Secondary Sources Research Articles

Between Comforts and Discomforts: Indo-Bangla Relations in a Changing Reality

Its geographical location, vast population, economy, and the size and power of its military have transformed India into an Asian influence with the cherished dream of becoming a “World Power.” Bangladesh, a country that is almost entirely surrounded by India, is generally regarded as its closest neighbor. These two countries rely on each other for their common strategic interests, such as security and development. It is widely perceived that Indo-Bangla relations are currently at their peak, and that these two countries are jointly moving forward for their mutual benefit. By reviewing the secondary literature for the purpose of conducting an institutional analysis, however, this article will critically analyze this relationship in a changing reality, that comprises the rise of Hindutva, China’s growing influence in South Asia, and the Rohingya crisis, which have causing simultaneously disadvantaged positions for both India and Bangladesh, the latter having been dominated by India historically. Thus, each of these dimensions might potentially turn positive aspects of the Indo-Bangla relations into negative ones, and Delhi must address Bangladesh’s concerns meaningfully in order to safeguard its geopolitical interests.

Path Reinforcer or Policy Accelerator? COVID-19 and Scandinavian Social Protection Reform Trajectories

A pandemic may change the use of social protection systems. In this article, we compare Scandinavian reform trajectories of unemployment benefits and sickness benefits following the COVID-19 pandemic. From an institutional theory perspective, we have analyzed official documents on regulations proposed in government bills, public inquiries, reports, and secondary literature published between March 2020 and December 2023, as well as interview data from key actors representing the state, the social partners, and related stakeholder organizations. The findings show that Denmark and Norway implemented mostly provisional reforms and thus ended in path reinforcement. In Sweden, on the contrary, numerous provisional reforms during the pandemic turned out to become permanent in the post-pandemic period. As the pandemic legitimized permanent changes that in some cases had been debated for a long time in Sweden, it thus came to act as a path-clearing policy accelerator.

Contestation, negotiation, and experimentation: The liminality of land administration platforms in Kenya

This paper examines diverse infrastructural interventions in the making of Ardhisasa, the Kenyan state’s digital land information management platform, as a space of contestation, negotiation, and experimentation. We analyse the platformisation of governance through theories on liminality to explain the agency of various actors in shaping the digital state. We particularly zoom into the influence of two actors: the private actors in the land sector and the civil society organisations representing informalised residents, and how they exercise agency in the development of Ardhisasa. Drawing on interviews with state and non-state actors, secondary literature, and extensive experience within Kenya’s land administration system, we trace the overt and covert exercise of power in the platformisation of land administration of Nairobi. Our central thesis is that, despite its progressive development, Ardhisasa follows the tradition of a long line of large-scale infrastructural or developmental projects that rarely deliver on their promise for improvement but rather further entrench marginalised groups due to its exclusion of the already existing, albeit informalised, land administration and transaction practices that meet the needs of the urban poor. We argue that Ardhisasa’s perpetual state of becoming leads to the spatialisation of liminality itself.

Nexus Between Citizens’ Trust and Good Governance in Public Institutions of South Asia

Public institutions are essential for executing government policies. Citizens’ trust in public institutions is a crucial factor to consider when assessing the state of democracy. Working processes, trends, organisational principles, neutrality, approaches and impartiality are also used to assess an institution’s trustworthiness. Failing to satisfy any of these indicators can create distrust. Good governance is essential for every country to move forward and attain its development goals. For most countries in South Asia, governance is not in a good condition, with government institutions struggling to perform satisfactorily. In this situation, distrust may be fostered among citizens with limited conviction in democracy and diminish the reliability of public institutions. By taking these issues into account, this article uses secondary literature to evaluate the level of trust in the public institutions of South Asian States with a distinct emphasis on good governance.

Public Benefit and Public Interest – Two Sides of the Same Coin?

