Secondary Supply System Research Articles

A Large Acute Gastroenteritis Outbreak Associated with Both Campylobacter coli and Human Sapovirus - Beijing Municipality, China, 2021.

Campylobacter is a significant foodborne pathogen that leads to global outbreaks of acute gastroenteritis (AGE) usually affecting less than 30 individuals. Human sapovirus (HuSaV) is an enteric virus responsible for sporadic cases and outbreaks of AGE worldwide. In a study conducted in Beijing, HuSaV detection ranked second after norovirus. We present a discussion of the first large-scale outbreak of AGE caused by both Campylobacter coli (C. coli) and HuSaV. The outbreak involved a total of 996 patients and exhibited two distinct peaks over a period of 17 days. Through case-control studies, we identified exposure to raw water from a secondary water supply system as a significant risk factor. Among 83 patients, 49 samples tested positive for C. coli, 39 samples tested positive for HuSaV, and 27 samples tested positive for both pathogens using real-time polymerase chain reaction detection. Furthermore, whole-genome sequencing of 17 C. coli isolates obtained from 17 patients revealed that all isolates belonged to a highly clonal strain of C. coli. Outbreaks of AGE resulting from multiple pathogen infections warrant increased attention. This report emphasizes the significance of ensuring the safety of drinking water, particularly in secondary supply systems.

Electrochemical Reduction of NO2

The use of diesel engines is becoming more widespread because their fuel economy is superior to and their emission levels of carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide are considerably lower than those of gasoline engines. However, the high-temperature combustion in diesel engines generates significant amounts of nitrogen oxides (NOx), which have harmful effects on the environment and human beings, and are limited by increasingly stringent government regulations worldwide. The O2-rich environment of diesel engine exhaust will deactivate the traditional three-way catalysts that work effectively in gasoline engine exhaust. Therefore, there is a great demand for new technology to control NOx emissions in diesel engine exhaust. The most extensively researched technologies in this area are currently selective catalytic reduction with ammonia (NH3-SCR) and NOx storage and reduction catalysts (NSR), both of which require a reducing agent, either from a secondary supply system or by switching the operation state of the engine between lean and rich conditions. One attractive alternative to these approaches is electrochemical NOx reduction using a solid state cell. Using this approach, NOxis reduced to nitrogen at the polarized cathode, thereby eliminating the need for the addition of reducing agents or changes in the operational state of the engine. At present, the main obstacle to the practical application of this technology is the achievement of high selectivity for NOx reduction in the presence of excess O2. Because competitive O2 reduction consumes substantial amount of current, the current efficiency or selectivity of the cell towards NOxreduction is genetally a few percent relative to the total current supplied to the cell. Extensive research effort has been put on finding suitable cathode materials or optimizing the cell structure to increase its selectivity. However, the highest current efficiency reported in the literature was below 20% in an oxidizing atmosphere using a multilayered electrochemical cell with Pt cathode [1]. In this study, we proposed a novel concept for the electochemical NOx reduction, which significantly improve the selectivity towards NOx reduction. According to our previous research, it is found that the electrochemical reduction of NOx is probably limited by the formation of intermediate NO2. Besides, NO2 is also reported to be an necessary precursor for the NOx trapping process over the NOx aborbents added in the electrochemical cell. NO is usually the dominant species of NOx (90-95%) in exhaust gases, but can be converted to NO2 efficiently by the catalysis of DOC. As the high efficiency of DOC for NO converstion to NO2 has already been well demonstrated, in this study, we focus on the reduction of NO2 on the electrochemical cell. We developed and characterised two typed of cells: one is a modify mulilayered cells with Pt and Ni/YSZ cathode with a K-Pt-Al2O3 adsorption layer, the other is a LSM/CGO symmetric cell infiltrated with BaO. We compare the NOx removal properties of the cells in the atmosphere of mainly NO2 with O2 with that in mainly NO with O2 and investigated the effect of temperature, voltage, and polarization method on the performance of cells. Under O2-rich conditions, a current efficiency as high as 50-65% is achieved with a NOx converstion of 50-70% on a modified multilayer cell with Pt and a 10% current efficiency with more than 30% NOx converstion is realized on a fully ceramic cell free of noble metal. The contribution will briefly outline, how the concept can be further implemented in automotive exhaust cleaning systems. [1] K. Hamamoto, Y. Fujishiro, M. Awano, J. Electrochem. Soc., 155 E109 (2008)