conducted adjusted polytomous logistic regression analyses and the Wald test to assess heterogeneity by BC subtype. Lifetime cumulative SHS exposure only was reported by 42% of participants, and an additional 37% reported personally smoking. In adjusted models, compared to no SHS, LCCE was not significantly associated with overall YOBC risk. Suggestive differences in YOBC risk by BC subtype were observed, however (P heterogeneity=0.04), with a suggestive increased odds of HER2-type BC with ever smoking (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.61; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91, 2.86). Among participants who never smoked, duration of childhood SHS exposure was associated with differences in YOBC risk by subtype (P heterogeneity=0.01); childhood SHS exposure of ≥15 years compared to no childhood SHS was associated with a significantly decreased odds of HER2-type BC (aOR 0.31; 95% CI 0.12, 0.83) and a suggestive increased odds of TNBC (aOR 1.43; 95% CI 0.95, 2.16) while childhood SHS exposure of <15 years compared to no childhood SHS was associated with a suggestive decreased odds of Luminal A BC (aOR 0.74; 95% CI 0.54, 1.03); the latter two findings did not reach statistical significance. Our results suggest that LCCE is associated with differences in risk of YOBC by BC subtype where personal cigarette smoking may be associated with an increased risk for HER2 type YOBC while childhood SHS exposure for ≥15 years may be associated with a decreased risk of HER2 type YOBC and an increased risk of TN YOBC. These findings warrant further examination. Citation Format: Ugonna Ihenacho, Ann S. Hamilton, Wendy J. Mack, Anna H. Wu, Jennifer B. Unger, Dorothy R. Pathak, Kelly A. Hirko, Richard T. Houang, Michael F. Press, Kendra L. Schwartz, Lydia R. Marcus, Ellen M. Velie. Lifetime cumulative cigarette exposure and young-onset breast cancer risk by subtype in the Young Women’s Health History Study [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 15th AACR Conference on the Science of Cancer Health Disparities in Racial/Ethnic Minorities and the Medically Underserved; 2022 Sep 16-19; Philadelphia, PA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2022;31(1 Suppl):Abstract nr C129.

The association between second-hand smoke and the periodontal status of children and adolescents.

Data sources The authors searched Embase, Medline/PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus and LILACS ranging from inception to 23 November 2021. A grey literature search was run utilising OpenGrey along with Google Scholar (most relevant first 200 hits). For the identification of additional articles of relevance, a hand-search was also conducted upon the list of references of all the included studies. No restrictions in terms of date and language were utilised in the search. Controlled vocabulary in the form of free text and MeSH terms was utilised to execute the search strategy.Study selection A screening of the studies potentially satisfying the eligibility criteria was conducted independently by two reviewers on the basis of their abstracts and titles. The records so retrieved were classified under the headings of 'exclude', 'include' and 'uncertain'. Upon the completion of this exercise, an acquisition was made of the full texts of papers judged relevant. Data extraction was performed on all the studies which met the eligibility criteria. Diverging views among the reviewers were resolved with consensus. The judgement of a third reviewer was sought to resolve any disagreements.Data extraction and synthesis Information extraction covered measurement details (cotinine levels of children and/or self-reported questionnaires from children and/or parents); study identification (year of publication, first author and location); distribution according to the status of second-hand smoke and sample characteristics; exposure criteria (according to cotinine levels or severity of parental smoking); analytic approach utilised (multivariate or bivariate analysis); results along with assessment of outcomes (partial- or full-mouth protocol used) and criteria (index type used). Due to only cross-sectional studies being included upon retrieval, the methodological quality assessment was performed utilising an adapted variant of the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The judgement criteria used included non-response rate, sample size and representativity, confounding control, determination of exposure, outcome assessment and statistical analysis. Evidence tables were built utilising qualitative synthesis in order to ascertain differences in the results and characteristics of the included studies. In case the eligibility criteria were met by three or more papers, the data was subjected to pair-wise comparisons between those unexposed to second-hand smoke with those exposed to it in terms of the specified periodontal outcome measures. Periodontal outcomes were evaluated as continuous measures with the random-effects model. Cochran's Q-test was utilised to assess the heterogeneity and in cases where the heterogeneity was unexplained, a sensitivity analysis was conducted to evaluate whether a single study exerted a significant effect upon the pooled results.Results Six hundred and thirty-seven records were obtained from the search. After screening of the abstracts and titles, eight studies met the eligibility criteria subsequent to the reading of the complete text of 16 reports. One study was conducted in a high socio-demographic index (SDI) country with four in the middle-high, one in the middle and two in the lower-middle SDI countries. Four studies did not provide details pertaining to outcome assessment, while one included a full-mouth and another three, a partial-mouth assessment protocol. Two studies were deemed to be of high quality in terms of methodological quality assessment. Three reports possessed a satisfactory sample size while none of the included studies included data relating to non-response rate. The authors deemed meta-analysis to be possible only in the case of periodontal probing depth (PPD) and gingival index (GI) scores. There was a positive association reported between a high GI score and second-hand smoke exposure. There was, however, no difference present at the subgroup level in terms of the SDI of the country of the study, the age of the cohort as well as the period in which the study was carried out. In contrast, a significant effect was observed for the location of the study data collection in that children from areas with a higher current-smoker prevalence exhibited greater GI scores as a result of increased second-hand smoke exposure. There was no observable difference from the pooled estimate for second-hand smoke exposure compared to the unexposed cohort in terms of PPD. No effects were demonstrable at the subgroup level upon data stratification for the study country SDI and period of data collection. There was greater clinical attachment loss among children who were exposed to second-hand smoke, particularly for those whose fathers were smokers despite adjustments being made for gender, plaque scores and age.Conclusions The systematic review demonstrates a very low level of certainty in evidence to point towards second-hand smoke exposure of children up to 15 years of age leads to higher GI scores as compared to their unexposed counterparts. Even though no differences have been demonstrated in terms of PPD, there is a necessity for further research to draw conclusions on other pertinent periodontal parameters such as bleeding on probing and clinical attachment loss.