Purpose: Driven by the question of how the concepts of public interest and public benefit differ, this paper delves into the Slovenian legal system. Through an in-depth analysis of legal concepts, national regulations, and case law from the Slovenian Constitutional Court and selected cases from the European Court of Human Rights, its aim is to illuminate the key differences between both terms. Ultimately, the paper seeks to establish fundamental guidelines for understanding the distinct meaning and application of each concept. Design/methodology/approach: The research is based on a content analysis research design, reviewing secondary literature sources. It employs qualitative methods by analysing the relevant theoretical points, rules, and constitutional case law in the Slovenian legal system, as well as selected European Court of Human Rights case law. The analysis focuses on identifying and extracting key theoretical arguments, legal definitions, and practical applications of both concepts. To distinguish between public benefit and public interest, the analysis adopts a comparative approach, examining how each concept is defined, applied, and balanced in different legal contexts. Additionally, synthesis is used to identify commonalities and divergences between different perspectives on these concepts. Finally, conclusions about the relationship between public benefit and public interest are drawn based on the analysed data. Findings: Public interest and public benefit are abstract concepts. The analysis of relevant Slovenian systemic regulations shows that the two are sometimes applied interchangeably. However, theory suggests that there are certain differences in terms of their tangibility and enforceability. Constitutional case law refers to both concepts in a general way without fully defining their content, yet it does not treat them as synonyms. Academic contribution to the field: Public interest and public benefit are central concepts of public administration science. Public interest is key in defining and shaping administrative relations decided in an administrative procedure. It represents the core value of the public sector, ensuring that its operations are legitimate. Public benefit, on the other hand, is the general benefit of an organised wider community, superior to the benefits of individuals and generally considered equivalent to substantive legality. As public and private interests collide, state intervention with appropriate regulation is necessary to protect the public benefit.Originality/significance/value: This research contributes to the understanding of the concepts of public interest and public benefit within the Slovenian legal system and is a novelty in the field as no such overview has been undertaken before. Its value lies in the analysis of Slovenian constitutional case law over the last twenty-two years and insights into European Court of Human Rights case law. The focus on European Court of Human Rights and Slovenian legislation and case law limits the generalisability of the findings to other contexts. This approach was chosen as much of the relevant legislation for this research is independent of EU influences. Nonetheless, being an EU member state, Slovenia’s legal framework shares some commonalities with other European systems. The added value of the analysis lies in its relevance for understanding how these concepts are treated in similar legal systems, offering valuable insights for comparative studies.

The Role of Effective Project Management in Strengthening Competitiveness

Objective: The complexity, or complexity of our world is not only due to the increasing number of changes in our lives. We are faced with more and more difficult and complex tasks and goals every day, and it is very difficult to perform better and better in the face of these tasks and challenges. Project management is precisely about helping to turn complex tasks into well-executed processes that always end with a result. Project management is more than a set of methodologies: it is a dynamic discipline that organises complex tasks, mitigates risks and directs efforts towards a common goal. Its relevance can be demonstrated in many areas. We can measure the success of our project management system on a number of points, from efficiency to the quality of teamwork and management satisfaction. Defining criteria for success is also an important challenge for researchers today. This paper addresses similar issues, thus trying to shed light on the importance of project management, while also trying to highlight the barriers and obstacles. Project management can be a major competitive advantage for companies in the 21st century, but only if it is carried out professionally and well, i.e. if it is given the right framework and support. Method: After a secondary literature review, this paper presents the results of a primary research study covering two countries. The research instrument was a questionnaire that assessed the project perception of Hungarian and Slovakian enterprises and the transformation of this perception in a complex way, based on the perceptions of enterprises in both countries. In addition to classical basic statistical methods, the study drew conclusions with the help of analysis of variance. Results and conclusion: In this study, we set out to assess the project perceptions of Hungarian and Slovakian businesses based on the opinions of SMEs. The sample clearly shows that Slovak enterprises attach more importance to the project approach, as indicated by the mean scores for each statement. The results also show that there is a high heterogeneity in the perception of enterprises on project management and project approach, especially when grouped along different size categories. All these results also show significant differences by country and segment, which are presented in detail in the research part of the study. Research implications: Our research results provide a good basis for businesses and educational institutions on how to look at their projects and their management. The study aims to strengthen the ability to think in terms of projects and to think in terms of projects, drawing attention to the most important directions and paths. Originality/value: The main focus of the study is on how such knowledge is perceived by the stakeholders interviewed and whether the answers can be used to draw conclusions that are of interest and informative for the wider society.

Shaping the Professionality of Secondary Teacher Candidates with Diverse Backgrounds during the Great Depression

AbstractThis paper addresses the social transformation of the Hungarian secondary teacher candidates brought about by the combination of the effects of the Great Depression and the standardisation endeavours of the teacher training institution between 1930 and 1935. The reconfiguration of the social composition of candidates is revealed by making use of archival sources and statistical reports. Document analysis of archival sources, descriptive statistical analysis and secondary literature review are employed as the main methods. Notions related to the critical approach of professionalisation theories are applied in the interpretation process. Results suggest that the professional institution did not only prevent less affluent social strata from dropping out of training but contributed to their disappearance by introducing standardisation initiatives when the crisis was imminent. It contributed to the worsening of the teacher shortage and the abandonment of uniformization that set the whole profession on a deprofessionalisation course.

Study of Dholera Special Investment Region

This study examines the issues faced by Gujarat, India's Dholera Special Investment Region (DSIR) as it transitions to an entrepreneurial urbanization paradigm. The main focus of the study challenge is to comprehend the development trajectory of DSIR, specifically with respect to industrial expansion and sustainable urbanization, while tackling problems like land acquisition disputes and delays in infrastructure. The study uses a mixed-method approach, drawing on secondary literature analysis, industry reports, and direct data from governmental sources. It looks at the beginnings of DSIR, its growth plan, its corporate directional approach, and the wider socioeconomic effects of its evolution. The primary conclusions point to a paradigm shift toward a "entrepreneurial urbanization" model that is driven by funding from the private sector and government assistance. However, obstacles like property disputes and delays in infrastructure provide serious obstacles to the advancement of DSIR.

The State of Knowledge of CCA Diversity in the Caribbean Coral Reefs

Crustose coralline algae (CCA) are a diverse and ecologically important species found in most of the world’s oceans. The current lack of taxonomic knowledge and relative abundance compromises our ability to predict species diversity numbers and, thus, their ecological roles and impacts on coral reefs. To gather a better understanding of the state of knowledge of crustose coralline algae taxonomy in the Caribbean, 107 different research papers, and other primary and secondary literature were studied; any source with taxonomical information, species identification, or genetic markers for identification was recorded. All Genebank codes were collected and sorted by supposed species marker and then ran through the National Center of Biotechnology Information. The location these genetic markers were gathered from was compared to the natural habitat range of the species, based on the Algaebank habitat description. Of the supposed 83 described species of crustose algae in the Caribbean, based on morphological characteristics, only 24 total were confirmed by DNA markers. This leaves at least 59 species of CCA to be confirmed in the Caribbean Sea with molecular markers. This indicates the importance of DNA barcode survey studies to assess the accurate diversity of this group in the region. With this limited knowledge apparent, it should be seen that a CCAs phylogenetic and taxonomical review must be done. An in-depth assessment should be conducted on CCA collections to identify the Caribbean species correctly and thus know their biodiversity in local habitats.

Changing Tourism Trends and Vulnerability Assessment of Built Environment in Hill Stations of Indian Himalayan Region.

Tourist arrivals in the Indian Himalayan region have led to an increase of 1.6 times the population of the native residents in 2019. The trend of winter tourism among foreign tourists, along with adventure and pilgrimage tourism, has resulted in an average annual growth of 28.78% between 2002 and 2013. This study focuses on the changing tourism and climatic trends in tourist hotspots of the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR) to evaluate the vulnerability of the built environment, which arises from the increasing demand for tourist infrastructure. The approach taken in this research is based on secondary literature available and case studies of emerging tourist centers in and around Shimla region of Himachal Pradesh. According to records from 2019-20, domestic tourism has increased in Himachal Pradesh by 4.57% and in Shimla by 5.51%. However, the changing trends and the tourist demand for fast, unplanned infrastructure growth can lead to over-tourism and disaster vulnerability. Therefore, there is a need to consider the risk and change management in the fragile ecosystem of IHR through analysis of climatic and tourism trends. To achieve this, computerized tools such as Real-Time Systems, Intelligent Transport Systems, and Neural networks projects are suggested for feasibility and assessment of proposed tourism infrastructure projects. The suggested process will strengthen the project vision by benefiting the policymakers, stakeholders, and tourists while maintaining eco-friendly tourism opportunities through project performance management.

Barriers of Three-Dimensional Printing in Craniofacial Plastic Surgery Practice: A Pilot Study and Literature Review.