Experiences and views of parents on the prevention of second-hand smoke exposure in Middle Eastern countries: a qualitative systematic review.

The objective of this review was to identify, appraise, and synthesize the evidence related to experiences and views of parents, children, and professionals on the prevention of second-hand smoke exposure to women and children in Middle Eastern countries. Second-hand smoke exposure is a major health concern. It is problematic during pregnancy because of potential adverse reproductive effects and poor fetal outcomes. Childhood second-hand smoke exposure is linked to increased morbidity and mortality. Smoking prevalence is high among men in Middle Eastern countries and, as a result, large numbers of non-smoking men, women, and children are exposed to second-hand smoke daily. Studies were considered for inclusion if they explored experiences and views on the prevention of second-hand smoke exposure among women and children in homes, workplaces, schools, personal vehicles, and public places in 17 Middle Eastern countries. This review included studies that focused on qualitative data, including, but not limited to, designs such as phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, qualitative descriptive, and feminist research. MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched to identify published studies from inception to January 2021. The search for unpublished studies included EThOS, OpenGrey, and ProQuest Dissertations and Theses. No language restrictions were applied. The JBI guidelines for qualitative systematic reviews were followed in conducting the review. The JBI process of meta-aggregation was used to identify categories and synthesize findings. Of 5229 records identified, two qualitative studies (in three publications) met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. One study was conducted in Turkey and the other study (reported in two papers) was conducted in Israel. The methodological quality of the studies was high. The participants in the included studies were parents (n = 118 participants) aged between 18 and 42 years. The methods used for data collection were interviews analyzed using thematic content analysis. A total of 50 findings were extracted and aggregated into eight categories, based on the similarity of meaning. Three synthesized finding were generated (all with moderate confidence): i) Parents were aware of second-hand smoke and that exposure to second-hand smoke is harmful, although the health dangers of second-hand smoke exposure were not commonly discussed with parents during pregnancy;ii) Smoking is a socially and culturally accepted norm, with parents reporting cultural beliefs about traditional values as a barrier to reducing second-hand smoke exposure in the home and personal psychological factors to quitting smoking; iii) Parents implemented different physical restrictions on smoking, such as having rules about where smoking can take place, with psychological motivators reported as drivers to decrease second-hand smoke exposure among children in the home, but tended to lack certainty or confidence regarding whether such protective measures were needed or would be effective. The findings of this study offer an insight into parents' views on second-hand smoke exposure and its prevention in Middle Eastern countries. Parents have conflicting views on second-hand smoke exposure and techniques to minimize it. Interventions are needed to increase parents' knowledge about the harms of second-hand smoke to reduce women's and children's exposure to second-hand smoke. PROSPERO CRD42019137006.

Unintentional Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Children.

Secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure increases the prevalence and severity of sinopulmonary diseases in children. The primary source of SHS exposure in children is through adults who live in the same house; however, the level of exposure may vary based on the adult smoking habits at home. This prospective cross-sectional study in Alberta, Canada, investigated the relationship between self-reported caregiver smoking, location, outdoor temperature and children’s’ urine cotinine: creatinine ratio (CCR), a marker of nicotine metabolism. Participants aged 0–9 were recruited from the Child Health Clinics at the Misericordia Community Hospital in Edmonton, Alberta, from 8 January to 24 February 2016 and 30 June to 18 August 2016. Participant CCR levels were compared to caregiver-reported smoking location and environmental factors such as temperature and season. Of the 233 participants who reported smoking status, 21% reported smoking, in keeping with local smoking rates. More participants smoked indoors during the winter than the summer; however, some families limited indoor smoking to a garage. Of the 133 parent–child dyads who provided smoking information and a child urine sample, 18 had an elevated cotinine:creatinine ratio, suggestive of significant tobacco smoke exposure, 15 of whom were from homes that reported smoking. Age < 1 year and number of cigarettes smoked in the home weekly were risks for significant exposure while season, outdoor temperature and smoking location in the home did not reach significance. Smokers should be counseled to protect children, particularly infants, from exposure by limiting the number of cigarettes smoked and isolating smoking to outside the home. Segregated areas such as a garage may provide a useful harm mitigation strategy for indoor smokers, provided the garage does not share ventilation or is not in close proximity to high-traffic areas of the home.

Compliance Surveillance of the Tobacco Control Legislation in a Spanish Region and Characterization of Passive Exposure to Tobacco Smoke and E-Cig in Children in Outdoor Spaces

(1) Background: Exposure to environmental tobacco smoke has decreased in recent years in Spain, due to the implementation of tobacco control policies. However, there is no regulation that protects against second-hand smoke (SHS) in outdoor environments. Our goal is to describe the smoking prohibition signage in public spaces and to characterize tobacco consumption in outdoor environments describing the SHS exposure in children. (2) Methods: A cross-sectional study using direct observation was carried out with a convenience sample (n = 179) that included hospitality venues with terraces, schools and healthcare facilities in the municipality of Sant Cugat del Vallès (Barcelona, Spain). The observations were made without notifying the owners by one single field researcher between April and June 2018. The variables were evaluated by signage and signs of tobacco consumption (ashtrays, cigarette butts and presence of smokers). (3) Results: Smoke-free zone signage outside public spaces was present in 30.7% of all venues, with only 50.9% correctness. When analysing terraces of hospitality venues, in 35.8% of them there were children present with 66.7% of tobacco consumption. (4) Conclusions: Our results show a low prevalence of antismoking signage, without an impact on tobacco consumption regardless of the presence of children.

Reaping what you sow: England's drastic reduction in childhood secondhand smoke exposure in two decades.

Reaping what you sow: England's drastic reduction in childhood secondhand smoke exposure in two decades.

Second-Hand Tobacco Smoke Exposure in Children: A Neglected Driver of Health Disparities and Social Injustice in Nigeria

Background: The adverse effects of Second-Hand Smoke (SHS) exposure has been reported in the literature, but data on SHS exposure among children in Nigeria is virtually nonexistent. We aimed to estimate the prevalence of SHS exposure to tobacco among school children in Nigeria and to assess its association with socio-demographic factors.&#x0D; Methods: Data from three pairs of school-based descriptive studies in Lagos, Nigeria was utilized and socioeconomic characteristics and smoking behaviour in the households were obtained using validated questionnaires. Parental and relatives smoking habits were utilized as the indicators of SHS exposure. Prevalence rates were calculated; chi-squared tests and logistic regression analysis were conducted to determine significant associations and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were estimated.&#x0D; Results: Within the preceding month, 37.6% of the children had been regularly exposed to SHS while 15.5% of them lived with parents and family members who smoked tobacco indoors of which 7.9% were daily exposed to SHS; 19.7% of the children daily experienced cough, nasal congestion, throat, or eye irritation. In the regression analysis, the likelihood of SHS exposure were significantly higher in those with parents that smoke regularly (OR=2.62; 95% CI: 1.50-5.27; p=0.042), lower levels of paternal education (OR=1.7; 95% CI: 0.61-5.27; p=0.021) who live in cramped accommodations (OR=1.79; 95% CI: 1.02-5.67; p=0.044) and those from households with &gt;5 children (OR=1.51; 95% CI: 0.90-2.56; p=0.003).&#x0D; Conclusions: There was a significant association between parental smoking habits, paternal education, type of accommodation and number of children in the household on SHS exposure in children. Tobacco control policies should emphasize the protection of children through the adoption of smoke-free homes and increase parental awareness on the impact of SHS exposure on children.