Three-dimensional printing (3Dp) and modeling have demonstrated increasing utility within plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS). This study aims to understand the prevalence of how this technology is utilized in craniofacial surgery, as well as identify barriers that may limit its integration into practice. A survey was developed to assess participant demographics, characteristics of 3Dp use, and barriers to utilizing three-dimensional technologies in practice. The survey was distributed to practicing craniofacial surgeons. A secondary literature review was conducted to identify solutions for barriers and potential areas for innovation. Fifteen complete responses (9.7% response rate) were analyzed. The majority (73%) reported using three-dimensional modeling and printing in their practice, primarily for surgical planning. The majority (64%) relied exclusively on outside facilities to print the models, selecting resources required to train self and staff (55%), followed by the cost of staff to run the printer (36%), as the most common barriers affecting 3Dp use in their practice. Of those that did not use 3Dp, the most common barrier was lack of exposure (75%). The literature review revealed cost-lowering techniques with materials, comparability of desktop commercial printers to industrial printers, and incorporation of open-source software. The main barrier to integrating 3Dp in craniofacial plastic and reconstructive surgery practice is the perceived cost associated with utilizing the technology. Ongoing literature highlights the cost-utility of in-house 3Dp technologies and practical cost-saving methods. The authors' results underscore the need for broad exposure for currently practicing attendings and trainees in 3Dp practices and other evolving technologies.

Applying simulation learning theory to identify instructional strategies for Generation Z emergency medicine residency education

AbstractIntroductionGeneration Z learners are entering emergency medicine (EM) residency training, bringing unique learning preferences that influence their engagement with residency education. To optimally teach and motivate this incoming generation of learners, EM educators must understand and adapt to the changing instructional landscape.MethodologyThe Simulation Leaders Advancing the Next Generation in Emergency Medicine (SLANG‐EM) Workgroup was created to identify effective educational strategies for Generation Z learners entering EM. Members were faculty in the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Simulation Academy, well versed in learning theory supporting simulation‐based education (SBE) and actively involved in EM residency education.Unique treatment/analysisThrough primary and secondary literature searches, the SLANG‐EM Workgroup identified four distinctive learning preferences of Generation Z learners: (1) individualized and self‐paced learning, (2) engaging and visual learning environments, (3) immediate and actionable feedback, and (4) combined personal and academic support. Workgroup members evaluated these learning preferences using a novel conceptual framework informed by the theoretical principles underpinning SBE, recommending instructional strategies for Generation Z EM residency learners across multiple educational environments.Implications for educatorsInstructional strategies were described for the didactic, simulation, and clinical learning environments. In the didactic environment, identified instructional strategies included meaningful asynchronous education, interactive small‐group learning, and improved multimedia design. In the simulation environment, educational innovations particularly suitable for Generation Z learners included learner‐centered debriefing, rapid‐cycle deliberate practice, and virtual simulation. In the clinical environment, described instructional strategies involved setting learner‐centered goals and delivering facilitative feedback in the context of an educational alliance. Overall, these instructional strategies were clustered around themes of student‐centered education and the educator as facilitator, which align well with Generation Z learning preferences. These findings were synthesized and presented as an advanced workshop, “Delivering Effective Education to the Next Generation,” at the 2023 SAEM Annual Meeting.

The Current State of Evidence Regarding Audiologist-Provided Cognitive Behavioural Therapy for the Management of Tinnitus: A Scoping Review.

Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for tinnitus management is effective and widely recommended by national and international practice guidelines. However, all the evidence for CBT so far has come from Psychologist-led programs, and the potential role of Audiologists in providing CBT for tinnitus remains an important consideration. This study sets out to systematically map the body of literature relating to Audiologist-provided CBT for tinnitus, in order to summarise the current state of evidence and determine directions for future research. Sources were eligible for inclusion if they addressed the concept of Audiologist-provided CBT. No restrictions were imposed on the date of publication. Only sources published in English were included. A wide range of primary and secondary literature sources were sought. Data from included sources were charted systematically using a pre-designed data charting form. Of the 267 identified sources, 30 were included in this review. This included both primary and secondary literature sources. Primary sources were compared and showed variation across Audiologist-provided CBT programs both in terms of procedural details and from a research standpoint. A growing body of evidence has addressed the concept of Audiologist-provided CBT. Directions for future research include further primary research with an increased focus on face-to-face Audiologist-provided CBT, and a comparison of the outcomes of Audiologist-provided vs. Psychologist-provided CBT.