Factors related to caregivers’ risk perception of secondhand smoke exposure on children’s health

INTRODUCTIONHome is one of the main places for children’s secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure. The implementation of smoke-free rules at home might be influenced by caregivers’ risk perception of SHS exposure. This study aimed to analyze factors related to caregivers’ risk perception of SHS exposure in children.METHODSWe conducted a cross-sectional telephone survey among a representative sample of 2411 parents or legal guardians of children aged <12 years in Spain in 2016. The main study variable was caregivers’ healthrisk perception of SHS exposure on children. We investigated correlates of risk perception using multivariate Poisson regression models with robust variance.RESULTSOverall, 59.6% reported SHS exposure negatively affects children’s health a lot, while 34.1% that it affects quite a bit, and 5.5% and 0.8% a little bit or not at all, respectively. The factors associated with a higher caregivers’ risk perception were high education level (adjusted prevalence ratio, APR=1.11; 95% CI: 1.01–1.24), living in a non-smoking family unit (APR=1.17; 95% CI: 1.07–1.27), in a home with smoke-free rules (APR=1.34; 95% CI: 1.19–1.51), and with girls only (APR=1.14; 95% CI: 1.06–1.22).CONCLUSIONSCaregivers’ risk perception of SHS exposure is influenced by social determinants and smoking habits in family units. These findings support the need for interventions with a social equity perspective to reduce children’s SHS exposure.

Experiences and views on SHS exposure prevention in Middle Eastern countries: a systematic review

Abstract Background More than 50% of non-smoking women and children are exposed to second-hand smoke (SHS) in Middle Eastern countries. This review aims to synthesize the evidence on experiences and views of parents, children, and professionals towards SHS exposure prevention in Middle Eastern countries. Methods We included qualitative studies exploring experiences and views on prevention of SHS exposure among women and children in all settings in Middle Eastern countries. A systematic review was undertaken according to the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) guidelines for qualitative systematic reviews. Nine databases were searched from inception to January 2021. Meta-aggregation was used to synthesize the findings. Results Out of 5229 records identified, two qualitative studies reported in three publications met the eligibility criteria and were included. Using the JBI checklist for qualitative research, the critical appraisal scores of all papers were high. One study was conducted in Turkey and the other one in Israel, and study participants were parents of children. A total of 49 findings were extracted and aggregated into 8 categories, based on the similarity of meaning. Parents were aware that SHS is harmful, although the hazards of SHS exposure were not commonly discussed during pregnancy. However, there were conflicting views on ways of SHS exposure and approaches to minimise it. Parents implemented rules to decrease SHS exposure among children. While some parents were uncertain about the effectiveness of protective measures. Most common perceived barriers to reducing SHS exposure were beliefs about traditional values and personal psychological factors. Conclusions Parents in Middle Eastern countries knew that children's SHS exposure is harmful, though knowledge was not comprehensive and did not translate into actions to protect children. Health education program is essential to improve parental knowledge on hazards of SHS and effective preventive measures. Key messages Parents’ risk-awareness of SHS exposure is inadequate. Health education program is essential to improve parental knowledge on hazards of SHS and effective preventive measures in Middle Eastern countries.

Relationship between childhood secondhand smoke exposure and the occurrence of hyperlipidaemia and coronary heart disease among Chinese non-smoking women: a cross-sectional study

ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure during childhood on type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and coronary heart disease among Chinese...

Effects of electronic cigarettes and hookah (waterpipe) use on home air quality

IntroductionA major site of secondhand smoke exposure for children and adults is the home. Few studies have evaluated the impact of e-cigarette or hookah use on home air quality, despite...

Smoke-Free Home Rules and Association with Child Secondhand Smoke Exposure among Mother-Child Dyad Relationships.