The Influence of Leadership and Motivation on Employee Work Discipline at Fave Hotel Olo Padang

The study was undertaken to explore how leadership and motivation impact employee work discipline at Fave Hotel Padang. The primary objective is the investigation of the correlation between leadership, motivation, and work discipline. The research methodology employed was quantitative in nature. The data utilized in the study comprised both primary and secondary sources. The study's target population encompassed the staff of Fave Hotel Padang. A sample size of 30 employees was selected using a non-probability sampling technique. Data collection was facilitated through a questionnaire designed with a Likert scale, which was pretested for validity and reliability. The collected data were subjected to analysis using SPSS 25.00 software.The findings of the study revealed that leadership was classified as moderately satisfactory (46.67%). Furthermore, the motivational aspect was rated positively (80%), while the variable of work discipline garnered an agreeable response (76.67%). The influence exerted by leadership (X1) and motivation (X2) on work discipline (Y) was determined to be 24.1% and 75.9% respectively, with other factors contributing to the remaining impact. Further analysis unveiled that the leadership variable (X1) displayed a Beta or Standardized Coefficient value of 0.086, surpassing the threshold of 0, accompanied by a T-count value of (0.400) with a significance level of 0.002, lower than 0.05. Hence, it can be deduced that the leadership variable (X1) exhibits a significant and favorable impact on work discipline (Y). Similarly, the hypothesis stemming from the motivation segment of the research displayed a Beta or Standardized Coefficient value of 0.110, surpassing the threshold of 0, coupled with a calculated T-value of (0.511) at a significance level of 0.013, also less than 0.05. This underscores the fact that the motivational (X2) significantly and positively affects work discipline (Y).

Indicators of Sovereign Risk of South Africa’s International Monetary Fund Loan: The Nexus Between Political Risks and Economic Growth

Upon the approval of the 70 billion International Monetary Fund (IMF) loan for South Africa, concerns have emerged over the affordability of this loan and its impact on the economy and sovereignty of the country. South Africa’s ability to pay its IMF loan is assured because its track record of loan repayment is good, considering that the loan is repayable in five years at an interest rate of 1.1%. This study explores political and economic indicators of sovereign risk of South Africa’s IMF loan taken in 2020. The tenets of sovereign risk are being explored in a South African context. The significance of this study lies in understanding sovereign risk from a South African context and forecasting the country’s capacity and sustainability of servicing its IMF debt. This study presents a special and underexplored case of sovereign risk mainly due to 2020 being the first time South Africa has taken an IMF loan since the inception of a democracy in 1994. This qualitative study heavily relies on secondary literature, theories, and predictive forecasting models and is aided by descriptive statistics to reach its conclusion. Findings from the Council of Foreign Relations used the CFR Sovereign risk tracker designed to gauge the susceptibility of emerging economy to default on external debt.

Implementation of Technological Upgradation in Public Distribution System in India for Ensuring Availability, Accessibility and Affordability

The largest initiative to reduce poverty in India is the public distribution system (PDS), which uses a network of fair-pricing shops to supply highly subsidised food grains in order to fulfil necessities of households living below poverty line. PDS's primary objective is to buy food grains from farmers. This is to ensure that grain is distributed, stored, and transported so that people in need have access to food. The Indian government has thus upgraded the PDS's technology in an attempt to increase its transparency. To close this gap between technology and citizen benefits, e-government makes use of technical intermediaries like ration Integrated Weight Management System (IWMS), Management Information System (MIS), Inventory management system, etc. The focus of the government is to enact a number of administrative and technological changes under the centralised online real-time electronic public distribution system in order to empower end users of the PDS supply. In this context this paper deals with the number of difficulties when distribution system switches from manual to automated transactions, dealer of fair price shop, who employs the technologies. Based on secondary literature, the objective of this paper is to understand the challenges associated with implementing technology at the point of sale during distribution, as well as study the status of the implementation technological based distribution system. Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 11, Issue-(1-2): 1-6.

The population trend of the largest breeding colony of the Indian Swiftlet Aerodramus unicolor: is it on the verge of extinction?

Fluctuations in animal populations are indicators of environmental change. Populations of the Indian Swiftlet Aerodramus unicolor on the Burnt and Old Lighthouse islands of Vengurla rocks, Sindhudurg district, Maharashtra were assessed using the logistic growth model. The study used secondary literature and primary surveys to estimate breeding population sizes on both islands. To understand population dynamics, we calculated the carrying capacity (K) using the Verhulst population growth model, and the percent rate of change in populations. Swiftlet populations on both islands are considered to be the maximum size their habitat can sustain, not exceeding 5,000 and 246 birds on Burnt and Old Lighthouse islands, respectively. These populations were observed to fluctuate between 2020 and 2023, with change rates of 5.5% on Burnt Island, and -53% on Old Lighthouse Island. The logistic growth model indicates that these Indian Swiftlet populations are fluctuating near the carrying capacities of their habitats, which could gradually lead to extinction. This highlights the urgent need for conservation and regular monitoring of these populations in Vengurla rocks.

A decolonial analysis of religious medicalisation of same-sex practices in South African Pentecostalism

Same-sex practices are commonly medicalised in various global spaces. Some societies view same-sex practices as some form of disease that needs to be cured. In Africa, the influence of Christianity has prompted many communities to conclude that there are spiritual forces behind same-sex orientations and practices. Therefore, same-sex practices are demonised, and those identifying with these sexualities and gender identities are viewed as sick, or as having some form of mental illness. As a fast-growing and influential movement in South Africa, Christianity plays a critical role in this narrative. Against this backdrop, this article examined how some Pentecostal pastors in South Africa use God-talk to propel the narrative that medicalises same-sex practices and how these pastors claim to have miraculous powers to heal these practices. Consequently, the gender and sexuality commonly accepted within African religiosity and spirituality are pushed to the peripheries. Therefore, it is argued in this article that the colonial-missionary discourses regarding African sexualities and genders are at play within the religious medicalisation of same-sex narratives. Thus, there is a need to problematise and transform this narrative. This act can contribute to delinking African genders and sexualities from Western repressions and subjugation agendas. The discussion moved from the premise of decoloniality while adopting a multidisciplinary approach that incorporated theology, gender and sexuality studies, psychology, health, and socio-political sciences. Again, the article used secondary literature analysis to examine this phenomenon and to gain a thorough understanding of how African Pentecostalism continues to use God-talk to medicalise same-sex practices in contemporary South Africa and the repercussions thereof.Contribution: The study contributed to the existing knowledge that addresses religious challenges faced by people identifying with non-normative sexualities and genders in Africa. This can contribute to the transformation of religious medicalisation of same-sex practices in South Africa, and elsewhere.

Challenges and Institutional Barriers to Forest and Landscape Restoration in the Chittagong Hill Tracts of Bangladesh

Preventing, halting, and reversing ecosystem degradation is now a global priority, partly due to the declaration of the United Nations (UN) Decade on Ecosystem Restoration by the UN General Assembly 2021–2030 on 1 March 2019. Apart from the most recent global target to protect 30% of the natural planet by 2030 as part of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework agreed during COP15, there are several other global goals and targets. The Government of Bangladesh (GoB) has also pledged to restore 0.75 million hectares of forests as part of the Bonn Challenge. The Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT) of Bangladesh contain almost one-third of the country’s state-owned forests and are home to 12 ethnic communities, whose livelihoods are dependent on forests. Although once rich in biodiversity, the majority of the forests in the region are highly degraded due to faulty management, complex institutional arrangements, and land disputes with locals. The CHT, therefore, represent the most promising region for ecosystem restoration through forest and landscape restoration (FLR). Here, using the secondary literature, we examine the current institutional arrangements and drivers of deforestation and forest degradation in the CHT region and potential benefits and modalities to make FLR successful in the region. Based on our study, we suggest that institutional reform is essential for successful FLR in the CHT. We also discuss key interventions that are necessary to halt ecosystem degradation and to secure community participation in natural resources management in the region.

The Salvation Army, Eberhard Arnold and the Bruderhof

This article explores the convergences and divergences between the Salvation Army, Eberhard Arnold and the Bruderhof up to 1939. While the secondary literature makes passing reference to the influence of the Salvation Army on Arnold, no study has examined what it was about this movement which initially attracted him to it and would lead to lifelong appreciation of the Booths and their Army. This article addresses this gap in the literature. It argues that it was the Salvationist presentation of a living, Spirit-filled Christianity as opposed to a dead and establishment-oriented faith in Arnold's mind that best constitutes this relationship.