Smoke-free home rules restrict smoking in the home, but biomarkers of secondhand smoke exposure are needed to help understand the association between smoke-free homes and child secondhand smoke exposure. Participants (n = 346) were majority Black/African American mother–child dyads from a longitudinal study in North Carolina. Mothers completed questionnaires on household smoking behaviors and rules, and child saliva samples were assayed for secondhand smoke exposure. Regression models used smoke-free home rules to predict child risk for secondhand smoke exposure. Children in households with smoke-free home rules had less salivary cotinine and risk for secondhand smoke exposure. After controlling for smokers in the household, home smoking rules were not a significant predictor of secondhand smoke exposure. Compared to children in households with no smokers, children in households with at least one smoker but a non-smoking mother (OR 5.35, 95% CI: 2.22, 13.17) and households with at least one smoker including a smoking mother (OR 13.73, 95% CI: 6.06, 33.28) had greater risk for secondhand smoke exposure. Results suggest smoke-free home rules are not sufficient to fully protect children from secondhand smoke exposure, especially in homes with smokers. Future research should focus on how household members who smoke can facilitate the prevention of child secondhand smoke exposure.

Association between parents\u2019 smoking status and tobacco exposure in school-age children: assessment using major urine biomarkers

Children are at risk of exposure to secondhand smoke. We aimed to evaluate the extent of their exposure to it in relation to their parents’ smoking status by using biomarkers relevant to smoking. We evaluated 847 school-age children (6–12 years) who lived with their parents, using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2016–2018. Secondhand smoke exposure in children of non-smoking and smoking parents was assessed by measuring urinary 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and cotinine concentrations. Overall, the parents of 482 (55.1%) children smoked and those of 392 (44.9%) children did not smoke. After adjusting for covariates, significantly higher concentrations of NNAL (β = 0.482, standard error [S.E.] = 0.065, P < 0.001) and cotinine (β = 0.472, S.E. = 0.06, P < 0.001) were found in children of smoking parents than in children of non-smoking parents. Children of parents who smoked a higher number of cigarettes showed higher NNAL and cotinine concentrations than children of non-smoking parents. Children with both parents who smoked showed the highest NNAL and cotinine concentrations. Children of smoking parents are at a higher risk of exposure to secondhand smoke. A smoke-free environment must be maintained to protect children from the harmful effects of secondhand smoke. Therefore, comprehensive national anti-smoking policies are required.

Untargeted Urinary Metabolomics and Children's Exposure to Secondhand Smoke: The Influence of Individual Differences.

Children’s exposure to secondhand smoke (SHS) is a severe public health problem. There is still a lack of evidence regarding panoramic changes in children’s urinary metabolites induced by their involuntary exposure to SHS, and few studies have considered individual differences. This study aims to clarify the SHS-induced changes in urinary metabolites in preschool children by using cross-sectional and longitudinal metabolomics analyses. Urinary metabolites were quantified by using untargeted ultra high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (UPLC(c)-MS/MS). Urine cotinine-measured SHS exposure was examined to determine the exposure level. A cross-sectional study including 17 children in a low-exposure group, 17 in a medium-exposure group, and 17 in a high-exposure group was first conducted. Then, a before–after study in the cohort of children was carried out before and two months after smoking-cessation intervention for family smokers. A total of 43 metabolites were discovered to be related to SHS exposure in children in the cross-sectional analysis (false discovery rate (FDR) corrected p < 0.05, variable importance in the projection (VIP) > 1.0). Only three metabolites were confirmed to be positively associated with children’s exposure to SHS (FDR corrected p < 0.05) in a follow-up longitudinal analysis, including kynurenine, tyrosyl-tryptophan, and 1-(3-pyridinyl)-1,4-butanediol, the latter of which belongs to carbonyl compounds, peptides, and pyridines. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis indicated that 1-(3-pyridinyl)-1,4-butanediol and kynurenine were significantly enriched in xenobiotic metabolism by cytochrome P450 (p = 0.040) and tryptophan metabolism (p = 0.030), respectively. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanism of SHS and indicate the influence of individual differences in SHS-induced changes in urinary metabolites in children.

Letter to the Editor: Childhood Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Risk of Dementia in Adulthood.

I read the paper by Zhou et al. with great interest (1). The authors conducted a long-term follow-up study to investigate the associations between exposure to secondhand smoke and the subsequent risk of dementia, Alzheimer's disease (AD), and stroke (1). The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs; 95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of the highest exposure to secondhand smoke compared to individuals with no exposure for dementia, AD, and stroke were 2.86 (2.00–4.09), 3.13 (1.80–5.42), and 1.89 (1.37–2.61), respectively. In addition, a dose–response relationship was also observed in this study. I would like to present some information relevant to their study.